Análise molecular dos genes VP4, VP7 e NSP4 de rotavírus do tipo G1 circulantes em Belém e Marituba, Pará, Brasil, de 1982 a 2008

Os rotavírus são os principais agentes virais causadores de gastrenterite aguda e responsáveis por 36% dos casos hospitalizações entre crianças menores de cinco anos, resultando em 453.000 óbitos anualmente, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento. Pertencem à família Reoviridae, gênero Rotavirus, possui RNA de dupla fita (dsRNA) com 11 segmentos codificando 12 proteínas. O genótipo G1 se apresenta geralmente com maior frequência nas investigações epidemiológicas, circulando em várias partes do mundo sob diferentes prevalências. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a variabilidade genética dos genes VP4, VP7 e NSP4 dos rotavírus G1 circulantes nos municípios de Belém e Marituba, Pará, Brasil, no período de 1982 a 2008. Foram selecionadas 83 amostras previamente caracterizadas como G1 e submetidas a RT-PCR. Os espécimes foram provenientes de sete estudos realizados no IEC. Foi possível a amplificação para os três genes em estudo de 63 (75,9%) espécimes. Foram detectadas as linhagens 1 (8/63, 12,7 %), 2 (29/63, 46,0%), 3 (18/63, 28,6%) e 9 (8/63, 12,7%) para o gene VP7. Co-predominaram as sublinhagens 2E e 3A concorrendo com um total de 57,1% (36/63) das amostras. Foram observadas três substituições de aminoácidos (97 [D→E], 147 [S→N] e 218 [I→V]) no gene VP7 nas regiões antigênicas (A, B e C) nas amostras das linhagens 1, 2 e 9. Todas as amostras apresentaram a especificidade P[8] para o gene VP4 e as linhagens 2 (21/63, 33,3%) e 3 (42/63, 66,7%) foram detectadas. No gene da VP4 ocorreram duas alterações (35 [I→V] e 38 [S→G]) na região antigênica em todas as amostras analisadas. Para o gene NSP4, todas as amostras pertenceram ao tipo E1. Houve mudanças de nucleotídeos nas posições 47 (C→T) e 101 (T→C), resultando em alteração aminoacídica nos resíduos 16 (S→P) e 34 (L→P) em todas as amostras analisadas e nove espécimes demonstraram alteração no sítio de toxicidade da NSP4 (aa 131). Tal análise permitiu ampliar o conhecimento da diversidade genética e da circulação de variantes de rotavírus G1, representando o primeiro estudo da epidemiologia molecular deste genótipo no Brasil e confirmar a alta heterogeneidade que este tipo apresenta.

Genistein at Maximal Physiologic Serum Levels Induces G0/G1 Arrest in MCF-7 and HB4a Cells, But Not Apoptosis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Jornalismo de portal: análise de conteúdo do G1 nas áreas de cobertura da TV Tem

This work aims to situate the main conceptual aspects of regional and local media and draw a brief overview of current trends in online journalism, especially practiced by TV TEM, an affiliate of Rede Globo in São Paulo. The methodology of the study is based on literature and documents, as well as systematic analysis of G1 portals, TV HAS administered by the regional districts of Bauru, Itapetininga, São José do Rio Preto and Sorocaba. Data were collected through interviews with managers, editors, reporters and some interns. As a result, we observed the news-value criteria, selection and management of the responsible gatewatching adopted by major portals Globo.com homes and G1

Jacalin interaction with human immunoglobulin A1 and bovine immunoglobulin G1: Affinity constant determined by piezoelectric biosensoring

The affinity of the d-galactose-binding lectin from Artocarpus heterophyllus lectin, known as jacalin, with immonuglobulins (Igs) was determined by biofunctionalization of a piezoelectric transducer. This piezoelectric biofunctionalized transducer was used as a mass-sensitive analytical tool, allowing the real-time binding analysis of jacalin-human immunoglobulin A1 (IgA(1)) and jacalin-bovine IgG(1) interactions from which the apparent affinity constant was calculated. The strategy was centered in immobilizing jacalin on the gold electrode's surface of the piezoelectric crystal resonator using appropriate procedures based on self-assembling of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and 2-mercaptoethanol thiol's mixture, a particular immobilization strategy by which it was possible to avoid cross-interaction between the proteins over electrode's surface. The apparent affinity constants obtained between jacalin-human IgA(1) and jacalin-bovine IgG(1) differed by 1 order of magnitude [(8.0 +/- 0.9) x 10(5) vs (8.3 +/- 0.1) x 10(6) L mol(-1)]. On the other hand, the difference found between human IgA(1) and human IgA(2) interaction with jacalin, eight times higher for IgA(1), was attributed to the presence of O-linked glycans in the IgA(1) hinge region, which is absent in IgA(2). Specific interaction of jacalin with O-glycans, proved to be present in the human IgA(1) and hypothetically present in bovine IgG(1) structures, is discussed as responsible for the obtained affinity values.

