Evolução mineralógica da alteração laterítica em rochas vulcânicas básicas na borda sudeste da Bacia do Paraná (Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina)

Perfis de alteração em basaltos com baixos teores de Ti02 (LTiB) da Parte Sudeste da Bacia do Paraná (SPB) associam-se a superfícies aplainadas, nos planaltos das Araucárias (Ab' Saber, 1973), entre altitudes de 950 m a 750 m (Vacaria) e 1000m a 920m (a Sul de Lages). Em domínios mais dissecados do relevo, que crescem de Este para Oeste, e nas encostas intensamente dissecadas destes planaltos a Sul (calha do rio Antas) e a Norte (calha do rio Pelotas), os perfis de alteração são truncados ou inexistentes. A associação dos perfis de alteração com superfícies geomorfológicamente mais antigas (aplainadas e elevadas) faz supor que o início dos processos de alteração seja correlativo às superfícies aplainadas, antigo e, provável mente, Terciário. As sequências de alteração mais completas localizam-se em morros de topo plano e apresentam as seguintes fácies: Rocha mãe, saprólito, alterito argiloso, alterito esferoidal, "stone line", coberturas móveis e solo atual. Químicamente os produtos de alteração intempérica dos basaltos são "lateritas" segundo definição de Schellmann (1981), com enriquecimento em Fe2D.3 e H20; perdas em Si02, FeO, MgO, CaO, Na20 e K20; prováveis pequenas perdas emA12D.3. No saprólito, os pedaços de rocha fragmentada permitiram a descrição das alterações hidrotermais refletidas nas para gêneses dos sítios intersticiais, constitui dos por materiais cristalinos e criptocristalinos. Os cristais de titanomagnetita aparecem com manchas azuis irregulares que sugerem variações cristaloquímicas contínuas dentro de um mesmo cristal, típicas da maghemitização. O alterito argiloso é sede de pseudomorfoses dos minerais magmáticos e hidrotermais. Esmectitas, ocupam os sítios das camadas mistas hidrotermais; halloysitas 7 e 10 Á são dominantes nos plasmas das pseudomorfoses de plagioclásios e plasmas ricos em ferro e sílica predominam nas pseudomorfoses de piroxênios. Observa-se a transição halloysita -caolinita desordenada rica em ferro estrutural nas partes superiores do conjunto. Os plasmas secundários são silico-aluminosos, nas partes baixas do conjunto, e predominantemente opacos no topo. Estes plasmas constituem-se de halloysita, litioforita (ou plasma rico em Mn), goethita e maghemita. O alterito esferoidal apresenta o núcleo de rocha e um córtex de cor amarelo -alaranjada em que se verifica a presença dominante da goethita aluminosa. Secundáriamente, aparecem cristobalita, maghemita e gibbsita. As coberturas móveis, são constitui das de plasma caolinítico e plasmas ricos em hematita e goethita. Aparecem ainda grânulos, pisólitos e nódulos herdados de antigas couraças desmanteladas. Os minerais, formados em condições lateritizantes, são os filossilicatos halloysita 7Á e lOÁ, caolinita desordenada e os óxidos e hidróxidos, hematita, goethita, gibbsita e litioforita.Observou-se que a mineralogia de alteração está intimamente associada à textura da rocha original. Encontram-se, ainda, nestes horizontes de alteração intempérica, a cristobalita (metaestável) e a titanomaghemita. As titanomaghemitas identificadas nos saprólitos e alteritos apresentam as características de maghemitização: diminuição da taxa 32(Fe+ Ti)/O, aumento de lacunas na malha cristalina e diminuição do parâmetro ~. Mg diminui com o intemperismo, Mn e AI se concentram nas fases magnéticas. A halloysita 7Á predomina sobre a lOÁ, na fração < 2Jlm, do alterito argiloso, alterito esferoidal e no sistema fissural. A caolinita predomina no horizonte "tacheté". No alterito esferoidal, ocorre também caolinita e esmectita. As argilas halloysíticas apresentam quatro morfologias: esferas, tubos, lamelas planares e cones. A halloysita forma-se preferencialmente à caolinita no córtex de alteração do alterito esferoidal e na fácies argilosa, constituindo um primeiro estágio de intemperismo. Os tubos e cones têm os menores teores de Fe2Ü3 enquanto as halloysitas planares têm os mais altos teores de Fe2Ü3. O teor de Fe das partículas esferoidais é variado. Os óxidos e hidróxidos destes perfis caracterizaram variações da atividade a água, de atividade da sílica dissolvida e temperatura, refletindo as paleocondições (climáticas) de formação destas coberturas fósseis.

