Exercício, funcionalidade e distúrbios do sono em pacientes com doença de Parkinson

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo clínico e eletromiográfico da dinâmica do sistema mastigatório em pacientes adultos com paralisia cerebral

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Alterações oxidativas em portadores de doença de Parkinson: correlação com critérios clínicos e estágios da doença

A doença de Parkinson (DP) constitui uma das mais prevalentes doenças neurológicas. Nesta doença, ocorre a neurodegeneração do sistema nigroestriatal com alteração da circuitaria neuronal dos núcleos da base levando ao comprometimento motor característico da doença. Os sintomas clássicos são o tremor de repouso, rigidez, acinesia ou bradicinesia e instabilidade postural. A patogênese da DP ainda permanece obscura. No entanto, estima-se que a disfunção mitocondrial e o desenvolvimento de estresse oxidativo na substância negra tenham papel relevante neste processo. O diagnóstico da DP é clinico e normalmente acontece tardiamente, quando a maioria dos neurônios nigrais está degenerada. Alguns trabalhos mostram o efeito neuroprotetor de medicações antiparkinsonianas e isto demonstra que quanto mais precoce a introdução do tratamento melhor o prognóstico à longo prazo da doença. Portanto o desenvolvimento de marcadores periféricos que ajudem no diagnóstico precoce da doença é importante para que se inicie o tratamento a tempo de retardar o avanço da morte neuronal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a existência de alterações em parâmetros oxidantes e antioxidantes no sangue de pacientes parkinsonianos e sua relação com o estágio da doença e critérios clínicos. Foram avaliados 30 portadores de DP e 30 indivíduos sem a doença. Para avaliar o estágio da doença e caracteres clínicos foram aplicadas as escalas de Hoehn & Yahr e a UPDRS (escala unificada para doença de Parkinson) nos pacientes parkinsonianos. Para avaliar a atividade oxidativa no plasma dos individuos, foi analisada a peroxidação lipídica através da mensuração de produtos da ação de Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio e Nitrogênio (ERON; TBARS) e para avaliar a resposta antioxidante foi feita a avaliação da Capacidade Antioxidante Total (TEAC). Nos grupos DP leve e DP moderado foi encontrado maior valor do TBARS e menor valor do TEAC em relação aos controles e DP grave (p<0,05), confirmando a presença de estresse oxidativo nas fases precoces da DP. Nesta pesquisa esses parâmetros demonstraram serem bons marcadores periféricos do estresse oxidativo, colaborando para um diagnóstico precoce da DP.

Padrões neuropatológicos nas substâncias branca e cinzenta revelados por tomografia computadorizada ou ressonância magnética e déficits neurológicos correspondentes em crianças e com encefalopatia crônica não progressiva da infância