UVB-induced cell death signaling is associated with G1-S progression and transcription inhibition in primary human fibroblasts

DNA damage induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation can be removed by nucleotide excision repair through two sub-pathways, one general (GGR) and the other specific for transcribed DNA (TCR), and the processing of unrepaired lesions trigger signals that may lead to cell death. These signals involve the tumor suppressor p53 protein, a central regulator of cell responses to DNA damage, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2, that forms a feedback regulatory loop with p53. The involvement of cell cycle and transcription on the signaling to apoptosis was investigated in UVB-irradiated synchronized, DNA repair proficient, CS-B (TCR-deficient) and XP-C (GGR-deficient) primary human fibroblasts. Cells were irradiated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, with two doses with equivalent levels of apoptosis (low and high), defined for each cell line. In the three cell lines, the low doses of UVB caused only a transient delay in progression to the S phase, whereas the high doses induced permanent cell cycle arrest. However, while accumulation of Mdm2 correlated well with the recovery from transcription inhibition at the low doses for normal and CS-B fibroblasts, for XP-C cells this protein was shown to be accumulated even at UVB doses that induced high levels of apoptosis. Thus, UVB-induced accumulation of Mdm2 is critical for counteracting p53 activation and apoptosis avoidance, but its effect is limited due to transcription inhibition. However, in the case of XP-C cells, an excess of unrepaired DNA damage would be sufficient to block S phase progression, which would signal to apoptosis, independent of Mdm2 accumulation. The data clearly discriminate DNA damage signals that lead to cell death, depending on the presence of UVB-induced DNA damage in replicating or transcribing regions.

Taxonomic position and geographical distribution of the common sheep G1 and camel G6 strains of Echinococcus granulosus in three African countries

The taxonomic and phylogenetic status of Echinococcus granulosus strains are still controversial and under discussion. In the present study, we investigated the genetic polymorphism of E. granulosus isolates originating from three countries of Africa, including a region of Algeria, where the common G1 sheep and the camel G6 strains coexist sympatrically. Seventy-one hydatid cysts were collected from sheep, cattle, camels, and humans. Two mitochondrial markers (cox1 and nad1) were used for strain identification. Two nuclear markers (actII and hbx2) were used to study the possible occurrence of cross-fertilization. Despite the heterogeneity observed among the G1 isolates, they were all localized within one robust cluster. A second strong cluster was also observed containing all of the G6 isolates. Both strains appeared as two distinct groups, and no cases of interbreeding were found. Thus, the attribution of a species rank can be suggested. We also found the Tasmanian sheep G2 strain for the first time in Africa. Because of the slight variations observed between the common sheep and the Tasmanian sheep strains, further studies should be carried out to elucidate the epidemiological relevance of this genetic discrimination.

The differential staurosporine mediated G1 arrest in normal versus tumor cells is dependent on the retinoblastoma and Chk1 proteins

The ability to regulate cell cycle progression is one of the differences that separates normal from tumor cells. A protein, which is frequently mutated or deleted in a majority of tumor cells, is the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). Previously, we reported that normal cells, which have a wild-type Rb pathway, can be reversibly arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by staurosporine (ST), while tumor cells were unaffected by this treatment. As a result, ST may be used to protect normal cells against the toxic affects of chemotherapy. Here we set out to determine the mechanism(s) by which ST can mediate a reversible G1 arrest in pRb positive cells. To this end, we used an isogenic cell model system of normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) with either intact pRb+ (p53-) or p53+ (pRb-) treated with ST. Our results show that pRb+ cells treated with low concentrations of ST, arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle; however, in pRb - cells there was no response. This was verified as a true G 1 arrest in pRb+ cells by two different methods for monitoring cell cycle kinetics and in two additional model systems for Rb (i.e. pRb -/- mouse embryo fibroblasts, and downregulation of RB with siRNA). Our results indicated that ST-mediated G1 arrest required pRb, which in turn initiated a cascade of events leading to inhibition of CDK4 and CDK2 activities and up-regulation of p21 protein. Further assessment of this pathway revealed the novel finding that Chk1 expression and activity were required for the Rb-dependent, ST-mediated G1 arrest. In fact, overexpression of Chk1 facilitated recovery from ST-mediated G1 arrest, an effect only observed in RB+ cells. Collectively, our data suggest pRb is able to cooperate with Chk1 to mediate a G1 arrest in pRb+ cells, but not in pRb- cells. The elucidation of this pathway can help identify novel agents that can be used to protect cancer patients against the debilitating affects of chemotherapy, by targeting only the normal proliferating cells in the body that are otherwise destroyed. ^

Vendimiadoras G7, G8, G1 y G2. Una vez inventada la vendimiadora ¿cómo te detienes?