Visualização em tempo real de dados volumétricos dinâmicos usando hardware gráfico

Dados volumétricos temporais são usados na representação de fenômenos físicos em várias aplicações de visualização científica, pois tais fenômenos são complexos, alteram-se com o tempo e não possuem uma forma de representação definida. Uma solução é usar amostragens sobre um espaço de forma geométrica simples que contém o fenômeno (um cubo, por exemplo), discretizado ao longo de uma grade em células de mesmo formato e usualmente chamado de volume de amostragem. Este volume de amostragem representa um instante da representação do fenômeno e, para representar dados temporais, simplesmente enumera-se tantos volumes quanto forem as diferentes instâncias de tempo. Esta abordagem faz com que a representação seja extremamente custosa, necessitando de técnicas de representação de dados para comprimir e descomprimir os mesmos. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem para compressão de volumes de dados temporais que permite a visualização em tempo real destes dados usando hardware gráfico. O método de compressão usa uma representação hierárquica dos vários volumes de dados dentro da memória do hardware gráfico, referenciados pelo hardware como texturas 3D. O método de compressão tem melhor desempenho para dados volumétricos esparsos e com alto grau de coerência (espacial e temporal). A descompressão destes dados é feita por programas especiais que são executados no próprio hardware gráfico. Um estudo de caso usando o método de compressão/descompressão proposto é apresentado com dados provenientes do Projeto MAPEM (Monitoramento Ambiental em Atividades de Perfuração Exploratória Marítima). O objetivo do projeto é propor uma metodologia para o monitoramento dos efeitos das descargas de materiais no ecossistema marinho durante a perfuração de um poço de petróleo. Para estimar certos descarregamentos de fluidos, o projeto usa um simulador CFD que permite mostrar tais descarregamentos, gerando grades planares e uniformes 2D ou 3D em qualquer instante de tempo durante a simulação.

Novas fases amorfas de carbono produzidas por irradiação iônica de filmes de C/sub 60/, [alfa]-C e [alfa]-C:H

