Maternal factors regulating preterm infants' responses to pain and stress while in maternal kangaroo care

The relationship between maternal factors and the response of preterm infants to pain and stress experienced during heel puncture while in maternal kangaroo care was investigated. This descriptive study included 42 mothers and their preterm infants cared for in a neonatal unit. Data were collected in the baseline, procedure, and recovery phases. We measured the neonates' facial actions, sleep and wake states, crying, salivary cortisol levels, and heart rate, in addition to the mothers' behavior, salivary cortisol levels, and mental condition. The influence of the maternal explanatory variables on the neonatal response variables were verified through bivariate analysis, ANOVA, and multiple regression. The mothers' behavior and depression and/or anxiety did not affect the neonates' responses to pain and stress, though the mothers' levels of salivary cortisol before the procedure explained the variance in the neonates' levels of salivary cortisol after the procedure (p=0.036). Additionally, the mothers' baseline levels of salivary cortisol along with the neonates' age explained the variance in the neonates' heart rate (p=0.001). The ability of mothers to regulate their own stress contributed to the infants' responses to pain and stress.

Olika förlossningssätts inverkan på anknytningsprocessen

Abstrakt Bakgrund. Anknytning är ett viktigt band som skapas mellan mor och barn, detta är viktigt för att barnet ska utvecklas till en trygg person. För att anknytning ska uppstå krävs mycket närhet och värme. Vid brist på anknytning blir barnet passivt och apatiskt. Syfte. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa hur anknytningsprocessen mellan mor och barn kan påverkas vid olika förlossningssätt. Metod. En litteratursökning av artiklar publicerade mellan 1989-2007 gjordes, sökorden var attachment, cesarean section, delivery, mother-child relations och nurs*. 28 artiklar granskades noga och av dessa stämde 14 helt överens med inklusionskriterierna och vårt syfte. Dessa bearbetades och analyserades i litteraturstudien. Resultat. Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier. Den första var faktorer som kan påverka anknytningsprocessen, den andra var en komplicerad förlossnings inverkan på anknytningsprocessen och den tredje var omvårdnadshandlingar som kan underlätta anknytningsprocessen och sjukhusvistelsen för modern. Diskussion. Komplicerade förlossningar bidrog ofta till att kvinnan inte fick träffa sitt barn direkt efter förlossningen, något som var psykiskt påfrestande för kvinnan och negativt för anknytningsprocessen. Kvinnor som genomgick komplicerade förlossningar var i extra stort behov av stöd och information från personalen för att känna närhet till sitt barn. Konklusion. När en kvinna får känna sitt barns närhet direkt efter förlossningen så startar anknytningsprocessen fortare än om det första mötet blir uppskjutet. Om omvårdnadspersonalen använder sig av den kunskap som finns angående interaktionen mellan mor och barn så kan det underlätta för kvinnan i samspelet med sitt barn.

A prematuridade no discurso materno: de que se trata?

Quais os efeitos do diagnóstico de prematuridade no discurso das mães e suas repercussões na relação mãe-criança? Partindo desta questão, que surgiu na experiência psicanalítica em um hospital pediátrico, o presente estudo visa analisar os efeitos do diagnóstico de prematuridade no discurso materno a partir de entrevistas psicanalíticas preliminares com mães de crianças prematuras. Trata-se de uma pesquisa clínica qualitativa que propõe uma articulação entre clínica e teoria a partir da construção de quatro casos clínicos fundamentados pelo referencial teórico da psicanálise de Freud, Lacan e autores contemporâneos. Se no imaginário social a prematuridade é associada a dificuldades em diversos contextos da vida, a análise de cada caso revela que este diagnóstico pode ou não ser encadeado pelo sujeito aos significantes que o marcam de forma prevalente. Nesta via, a prematuridade se desloca do lugar determinante de algo que sempre marca e decide, para um lugar que só pode ser escutado no um a um. Para a análise dos casos, elencou-se a divisão mãe-mulher como operador conceitual central dada sua prevalência nos discursos, em um percurso teórico que parte da história do amor materno ao exame psicanalítico da maternidade a partir da sexualidade feminina. Tais considerações partem do mito do amor materno de Badinter, em direção à equivalência do filho como substituto da falta fálica em Freud, até à ênfase ao desejo da mulher na mãe em Lacan. A discussão apresenta os diferentes lugares atribuídos à prematuridade por cada sujeito feminino e a prevalência de impasses próprios à conjunção e disjunção mãe-mulher incidindo na relação mãe-criança

The acquisition of abstract words by young infants.