A Encefalopatia Crônica Não Progressiva da Infância (ECNP) é a sequela neurológica com maior comprometimento motor para a criança, e continua sendo na atualidade a hipóxicoisquemia perinatal a maior causa de lesão cerebral. É conhecida como Paralisia Cerebral, sendo definida por uma sequela de agressão encefálica, caracterizada, principalmente, por um transtorno persistente, mas não invariável do tônus, da postura e do movimento, que aparece na primeira infância. A caracterização da ECNP se faz considerando as condições anatômicas, etiológicas, semiológicas e não evolutiva. Neste estudo adotou-se a classificação baseada em aspectos anatômicos e clínicos, que enfatizam o sintoma motor, enquanto elemento principal do quadro clínico. A neuroimagem tem fundamental importância para o diagnóstico e prognóstico de lesões cerebrais, exercendo a importante função de descartar ou confirmar a presença de lesões em recém-nascidos e nas crianças com alterações no desenvolvimento. A Tomografia Cerebral (TAC) e a Ressonância Magnética do Crânio (RM) vêm desempenhando enorme papel para o estudo dos vários tecidos que constituem o sistema nervoso. Assim este estudo teve o objetivo geral de avaliar os padrões neuropatológicos nas substâncias branca e cinzenta, obtidos por TAC ou RM de Crânio, de pacientes com história clínica de ECNP hipóxico-isquêmica perinatal, correlacionando os dados obtidos por neuroimagem com os padrões motores obtidos por exame clínico-neurológico. Foram obedecidas as normas vigentes para estudo em seres humanos impostas pela Resolução CNS 196/96, submetida ao Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da Plataforma Brasil sob o Nº 112168. A população foi constituída por pacientes com idade de zero a sete anos, de ambos os sexos, atendidos no Ambulatório de Paralisia Cerebral do Projeto Caminhar do Hospital Universitário Bettina Ferro de Souza (HUBFS), com diagnóstico de ECNP. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 15 crianças com diagnóstico de ECNP por Hipóxia neonatal. Para o diagnóstico radiológico em neuroimagem foram utilizados os dados dos laudos da TAC e da RM de Crânio. A avaliação clínico-neurológica utilizou para a avaliação do movimento o modelo da escala Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS E&R), elaborada por Palisano, que gradua a criança em cinco níveis no qual o Nível I corresponde à normalidade e o Nível V a maior gravidade de limitação. Das 15 crianças avaliadas quanto ao movimento e a relação do Nível de Motricidade pela GMFCS E&R 05 crianças apresentavam nível V, 04 crianças nível IV, 05 crianças nível III e 01 criança nível II. Quanto ao imageamento cerebral 46% realizaram TAC e 54% RM do Crânio. A RM de Crânio apresentou-se neste estudo como a imagem de eleição, pois das 8 crianças que realizaram o exame, 6 apresentavam alterações. Ficou evidente que o exame por imagem de eleição para a criança que apresenta Encefalopatia Crônica não Progressiva é a RM de Crânio, podendo se adotar como protocolo para a conclusão diagnóstica, evitando expor a criança a uma carga elevada de RX como ocorre na TAC, e ainda, evitando gastos desnecessários para a saúde pública.

Integrated analysis environment for the Movement Assessment Battery for Children

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), a chronic and usually permanent condition found in children, is characterized by motor impairment that interferes with a child's activities of daily living and with academic achievement. One of the most popular tests for the quantitative diagnosis of DCD is the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). Based on the Battery's standardized scores, it is possible to identify children with typical development, children at risk of developing DCD, and children with DCD. This article describes a computational system we developed to assist with the analysis of results obtained in the MABC test. The tool was developed for the web environment and its database provides integration of MABC data. Thus, researchers around the world can share data and develop collaborative work in the DCD field. In order to help analysis processes, our system provides services for filtering data to show more specific sets of information and present the results in textual, table, and graphic formats, allowing easier and more comprehensive evaluation of the results.

Citrus aurantium L. essential oil exhibits anxiolytic-like activity mediated by 5-HT1A-receptors and reduces cholesterol after repeated oral treatment

Abstract Background The current treatments for anxiety disorders and depression have multiple adverse effects in addition to a delayed onset of action, which has prompted efforts to find new substances with potential activity in these disorders. Citrus aurantium was chosen based on ethnopharmacological data because traditional medicine refers to the Citrus genus as useful in diminishing the symptoms of anxiety or insomnia, and C. aurantium has more recently been proposed as an adjuvant for antidepressants. In the present work, we investigated the biological activity underlying the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of C. aurantium essential oil (EO), the putative mechanism of the anxiolytic-like effect, and the neurochemical changes in specific brain structures of mice after acute treatment. We also monitored the mice for possible signs of toxicity after a 14-day treatment. Methods The anxiolytic-like activity of the EO was investigated in a light/dark box, and the antidepressant activity was investigated in a forced swim test. Flumazenil, a competitive antagonist of benzodiazepine binding, and the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 were used in the experimental procedures to determine the mechanism of action of the EO. To exclude false positive results due to motor impairment, the mice were submitted to the rotarod test. Results The data suggest that the anxiolytic-like activity observed in the light/dark box procedure after acute (5 mg/kg) or 14-day repeated (1 mg/kg/day) dosing was mediated by the serotonergic system (5-HT1A receptors). Acute treatment with the EO showed no activity in the forced swim test, which is sensitive to antidepressants. A neurochemical evaluation showed no alterations in neurotransmitter levels in the cortex, the striatum, the pons, and the hypothalamus. Furthermore, no locomotor impairment or signs of toxicity or biochemical changes, except a reduction in cholesterol levels, were observed after treatment with the EO. Conclusion This work contributes to a better understanding of the biological activity of C. aurantium EO by characterizing the mechanism of action underlying its anxiolytic-like activity.