Neste trabalho estuda-se a formação de novas fases de carbono amorfo através da irradiação iônica de filmes de fulereno, a-C e a-C:H polimérico. Os efeitos da irradiação iônica na modificação das propriedades ópticas e mecânicas dos filmes de carbono irradiados são analisados de forma correlacionada com as alterações estruturais a nivel atômico. O estudo envolve tanto a análise dos danos induzidos no fulereno pela irradiação iônica a baixas fluências, correspondendo a baixas densidades de energia depositada, quanto a investigação das propriedades físico-químicas das fases amorfas obtidas após irradiações dos filmes de fulereno, a-C e a-C:H com altas densidades de energia depositada. As propriedades ópticas, mecânicas e estruturais das amostras são analisadas através de técnicas de espectroscopia Raman e infravermelho, espectrofotometria UV-VIS-NIR, microscopias ópticas e de força atômica, nanoindentação e técnicas de análise por feixe de íons, tais como retroespalhamento Rutherford e análises por reação nuclear. As irradiações produzem profundas modificações nas amostras de fulereno, a-C e a-C:H, e por conseqüência significativas alterações em suas propriedades ópticas e mecânicas. Após máximas fluências de irradiação fases amorfas rígidas (com dureza de 14 e 17 GPa) e com baixos gaps ópticos (0,2 e 0,5 eV) são formadas. Estas estruturas não usuais correspondem a arranjos atômicos com 90 a 100% de estados sp2. Em geral fases sp2 são planares e apresentam baixa dureza, como predito pelo modelo de “cluster”. Entretanto, os resultados experimentais mostram que as propriedades elásticas das novas fases formadas são alcançadas através da criação de uma estrutura sp2 tridimensional. A indução de altas distorções angulares, através da irradiação iônica, possibilita a formação de anéis de carbono não hexagonais, tais como pentágonos e heptágonos, permitindo assim a curvatura da estrutura. Utilizando um modelo de contagem de vínculos é feita uma análise comparativa entre a topologia (estrutura geométrica) de ligações C-sp2 e as propriedades nanomecânicas. São comparados os efeitos de estruturas sp2 planares e tridimensionais (aleatórias) no processo de contagem de vínculos e, conseqüentemente, nas propriedades elásticas de cada sistema. Os resultados mostram que as boas propriedades mecânicas das novas fases de carbono formadas seguem as predições do modelo de vínculos para uma rede atômica sp2 tridimensional. A formação de uma fase amorfa dura e 100% sp2 representa uma importante conquista na procura de novas estruturas rígidas de carbono. A síntese da estrutura desordenada sp2 tridimensional e vinculada aqui apresentada é bastante incomum na literatura. O presente trabalho mostra que o processo de não-equilíbrio de deposição de energia durante a irradiação iônica permite a formação de distorções angulares nas ligações sp2-C, possibilitando a criação de estruturas grafíticas tridimensionais.

Aquametria por microondas : desenvolvimento de transdutor em microfita

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento de transdutor de microondas para a mensuração de umidade em produtos agrícolas com a utilização de estruturas planares em microfita. O termo aquametria é definido na literatura como a área da instrumentação responsável por mensurar a quantidade de água presente em sólidos e líquidos via identificação de suas propriedades dielétricas. São apresentados alguns aspectos relativos à aquametria, seguidos do modelo matemático e numérico da interação das ondas eletromagnéticas no meio dielétrico com perdas. O modelo matemático é então especializado para dar conta de uma microfita com uma amostra úmida superposta. A partir desses resultados, são apresentadas três propostas de transdutores que buscam mensurar a permissividade dielétrica complexa efetiva do conjunto microfita mais amostra. Os transdutores propostos são então simulados com a aplicação do método de diferenças finitas no domínio tempo, objetivando não só verificar a qualidade dos mesmos, mas também validar o modelo matemático.

GRAFOS coloração, planaridade e "Matching"

A matemÆtica discreta Ø um dos ramos mais antigos da matemÆtica. Nos tempos mais recentes sofreu grandes avanos em especial na teoria dos grafos, a qual tornou-se numa poderosa ferramenta de anÆlise para entender e dar soluªo a vÆrios tipos de problemas complexos. O objectivo deste trabalho Ø contribuir para a obtenªo de possveis relaıes entre assuntos que partida poderamos pensar que sªo dspares (quando na realidade nªo o sªo), como coloraªo, planaridade e a existŒncia de matching em grafos. Esta dissertaªo Ø um trabalho de natureza reexiva, sobre a teoria dos grafos onde a ideia principal passa por questionarmos e discutirmos alguns temas pertinentes, deniıes e teoremas relacionando sempre com a planaridade dos grafos. DesenvolveremosumraciocnioecriaremosargumentosquefundamentemaexistŒncia de uma relaªo entre este tema e a coloraªo de grafos e a existŒncia de matching em grafos, utilizando exemplos e estabelecendo relaıes de causa e consequŒncia, deduzindo assim as respetivas conclusıes. Por vezes, os grafos nªo planares podem conter um aspeto visual um pouco complexo, devido aos vÆrios cruzamentos entre as suas arestas, originando assim um certo desencorajamento em utilizÆ-los como ferramenta para a soluªo de vÆrios problemas, quer sejam bÆsicos do quotidiano, ou mais complexos das mais vastas Æreas ligadas investigaªo. Um dos propsitos deste trabalho passa por desmisticar esta ideia e provar que existem muitas deniıes, propriedades, teoremas e algoritmos que podem ser aplicados em qualquer tipo de grafos, independentement da sua planaridade.