Young infants' learning of words for abstract concepts like 'all gone' and 'eat,' in contrast to their learning of more concrete words like 'apple' and 'shoe,' may follow a relatively protracted developmental course. We examined whether infants know such abstract words. Parents named one of two events shown in side-by-side videos while their 6-16-month-old infants (n=98) watched. On average, infants successfully looked at the named video by 10 months, but not earlier, and infants' looking at the named referent increased robustly at around 14 months. Six-month-olds already understand concrete words in this task (Bergelson & Swingley, 2012). A video-corpus analysis of unscripted mother-infant interaction showed that mothers used the tested abstract words less often in the presence of their referent events than they used concrete words in the presence of their referent objects. We suggest that referential uncertainty in abstract words' teaching conditions may explain the later acquisition of abstract than concrete words, and we discuss the possible role of changes in social-cognitive abilities over the 6-14 month period.

Método mãe-canguru: vivência de mães no alojamento conjunto

DAVIM, Rejane Marie Barbosa;ENDERS, Bertha Cruz; DANTAS, Janmilli da Costa; SILVA, Richardson Augusto Rosendo da; NÓBREGA, Edualeide Jeane Pereira Bulhões da. Método mãe-canguru: vivência de mães no alojamento conjunto. Revista da Rede de Enfermagem do Nordeste, Fortaleza, v. 10, n. 1, p. 37-44, jan./mar.2009.

Método mãe-canguru: vivência de mães no alojamento conjunto

DAVIM, Rejane Marie Barbosa;ENDERS, Bertha Cruz; DANTAS, Janmilli da Costa; SILVA, Richardson Augusto Rosendo da; NÓBREGA, Edualeide Jeane Pereira Bulhões da. Método mãe-canguru: vivência de mães no alojamento conjunto. Revista da Rede de Enfermagem do Nordeste, Fortaleza, v. 10, n. 1, p. 37-44, jan./mar.2009.

SOFRIMENTO CRÔNICO: PERCEPÇÃO DE MÃES DE CRIANÇAS DEPENDENTES DE VENTILAÇÃO MECÂNICA

Objective: To know the mothers’ perception of the main difficulties in the care of children with special needs dependent on mechanical ventilation. Methods: A qualitative research conducted from August to November 2013 at the Dr. Waldemar Alcântara Hospital in Fortaleza, CE. Respondents were seven mothers of children under mechanical ventilation. Data were collected using sociodemographic questionnaires and guiding questions, from which emerged thematic categories that underwent content analysis, with data being discussed in the light of the relevant literature. Results: The average age of mothers ranged 18-36 years. Six were married or had formed a common-law marriage. Education level ranged from illiteracy to complete secondary education. Family income was up to one minimum wage. Mothers reported anguish and fear regarding the initial impact of the diagnosis, with little understanding of the biomedical language and a lot of questions during the whole period after diagnosis and during hospitalization. Conclusion: Difficulties involve aspects related to family abandonment, the distancing from the other children at the expense of the care of the disable child, the difficulty in engaging in social relationships, and the prognosis and care of their child. The hospital environment generates psychological repercussions on the expectation and hopelessness regarding the cure of their child, as they know they might die. Healthcare professionals can favor incredible transformations, generating a new “care”, broader and humanized, facilitating the recovery/restructuring of the family within this new universe.

Dificuldades na amamentação no 1º mês de vida : contextos sociodemográficos e psicológicos