Investigation into the Specificity of Angiotensin II-induced Behavioral Desensitization

Angiotensin II (AngII) plays a key role in maintaining body fluid homeostasis. The physiological and behavioral effects of central AngII include increased blood pressure and fluid intake. In vitro experiments demonstrate that repeated exposure to AngII reduces the efficacy of subsequent AngII, and behavioral studies indicate that prior icv AngII administration reduces the dipsogenic response to AngII administered later. Specifically, rats given a treatment regimen of three icv injections of a large dose of AngII, each separated by 20 min, drink less water in response to a test injection of AngII than do vehicle-treated controls given the same test injection. The present studies were designed to test three potential explanations for the reduced dipsogenic potency of AngII after repeated administration. To this end, we tested for motor impairment caused by repeated injections of AngII, for a possible role of visceral distress or illness, and for differences in the pressor response to the final test injection of AngII.We found that repeated injections of AngII neither affected drinking stimulated by carbachol nor did they produce a conditioned flavor avoidance. Furthermore, we found no evidence that differences in the pressor response to the final test injection of AngII accounted for the difference in intake. In light of these findings, we are able to reject these three explanations for the observed behavioral desensitization, and, we suggest instead that the mechanism for this phenomenon may be at the level of the receptor.

Testing visual perception in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer disease

OBJECTIVE Visuoperceptual deficits are common in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer disease (AD). Testing visuoperception in dementia is complicated by decline in other cognitive domains and extrapyramidal features. To overcome these issues, we developed a computerized test, the Newcastle visuoperception battery (NEVIP), which is independent of motor function and has minimal cognitive load.We aimed to test its utility to identify visuoperceptual deficits in people with dementia. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS We recruited 28 AD and 26 DLB participants with 35 comparison participants of similar age and education. The NEVIP was used to test angle, color, and form discrimination along with motion perception to obtain a composite visuoperception score. RESULTS Those with DLB performed significantly worse than AD participants on the composite visuoperception score (Mann-Whitney U = 142, p = 0.01). Visuoperceptual deficits (defined as 2 SD below the performance of comparisons) were present in 71% of the DLB group and 40% of the AD group. Performance was not significantly correlated with motor impairment, but was significantly related to global cognitive impairment in DLB (rs = -0.689, p <0.001), but not in AD. CONCLUSION Visuoperceptual deficits can be detected in both DLB and AD participants using the NEVIP, with the DLB group performing significantly worse than AD. Visuoperception scores obtained by the NEVIP are independent of participant motor deficits and participants are able to comprehend and perform the tasks.

Three-dimensional, task-specific robot therapy of the arm after stroke: a multicentre, parallel-group randomised trial