Análise e otimização de superfícies seletivas de Frequência utilizando redes neurais artificiais e algoritmos de otimização natural

The bidimensional periodic structures called frequency selective surfaces have been well investigated because of their filtering properties. Similar to the filters that work at the traditional radiofrequency band, such structures can behave as band-stop or pass-band filters, depending on the elements of the array (patch or aperture, respectively) and can be used for a variety of applications, such as: radomes, dichroic reflectors, waveguide filters, artificial magnetic conductors, microwave absorbers etc. To provide high-performance filtering properties at microwave bands, electromagnetic engineers have investigated various types of periodic structures: reconfigurable frequency selective screens, multilayered selective filters, as well as periodic arrays printed on anisotropic dielectric substrates and composed by fractal elements. In general, there is no closed form solution directly from a given desired frequency response to a corresponding device; thus, the analysis of its scattering characteristics requires the application of rigorous full-wave techniques. Besides that, due to the computational complexity of using a full-wave simulator to evaluate the frequency selective surface scattering variables, many electromagnetic engineers still use trial-and-error process until to achieve a given design criterion. As this procedure is very laborious and human dependent, optimization techniques are required to design practical periodic structures with desired filter specifications. Some authors have been employed neural networks and natural optimization algorithms, such as the genetic algorithms and the particle swarm optimization for the frequency selective surface design and optimization. This work has as objective the accomplishment of a rigorous study about the electromagnetic behavior of the periodic structures, enabling the design of efficient devices applied to microwave band. For this, artificial neural networks are used together with natural optimization techniques, allowing the accurate and efficient investigation of various types of frequency selective surfaces, in a simple and fast manner, becoming a powerful tool for the design and optimization of such structures

Antenas de microfita com patch quase-fractal para aplicações em Redes WPAN/WLAN

The microstrip antennas are in constant evidence in current researches due to several advantages that it presents. Fractal geometry coupled with good performance and convenience of the planar structures are an excellent combination for design and analysis of structures with ever smaller features and multi-resonant and broadband. This geometry has been applied in such patch microstrip antennas to reduce its size and highlight its multi-band behavior. Compared with the conventional microstrip antennas, the quasifractal patch antennas have lower frequencies of resonance, enabling the manufacture of more compact antennas. The aim of this work is the design of quasi-fractal patch antennas through the use of Koch and Minkowski fractal curves applied to radiating and nonradiating antenna s edges of conventional rectangular patch fed by microstrip inset-fed line, initially designed for the frequency of 2.45 GHz. The inset-fed technique is investigated for the impedance matching of fractal antennas, which are fed through lines of microstrip. The efficiency of this technique is investigated experimentally and compared with simulations carried out by commercial software Ansoft Designer used for precise analysis of the electromagnetic behavior of antennas by the method of moments and the neural model proposed. In this dissertation a study of literature on theory of microstrip antennas is done, the same study is performed on the fractal geometry, giving more emphasis to its various forms, techniques for generation of fractals and its applicability. This work also presents a study on artificial neural networks, showing the types/architecture of networks used and their characteristics as well as the training algorithms that were used for their implementation. The equations of settings of the parameters for networks used in this study were derived from the gradient method. It will also be carried out research with emphasis on miniaturization of the proposed new structures, showing how an antenna designed with contours fractals is capable of a miniaturized antenna conventional rectangular patch. The study also consists of a modeling through artificial neural networks of the various parameters of the electromagnetic near-fractal antennas. The presented results demonstrate the excellent capacity of modeling techniques for neural microstrip antennas and all algorithms used in this work in achieving the proposed models were implemented in commercial software simulation of Matlab 7. In order to validate the results, several prototypes of antennas were built, measured on a vector network analyzer and simulated in software for comparison

Análise e projeto de superfícies seletivas de frequência com elementos pré-fractais para aplicações em comunicações indoor