Enquadramento: A amamentação nutre, protege e favorece o desenvolvimento cognitivo e a criação do vínculo afetivo entre mãe e filho. No entanto, há vários fatores que dificultam a manutenção da amamentação como os psicológicos, socioculturais, profissionais, nível de educação, ação dos profissionais de saúde entre outros. Objetivos: Determinar o perfil sociodemográfico das puérperas; identificar as dificuldades mais frequentes associadas à amamentação ao 7º e 30º dia após o nascimento; analisar a influência das variáveis sociodemográficas associadas às dificuldades na amamentação nos dois momentos de avaliação; avaliar a influência das atitudes maternas e a da vinculação pós-natal nas dificuldades associadas à amamentação nos dois momentos de avaliação. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, longitudinal em painel de curta duração, descritivo-correlacional, numa amostra não probabilística por conveniência de 255 participantes (média de idades de 30,78 anos). Utilizou-se um questionário para caracterizar sociodemograficamente e os contextos de amamentação da amostra, a escala de atitudes maternas face à amamentação (Pereira, 2004) e a escala de vinculação pós-natal (Airosa, Silva & Bachu, 2012), versão portuguesa de Gomez e Leal (2007). Este foi aplicado às participantes em dois momentos (7º e 30º dias após o nascimento do bebé). Resultados: As participantes são maioritariamente casadas, com o ensino superior, empregadas em tempo completo e residentes na cidade. Quanto às dificuldades mais frequentes associadas à amamentação nos dois momentos de avaliação do estudo (7º e 30º dia de vida do bebé) verificamos que as dificuldades sentidas ao 7º dia se mantêm no 30º, predominando as fissuras (7.º dia 41.7%; 39.3% 30.º dia), as dificuldades na pega (7.º dia 28.8%; 31.9% 30.º dia), o ingurgitamento mamário (7.º dia 16.7%; 14.8% 30.º dia). Em relação à influência das variáveis sociodemográficas nas dificuldades associadas à amamentação ao 7º e 30º dia após o nascimento, apurou-se que as diferenças são estatisticamente significativas em relação à escolaridade (p=0,000), situação profissional (p=0,034) e local de residência (0,042), sugerindo que estas variáveis têm poder explicativo sobre as dificuldades sentidas na amamentação pelas mães nos dois momentos de avaliação. Nenhuma das dimensões relativas às atitudes maternas face à amamentação e à vinculação pós-natal se assumiu preditora das dificuldades associadas à amamentação. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que os enfermeiros, especialmente no âmbito da saúde materna, obstétrica e ginecológica, estejam mais despertos para as dificuldades que as mães possam ter na amamentação sobretudo no primeiro mês, considerado o mais crítico na adaptação ao aleitamento materno, de modo a conseguirem que estas ultrapassem essas complicações, evitando assim, o abandono precoce da amamentação. Palavra-chave: Amamentação, Atitudes Maternas, Vinculação pós-natal, Dificuldades na amamentação.

Maternal correlates of young children's physical activity across periods of the day

OBJECTIVES: Associations between maternal correlates and young children's physical activity levels across the whole day and the segmented day were examined.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional study
METHODS: Participants were 136 mothers and their 1-3 year old children recruited between July 2013 and March 2014. Mothers reported time spent providing physical activity opportunities for their child, co-participating in and modelling physical activity and sedentary behaviours during the morning, afternoon and evening. Participants wore ActiGraph GT3X (mothers) and GT3X+ (children) accelerometers concurrently for seven consecutive days and the time spent in light- (LPA), moderate- to vigorous- (MVPA) and total (LMVPA) physical activity were assessed. Two-level (family; recruitment group) multivariate models examined associations between maternal correlates (including maternal objectively-assessed sedentary time [ST] and physical activity) and children's physical activity.
RESULTS: Maternal self-reported co-participation in sedentary behaviour and provision of child opportunities for physical activity were associated with children's physical activity; associations varied by period and physical activity intensity. During the morning period, mothers' objectively assessed ST was negatively associated with children's MVPA and LMVPA while her LPA was positively associated with children's LPA, MVPA and LMVPA. Mothers' MVPA was negatively associated with children's LPA and LMVPA during the evening period.
CONCLUSIONS: Maternal correlates of young children's physical activity may be period- and intensity-specific. Programmes promoting physical activity for families may need to consider incorporating strategies to reduce mother-child co-participation in sedentary behaviour, increase mothers' provision of opportunities to be active and increase mothers' own LPA over ST during certain periods of the day.

Relations Between Political Violence and Child Adjustment: a four-wave test of the role of emotional insecurity about community

This study further explored the impact of sectarian violence and children's emotional insecurity about community on child maladjustment using a 4-wave longitudinal design. The study included 999 mother-child dyads in Belfast, Northern Ireland (482 boys, 517 girls). Across the 4 waves, child mean age was 12.19 (SD = 1.82), 13.24 (SD = 1.83), 13.61 (SD = 1.99), and 14.66 years (SD = 1.96), respectively. Building on previous studies of the role of emotional insecurity in child adjustment, the current study examines within-person change in emotional insecurity using latent growth curve analyses. The results showed that children's trajectories of emotional insecurity about community were related to risk for developing conduct and emotion problems. These findings controlled for earlier adjustment problems, age, and gender, and took into account the time-varying nature of experience with sectarian violence. Discussion considers the implications for children's emotional insecurity about community for relations between political violence and children's adjustment, including the significance of trajectories of emotional insecurity over time.