Prueba de campo de las vendimiadoras autopropulsadas G7 y G8 y de las arrastradas G1 y G2

Direct radiocarbon dates for Vindija G1 and Velika Pećina Late Pleistocene hominid remains

New accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates taken directly on human remains from the Late Pleistocene sites of Vindija and Velika Pećina in the Hrvatsko Zagorje of Croatia are presented. Hominid specimens from both sites have played critical roles in the development of current perspectives on modern human evolutionary emergence in Europe. Dates of ≈28 thousand years (ka) before the present (B.P.) and ≈29 ka B.P. for two specimens from Vindija G1 establish them as the most recent dated Neandertals in the Eurasian range of these archaic humans. The human frontal bone from Velika Pećina, generally considered one of the earliest representatives of modern humans in Europe, dated to ≈5 ka B.P., rendering it no longer pertinent to discussions of modern human origins. Apart from invalidating the only radiometrically based example of temporal overlap between late Neandertal and early modern human fossil remains from within any region of Europe, these dates raise the question of when early modern humans first dispersed into Europe and have implications for the nature and geographic patterning of biological and cultural interactions between these populations and the Neandertals.

The α1 domain of HLA-G1 and HLA-G2 inhibits cytotoxicity induced by natural killer cells: Is HLA-G the public ligand for natural killer cell inhibitory receptors?

We have investigated the protective role of the membrane-bound HLA-G1 and HLA-G2 isoforms against natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. For this purpose, HLA-G1 and HLA-G2 cDNAs were transfected into the HLA class I-negative human K562 cell line, a known reference target for NK lysis. The HLA-G1 protein, encoded by a full-length mRNA, presents a structure similar to that of classical HLA class I antigens. The HLA-G2 protein, deduced from an alternatively spliced transcript, consists of the α1 domain linked to the α3 domain. In this study we demonstrate that (i) HLA-G2 is present at the cell surface as a truncated class I molecule associated with β2-microglobulin; (ii) NK cytolysis, observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in polyclonal CD3− CD16+ CD56+ NK cells obtained from 20 donors, is inhibited by both HLA-G1 and HLA-G2; this HLA-G-mediated inhibition is reversed by blocking HLA-G with a specific mAb; this led us to the conjecture that HLA-G is the public ligand for NK inhibitory receptors (NKIR) present in all individuals; (iii) the α1 domain common to HLA-G1 and HLA-G2 could mediate this protection from NK lysis; and (iv) when transfected into the K562 cell line, both HLA-G1 and HLA-G2 abolish lysis by the T cell leukemia NK-like YT2C2 clone due to interaction between the HLA-G isoform on the target cell surface and a membrane receptor on YT2C2. Because NKIR1 and NKIR2, known to interact with HLA-G, were undetectable on YT2C2, we conclude that a yet-unknown specific receptor for HLA-G1 and HLA-G2 is present on these cells.

Fission Yeast Ste9, a Homolog of Hct1/Cdh1 and Fizzy-related, Is a Novel Negative Regulator of Cell Cycle Progression during G1-Phase

When proliferating fission yeast cells are exposed to nitrogen starvation, they initiate conjugation and differentiate into ascospores. Cell cycle arrest in the G1-phase is one of the prerequisites for cell differentiation, because conjugation occurs only in the pre-Start G1-phase. The role of ste9+ in the cell cycle progression was investigated. Ste9 is a WD-repeat protein that is highly homologous to Hct1/Cdh1 and Fizzy-related. The ste9 mutants were sterile because they were defective in cell cycle arrest in the G1-phase upon starvation. Sterility was partially suppressed by the mutation in cig2 that encoded the major G1/S cyclin. Although cells lacking Ste9 function grow normally, the ste9 mutation was synthetically lethal with the wee1 mutation. In the double mutants of ste9 cdc10ts, cells arrested in G1-phase at the restrictive temperature, but the level of mitotic cyclin (Cdc13) did not decrease. In these cells, abortive mitosis occurred from the pre-Start G1-phase. Overexpression of Ste9 decreased the Cdc13 protein level and the H1-histone kinase activity. In these cells, mitosis was inhibited and an extra round of DNA replication occurred. Ste9 regulates G1 progression possibly by controlling the amount of the mitotic cyclin in the G1-phase.

Cyclin B Proteolysis and the Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor rum1p Are Required for Pheromone-induced G1 Arrest in Fission Yeast

The blocking of G1 progression by fission yeast pheromones requires inhibition of the cyclin-dependent kinase cdc2p associated with the B-cyclins cdc13p and cig2p. We show that cyclosome-mediated degradation of cdc13p and cig2p is necessary for down-regulation of B-cyclin–associated cdc2p kinase activity and for phermone-induced G1 arrest. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor rum1p is also required to maintain this G1 arrest; it binds both cdc13p and cig2p and is specifically required for cdc13p proteolysis. We propose that rum1p acts as an adaptor targeting cdc13p for degradation by the cyclosome. In contrast, the cig2p–cdc2p kinase can be down-regulated, and the cyclin cig2p can be proteolyzed independently of rum1p. We suggest that pheromone signaling inhibits the cig2p–cdc2p kinase, bringing about a transient G1 arrest. As a consequence, rum1p levels increase, thus inhibiting and inducing proteolysis of the cdc13p–cdc2p kinase; this is necessary to maintain G1 arrest. We have also shown that pheromone-induced transcription occurs only in G1 and is independent of rum1p.