In this thesis, a frequency selective surface (FSS) consists of a two-dimensional periodic structure mounted on a dielectric substrate, which is capable of selecting signals in one or more frequency bands of interest. In search of better performance, more compact dimensions, low cost manufacturing, among other characteristics, these periodic structures have been continually optimized over time. Due to its spectral characteristics, which are similar to band-stop or band-pass filters, the FSSs have been studied and used in several applications for more than four decades. The design of an FSS with a periodic structure composed by pre-fractal elements facilitates the tuning of these spatial filters and the adjustment of its electromagnetic parameters, enabling a compact design which generally has a stable frequency response and superior performance relative to its euclidean counterpart. The unique properties of geometric fractals have shown to be useful, mainly in the production of antennas and frequency selective surfaces, enabling innovative solutions and commercial applications in microwave range. In recent applications, the FSSs modify the indoor propagation environments (emerging concept called wireless building ). In this context, the use of pre-fractal elements has also shown promising results, allowing a more effective filtering of more than one frequency band with a single-layer structure. This thesis approaches the design of FSSs using pre-fractal elements based on Vicsek, Peano and teragons geometries, which act as band-stop spatial filters. The transmission properties of the periodic surfaces are analyzed to design compact and efficient devices with stable frequency responses, applicable to microwave frequency range and suitable for use in indoor communications. The results are discussed in terms of the electromagnetic effect resulting from the variation of parameters such as: fractal iteration number (or fractal level), scale factor, fractal dimension and periodicity of FSS, according the pre-fractal element applied on the surface. The analysis of the fractal dimension s influence on the resonant properties of a FSS is a new contribution in relation to researches about microwave devices that use fractal geometry. Due to its own characteristics and the geometric shape of the Peano pre-fractal elements, the reconfiguration possibility of these structures is also investigated and discussed. This thesis also approaches, the construction of efficient selective filters with new configurations of teragons pre-fractal patches, proposed to control the WLAN coverage in indoor environments by rejecting the signals in the bands of 2.4~2.5 GHz (IEEE 802.11 b) and 5.0~6.0 GHz (IEEE 802.11a). The FSSs are initially analyzed through simulations performed by commercial software s: Ansoft DesignerTM and HFSSTM. The fractal design methodology is validated by experimental characterization of the built prototypes, using alternatively, different measurement setups, with commercial horn antennas and microstrip monopoles fabricated for low cost measurements

Desenvolvimento de um ressoador retangular de fenda com múltiplas camadas de substrato e com utilização de material PBG para sistema de comunicação sem fio

In the globalized world modern telecommunications have assumed key role within the company, causing a large increase in demand for the wireless technology of communication, which has been happening in recent years have greatly increased the number of applications using this technology. Due to this demand, new materials are developed to enable new control mechanisms and propagation of electromagnetic waves. The research to develop new technologies for wireless communication presents a multidisciplinary study that covers from the new geometries for passive antennas, active up to the development of materials for devices that improve the performance at the frequency range of operation. Recently, planar antennas have attracted interest due to their characteristics and advantages when compared with other types of antennas. In the area of mobile communications the need for antennas of this type has become increasingly used, due to intensive development, which needs to operate in multifrequency antennas and broadband. The microstrip antennas have narrow bandwidth due to the dielectric losses generated by irradiation. Another limitation is the degradation of the radiation pattern due to the generation of surface waves in the substrate. Some techniques have been developed to minimize this limitation of bandwidth, such as the study of type materials PBG - Photonic Band Gap, to form the dielectric material. This work has as main objective the development project of a slot resonator with multiple layers and use the type PBG substrate, which carried out the optimization from the numerical analysis and then designed the device initially proposed for the band electromagnetic spectrum between 3-9 GHz, which basically includes the band S to X. Was used as the dielectric material RT/Duroid 5870 and RT/Duroid 6010.LM where both are laminated ceramic-filled PTFE dielectric constants 2.33 and 10.2, respectively. Through an experimental investigation was conducted an analysis of the simulated versus measured by observing the behavior of the radiation characteristics from the height variation of the dielectric multilayer substrates. We also used the LTT method resonators structures rectangular slot with multiple layers of material photonic PBG in order to obtain the resonance frequency and the entire theory involving the electromagnetic parameters of the structure under consideration. xviii The analysis developed in this work was performed using the method LTT - Transverse Transmission Line, in the field of Fourier transform that uses a component propagating in the y direction (transverse to the real direction of propagation z), thus treating the general equations of the fields electric and magnetic and function. The PBG theory is applied to obtain the relative permittivity of the polarizations for the sep photonic composite substrates material. The results are obtained with the commercial software Ansoft HFSS, used for accurate analysis of the electromagnetic behavior of the planar device under study through the Finite Element Method (FEM). Numerical computational results are presented in graphical form in two and three dimensions, playing in the parameters of return loss, frequency of radiation and radiation diagram, radiation efficiency and surface current for the device under study, and have as substrates, photonic materials and had been simulated in an appropriate computational tool. With respect to the planar device design study are presented in the simulated and measured results that show good agreement with measurements made. These results are mainly in the identification of resonance modes and determining the characteristics of the designed device, such as resonant frequency, return loss and radiation pattern