Longitudinal relations between sectarian and nonsectarian community violence and child adjustment in Northern Ireland

Although relations between political violence and child adjustment are well documented, longitudinal research is needed to adequately address the many questions remaining about the contexts and developmental trajectories underlying the effects on children in areas of political violence. The study examined the relations between sectarian and nonsectarian community violence and adolescent adjustment problems over 4 consecutive years. Participants included 999 mother-child dyads (482 boys, 517 girls), M ages = 12.18 (SD = 1.82), 13.24 (SD = 1.83), 13.61 (SD = 1.99), and 14.66 (SD = 1.96) years, respectively, living in socially deprived neighborhoods in Belfast, Northern Ireland, a context of historical and ongoing political violence. In examining trajectories of adjustment problems, including youth experience with both sectarian and nonsectarian antisocial behaviors, sectarian antisocial behavior significantly predicted more adjustment problems across the 4 years of the study. Experiencing sectarian antisocial behavior was related to increased adolescent adjustment problems, and this relationship was accentuated in neighborhoods characterized by higher crime rates. The discussion considers the implications for further validating the distinction between sectarian and nonsectarian violence, including consideration of neighborhood crime levels, from the child's perspective in a setting of political violence. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013.

Political Violence and Child Adjustment in Northern Ireland: Testing Pathways in a Social-Ecological Model Including Single- and Two-Parent Families

Moving beyond simply documenting that political violence negatively impacts children, we tested a social ecological hypothesis for relations between political violence and child outcomes. Participants were 700 mother child (M = 12.1 years, SD = 1.8) dyads from 18 working-class, socially deprived areas in Belfast, Northern Ireland, including single- and two-parent families. Sectarian community violence was associated with elevated family conflict and children's reduced security about multiple aspects of their social environment (i.e., family, parent child relations, and community), with links to child adjustment problems and reductions in prosocial behavior. By comparison, and consistent with expectations, links with negative family processes, child regulatory problems, and child outcomes were less consistent for nonsectarian community violence. Support was found for a social ecological model for relations between political violence and child outcomes among both single- and two-parent families, with evidence that emotional security and adjustment problems were more negatively affected in single-parent families. The implications for understanding social ecologies of political violence and children's functioning are discussed.

Parenting Control in Contexts of Political Violence: Testing Bidirectional Relations Between Violence Exposure and Control in Post-Accord Belfast

Objective. The authors examined bidirectional relations between youth exposure to sectarian and nonsectarian antisocial behavior and mothers' efforts to control youths' exposure to community violence in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Design. Mother-child dyads (N = 773) were interviewed in their homes twice over 2 years regarding youths' exposure to sectarian and nonsectarian community antisocial behavior and mothers' use of control strategies, including behavioral and psychological control. Results. Youths' exposure to nonsectarian antisocial behavior was related to increases in mothers' use of behavioral and psychological control strategies over time, controlling for earlier levels of these constructs. Reflecting bidirectional relations, mothers' behavioral control strategies were associated with youths' reduced exposure to nonsectarian and sectarian antisocial behavior over time, whereas psychological control was not related to reduced exposure. Conclusion. Only nonsectarian community violence was associated longitudinally with mothers' increased use of control strategies, and only behavioral control strategies were effective in reducing youths' exposure to community antisocial behavior, including sectarian and nonsectarian antisocial behavior.

Early pain experience, child and family factors, as precursors of somatization:a prospective study of extremely premature and fullterm children

In a prospective study of 36 children who were extremely low birthweight (ELBW: <1000 g) preterm infants and 36 matched full-term controls, differences were found in somatization at age 4 1/2 years. Only children who had been extremely premature, and thereby experienced prolonged hospitalization and repeated medical intervention in infancy, had clinically high somatization scores on the Personality Inventory for Children. The combination of family relations at age 4 1/2 years, neonatal intensive care experience, poor maternal sensitivity to child cues in mother-child interaction observed at age 3 years, and child avoidance of touch or holding at age 3, predicted somatization scores, prior to school entry. Due to the known higher incidence of actual medical problems among children with a history of extreme prematurity, the high somatization ELBW children were compared with the normal somatization ELBW children. There were no differences in prevalence of actual medical problems between the 2 ELBW groups, and the importance of maternal factors in relation to somatization was confirmed. Child temperament at age 3, but not personality at 4 1/2, was related to somatization. The etiology of recurrent physical complaints of no known medical cause appears to be a multi-dimensional problem. Non-optimal parenting may contribute to the development of inappropriate strategies for coping with common pains of childhood, or of chronic pain patterns, in some children who have experienced prolonged or repeated pain as neonates.