BACKGROUND: Arm hemiparesis secondary to stroke is common and disabling. We aimed to assess whether robotic training of an affected arm with ARMin--an exoskeleton robot that allows task-specific training in three dimensions-reduces motor impairment more effectively than does conventional therapy. METHODS: In a prospective, multicentre, parallel-group randomised trial, we enrolled patients who had had motor impairment for more than 6 months and moderate-to-severe arm paresis after a cerebrovascular accident who met our eligibility criteria from four centres in Switzerland. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive robotic or conventional therapy using a centre-stratified randomisation procedure. For both groups, therapy was given for at least 45 min three times a week for 8 weeks (total 24 sessions). The primary outcome was change in score on the arm (upper extremity) section of the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA-UE). Assessors tested patients immediately before therapy, after 4 weeks of therapy, at the end of therapy, and 16 weeks and 34 weeks after start of therapy. Assessors were masked to treatment allocation, but patients, therapists, and data analysts were unmasked. Analyses were by modified intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00719433. FINDINGS: Between May 4, 2009, and Sept 3, 2012, 143 individuals were tested for eligibility, of whom 77 were eligible and agreed to participate. 38 patients assigned to robotic therapy and 35 assigned to conventional therapy were included in analyses. Patients assigned to robotic therapy had significantly greater improvements in motor function in the affected arm over the course of the study as measured by FMA-UE than did those assigned to conventional therapy (F=4.1, p=0.041; mean difference in score 0.78 points, 95% CI 0.03-1.53). No serious adverse events related to the study occurred. INTERPRETATION: Neurorehabilitation therapy including task-oriented training with an exoskeleton robot can enhance improvement of motor function in a chronically impaired paretic arm after stroke more effectively than conventional therapy. However, the absolute difference between effects of robotic and conventional therapy in our study was small and of weak significance, which leaves the clinical relevance in question.

Is Parkinson's disease of early onset a separate disease entity?

Two groups of patients suffering from Parkinson's disease were studied. The first group consisted of 23 patients with an onset age before 40 years; in the second group of 21 patients the onset was after age 50. The clinical findings and the course of the disease were very similar in each group. In spite of a longer disease duration in the patients with early onset of the disease there was no difference in motor impairment; the younger patients did better in mental testing and they were taking less dopaminergic medication. These differences are thought to be due to the age difference rather than to the existence of different disease entities. In the early onset group more familial cases (mostly affecting siblings) were found than in the older ones. The points in favour of there being a hereditary subgroup of early onset Parkinson's disease or of environmental factors causing the disease are reviewed.

Paradigmas de interacción hombre-máquina : un análisis enfocado al ámbito de la educación especial

Este trabajo se enmarca en el área de interacción hombre-máquina y los diferentes paradigmas que existe actualmente. Serevisan antecedentes y posibilidades vinculadas a la educación especial. Comocaso de estudio, se presenta una propuesta de adaptación al software educativo JClic, mediante la utilización de comandos por voz, con el objetivo de ser utilizado por usuarios/alumnos con deficiencia motriz sin consecuencias o con consecuencias leves en el desarrollo del lenguaje. Como parte de esta propuesta de adaptación, se estudiaron diferentes motores de reconocimiento de voz (RV), y se profundizó el análisis del motor de RV Sphinx-4. Se presenta aquí parte de este trabajo realizado y los resultados y conclusiones obtenidas, luego de la evaluación del prototipo.

Reduced synchronization persistence in neural networks derived from atm-deficient mice

Many neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by malfunction of the DNA damage response. Therefore, it is important to understand the connection between system level neural network behavior and DNA. Neural networks drawn from genetically engineered animals, interfaced with micro-electrode arrays allowed us to unveil connections between networks’ system level activity properties and such genome instability. We discovered that Atm protein deficiency, which in humans leads to progressive motor impairment, leads to a reduced synchronization persistence compared to wild type synchronization, after chemically imposed DNA damage. Not only do these results suggest a role for DNA stability in neural network activity, they also establish an experimental paradigm for empirically determining the role a gene plays on the behavior of a neural network.

Clinical progression and outcome of dysphagia following paediatric traumatic brain injury: a prospective study