Arranjo de antenas de microfita com substrato anisotrópico com patch supercondutor e aplicações em nanotecnologia

The main objective in this work is the analysis of resonance frequency microstrip structures with glass fiber and electromagnetic band gap (EBG/PBG) substrate and analysis of microstrip antennas with rectangular patch of superconductor of high critical temperature (HTS). In this work was used the superconductors YBCO (critical temperature of 90K), SnBaCaCuOy (critical temperature of 160K), and Sn5InCa2Ba4Cu10Oy (critical temperature of 212K) with results in Gigahertz and Terahertz. Was used microstrip antennas arrays planar and linear phase and linear phase planar with patch with superconductor. It presents a study of the major theories that explain superconductivity. In phase arrays were obtained the factors arrays for such configurations, and the criteria of phase and spacing between the elements compound in the array, which were examined in order to get a main lobe with high directivity and high gain. In the analysis we used the method of Transverse Transmission Line (TTL) used in domain of the Fourier Transform (FTD). The LTT is a full wave method, which obtains the electromagnetic field in terms of the components transverse of the structure. The addition of superconductive patch is made using the boundary condition resistive complex. Results are obtained resonance frequency as a function of the parameters of the antenna, radiation patterns of the E and H Planes, for the phase antenna arrays in linear and planar configurations, for different values of the phase and the spacing between elements

Materiais supercondutores HTS para arranjos de antenas e aplicação de PBG para micro-ondas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Uma nova proposta de antenas Quasi-Yagi banda larga para comunicação sem fio

ln this work, planar quasi- Y agi antennas are investigated based on the concept of the classic Y agi_Uda antennas. These antennas represent improvements on the topologies of the antennas existing printed because they present characteristics of broad bandwidth, excellent radiation diagrams and simple construction. New configurations are adapted for the driver of the antennas, introducing patches elements into the driver. These new configurations are named Patches Elements Anteonas (PEA). This adaptation is obtained from simulations that are executed usiog the software C8T Microwave 8tudio 5. After doing the optimizations, procedures for construction and measurement ofthe prototypes are executed in order to improve the performance of the antennas in such way that they could be used in wireless communication applications, such as Bluetooth, WLAN' s and Wi-Fi. Next, the quasi- Y agi antennas are studied in order to implement them in arrangements. The arrangements construction is based 00 the best driver configuration of the antenna developed in this work. First, a linear arrangement composed by two elements of quasi¬Yagi antennas is constructed in such way that the radiation characteristics and the mutual coupling effects could be analyzed. After that, a 90° angle arrangement composed by two elements is studied to observe the effect of circular polarization. Experiments are executed in order to evaluate the arrangements performance. The experimental results show that the analysis made in this work is efficient and accurate. The numerical values obtained for the analyzed parameters of each structure developed are compared with the experimental values. 80, it is possible to observe a good concordance between them. Finally, some future works proposals are presented