Relations entre le style parental, le style parental alimentaire et les pratiques alimentaires de la mère et les comportements alimentaires de l’enfant québécois d’âge préscolaire

Le surpoids (embonpoint et obésité) chez l’enfant est un problème préoccupant qui prend de plus en plus d’ampleur. Le rôle du parent dans cette problématique est prédominant, puisqu’il assure la disponibilité des aliments, choisit les mets présentés, joue le rôle de modèle dans l’acte alimentaire et interagit avec l’enfant durant les prises alimentaires pour guider son comportement alimentaire. Le parent offre et façonne l’environnement dans lequel évolue l’enfant. Cette thèse explore le rôle de la mère dans cet environnement. Le parent utilise diverses pratiques alimentaires pour guider l’alimentation de l’enfant. Certaines sont douces, comme encourager positivement l’enfant à essayer un aliment (ex. Goûtes-y, moi je trouve ça très bon!) et d’autres plus coercitives (ex. Tu ne sors pas de table sans avoir terminé ton assiette). Les interactions parent-enfant lors de la prise alimentaire sont susceptibles d’avoir différentes conséquences sur l’alimentation de l’enfant, modifiant possiblement les apports alimentaires, les préférences, la néophobie et le statut pondéral. Les interactions parent-enfant en général, donc hors du contexte précis de l’alimentation, peuvent aussi influencer les comportements alimentaires de l’enfant. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’explorer les relations entre les interactions parent-enfant en général, aussi nommées « styles parentaux » (SP), les interactions parent-enfant dans le contexte alimentaire, portant le nom de «styles parentaux alimentaires» (SPA), les stratégies alimentaires utilisées par les parents pour guider l’alimentation de l’enfant, nommées « pratiques alimentaires parentales » (PAP), les comportements alimentaires de l’enfant et le statut pondéral de ce dernier. Cette thèse comprend 4 objectifs spécifiques. D’abord, d’examiner les relations entre les SP, les SPA et les PAP. Dans un deuxième temps, les relations entre les SPA, le comportement alimentaire de l’enfant (préférence et fréquence de consommation) et le statut pondéral de l’enfant seront explorées. Puis, l’existence de relations entre l’usage de PAP et le comportement alimentaire de l’enfant sera évaluée. Finalement, les relations entre les attitudes de la mère à l’égard de son poids et de celui de son enfant et du comportement néophobique de l’enfant seront explorées. Cent vingt-deux mères d’enfants d’âge préscolaire, de 3 à 5 ans, ont été recrutées par des milieux de garde de l’île de Montréal et ont complété et retourné un questionnaire auto-administré portant sur le style parental, style parental alimentaire, les PAP, les fréquences de consommation de l’enfant, les préférences de l’enfant pour certains aliments et groupe d’aliments, la néophobie de l’enfant, le poids et la taille de l’enfant, le régime actuel de la mère, la perception du poids de l’enfant, la préoccupation face au poids de l’enfant ainsi que la description du profil familial. Les SP, les SPA et les PAP montrent des corrélations. Les SPA, plus particulièrement les deux échelles qui les composent (exigence et sensibilité) montrent des corrélations avec la consommation et la préférence pour certains aliments. Des différences sont aussi notées entre les différents SPA et le statut pondéral de l’enfant et certains comportements alimentaires. La présente thèse suggère une implication de trois concepts, soient les SP, les SPA et les PAP, dans la dynamique alimentaire de la dyade mère-enfant. Des relations importantes entre les SPA et les préférences alimentaires sont suggérées. Les futures recherches dans ce domaine devront évaluer l’impact relatif des PAP, des SP et des SPA sur le comportement alimentaire (consommation et préférence) et le poids de l’enfant. Une intervention efficace visant des changements de comportements alimentaires auprès des familles devra adresser à la fois les PAP, mais aussi les SP et les SPA.