Objectives : To provide a preliminary clinical profile of the resolution and outcomes of oral-motor impairment and swallowing function in a group of paediatric dysphagia patients post-traumatic brain injury (TBI). To document the level of cognitive impairment parallel to the return to oral intake, and to investigate the correlation between the resolution of impaired swallow function versus the resolution of oral-motor impairment and cognitive impairment. Participants : Thirteen children admitted to an acute care setting for TBI. Main outcome measures : A series of oral-motor (Verbal Motor Production Assessment for Children, Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment, Schedule for Oral Motor Assessment) and swallowing (Paramatta Hospital's Assessment for Dysphagia) assessments, an outcome measure for swallowing (Royal Brisbane Hospital's Outcome Measure for Swallowing), and a cognitive rating scale (Rancho Level of Cognitive Functioning Scale). Results : Across the patient group, oral-motor deficits resolved to normal status between 3 and 11 weeks post-referral (and at an average of 12 weeks post-injury) and swallowing function and resolution to normal diet status were achieved by 3-11 weeks post-referral (and at an average of 12 weeks post-injury). The resolution of dysphagia and the resolution of oral-motor impairment and cognitive impairment were all highly correlated. Conclusion : The provision of a preliminary profile of oral-motor functioning and dysphagia resolution, and data on the linear relationship between swallowing impairment and cognition, will provide baseline information on the course of rehabilitation of dysphagia in the paediatric population post-TBI. Such data will contribute to more informed service provision and rehabilitation planning for paediatric patients post-TBI.

Wearable sensors in Huntington disease:a pilot study

Background: The Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) is the principal means of assessing motor impairment in Huntington disease but is subjective and generally limited to in-clinic assessments. Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and ability of wearable sensors to measure motor impairment in individuals with Huntington disease in the clinic and at home. Methods: Participants with Huntington disease and controls were asked to wear five accelerometer-based sensors attached to the chest and each limb for standardized, in-clinic assessments and for one day at home. A secondchest sensor was worn for six additional days at home. Gait measures were compared between controls, participants with Huntington disease, and participants with Huntington disease grouped by UHDRS total motor score using Cohen’s d values. Results: Fifteen individuals with Huntington disease and five controls completed the study. Sensor data were successfully captured from 18 of the 20 participants at home. In the clinic, the standard deviation of step time (timebetween consecutive steps) was increased in Huntington disease (p<0.0001; Cohen’s d=2.61) compared to controls. At home with additional observations, significant differences were observed in seven additional gait measures. The gait of individuals with higher total motor scores (50 or more) differed significantly from those with lower total motor scores (below 50) on multiple measures at home. Conclusions: In this pilot study, the use of wearable sensors in clinic and at home was feasible and demonstrated gait differences between controls, participants with Huntington disease, and participants with Huntington diseasegrouped by motor impairment.

Modelo animal da Doença de Parkinson baseado na expressão de alfa - sinucleína: caracterização comportamental, eletrofisiológica e avaliação dos efei tos da estimulação da medula espinhal

Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with motor symptoms and dopaminergic cell loss in the nigrostriatal pathway. Alpha-synuclein is the major component of the Lewy bodies, the biological hallmarks of disease, and has been associated with familial cases of PD. Recently, the spinal cord stimulation (SCS) showed to be effective to alleviate the Parkinson symptoms in animal models and human patients. In this project, we characterized the motor and electrophysiological effects of alpha-synuclein overexpression in the substantia nigra of rats. We further investigated the effects of spinal electrical stimulation, AMPT and L-dopa administration in this model. Method: Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with empty viral vector or the vector carrying the gene for alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra, and were tested weekly for 10 weeks in the open field and cylinder tests. A separated group of animals implanted with bilateral electrode arrays in the motor cortex and the striatum were recorded in the open field, during the SCS sessions and the pharmacological experiments. Results: Alpha-synuclein expression resulted in motor asymmetry, observed as the reduction in use of contralateral forepaw in the cylinder test. Animals showed an increase of local field potential activity in beta band three and four weeks after the virus injection, that was not evident after the 5th week. AMPT resulted in a sever parkinsonian state, with reduction in the locomotor activity and significant peak of oscillatory activity in cortex and striatum. SCS was effective to alleviate the motor asymmetry at long term, but did not reduce the corticostriatal low frequency oscillations observed 24 hs after the AMPT administration. These oscillations were attenuated by L-dopa that, even as SCS, was not effective to restore the locomotor activity during the severe dopaminergic depletion period. Discussion: The alpha-synuclein model reproduces the motor impairment and the progressive neurodegenerative process of PD. We demonstrated, by the first time, that this model also presents the increase in low frequency oscillatory activity in the corticostriatal circuit, compatible with parkinsonian condition; and that SCS has a therapeutic effect on motor symptom of this model.