Um estudo de estruturas com PBG e fotônica

One of the objectives of this work is the ana1ysis of planar structures using the PBG (photonic Bandgap), a new method of controlling propagation of electromagnetic waves in devices with dielectrics. Here the basic theory of these structures will be presented, as well as applications and determination of certain parameters. In this work the analysis will be performed concerning PBG structures, including the basic theory and applications in planar structures. Considerations are made related to the implementation of devices. Here the TTL (Transverse Transmission Line) method is employed, characterized by the simplicity in the treatment of the equations that govern the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the structure. In this method, the fields in x and z are expressed in function of the fields in the traverse direction y in FTD (Fourier Transform Domain). This method is useful in the determination of the complex propagation constant with application in high frequency and photonics. In this work structures will be approached in micrometric scale operating in frequencies in the range of T erahertz, a first step for operation in the visible spectra. The mathematical basis are approached for the determination of the electromagnetic fields in the structure, based on the method L TT taking into account the dimensions approached in this work. Calculations for the determination of the constant of complex propagation are also carried out. The computational implementation is presented for high frequencies. at the first time the analysis is done with base in open microstrip lines with semiconductor substrate. Finally, considerations are made regarding applications ofthese devices in the area of telecommunications, and suggestions for future

Ressoador retangular defenda com quatro camadas fotônicas

Recently, planar antennas have attracted interest due to its characteristics as well as the advantages they offer compared to other types of antennas. In the area of mobile communications the need for such antennas has become increasingly intense due to development, which requires antennas that operate in multifrequency and broadband. The microstrip antennas have narrow bandwidth due to losses in the dielectric caused by irradiation. Another limitation is the radiation pattern degradation due to generation of surface waves in the substrate. Some techniques are being developed to minimize this bandwidth limitation, as is the case in the study of type materials PBG - Photonic Band Gap, to compose the dielectric material. The analysis developed in this work were performed with use of the method LTT - Transverse Transmission Line, in the field of Fourier transform that uses a component propagating in the y direction (transerve real direction of propagation z), thus treating the general equations of the fields electric and magnetic fields as a functions of y E and Hy . This work has as main objective the method LTT structures resonator line slot with four layers of material photonic PBG, for obtaining the complex resonant frequency and efficiency of this structure. PBG theory is applied to obtain the relative permittivity for the substrate biases sep compounds photonic material. Numerical-computational results in graph form in two dimensions for all the analysis are presented for the proposed structures that have photonic materials, as substrates

Aplicações de arranjos de antenas de microfita com patch supercondutor

This work has as main objective the study of arrays of microstrip antennas with superconductor rectangular patch. The phases and the radiation patterns are analyzed. A study of the main theories is presented that explain the microscopic and macroscopic phenomena of superconductivity. The BCS, London equations and the Two Fluid Model, are theories used in the applications of superconductors, at the microstrip antennas and antennas arrays. Phase Arrangements will be analyzed in linear and planar configurations. The arrangement factors of these configurations are obtained, and the phase criteria and the spacing between the elements, are examined in order to minimize losses in the superconductor, compared with normal conductors. The new rectangular patch antenna, consist of a superconducting material, with the critical temperature of 233 K, whose formula is Tl5Ba4Ca2Cu9Oy, is analyzed by the method of the Transverse nTransmission Line (TTL), developed by H. C. C. Fernandes, applied in the Fourier Transform Domain (FTD). The TTL is a full-wave method, which has committed to obtaining the electromagnetic fields in terms of the transverse components of the structure. The inclusion of superconducting patch is made using the complex resistive boundary condition, using the impedance of the superconductor in the Dyadic Green function, in the structure. Results are obtained from the resonance frequency depending on the parameters of the antenna using superconducting material, radiation patterns in E-Plane and H -Plane, the phased antennas array in linear and planar configurations, for different values of phase angles and different spacing between the elements