New market conditions and "exit strategies" for the German arms industry. OSW Commentary No. 130, 12.03.2014

Due to changing internal and external conditions, the German arms industry is facing serious challenges as are its counterparts across Europe. The arms sales market in Germany is contracting – orders from the Bundeswehr are slowing down and the Federal Ministry of Defence is planning to change the way it cooperates with German arms producers. In addition, member states of NATO and the EU, major customers of German arms manufacturers, are reducing their defence spending, which will spell a fall in their orders for new armament and military equipment. In response to the new circumstances, the German arms industry is beginning to organise itself and increase its lobbying efforts in Berlin and, with the support of the federal government, it has been implementing specific measures in several areas. German companies are interested in securing new markets outside NATO and the EU and are also exploring opportunities for mergers and joint ventures with other German and foreign companies, and are seeking to create more conducive conditions for business on the EU and NATO markets.

The Political Response of Firms to the 1992 Single Market Program: The Case of the German Automobile Industry Pamela Camer. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 03.1, 1994

This paper examines the political responses of German automobile firms to the 1992 Single Market initiative. I argue that the decision by firms to try to influence EC policies depends on the perceived economic impact of the single market and ,the market alternative open to firms, while the decision on how to lobby depends on the size of the finn and the institutional and strategic environment in which a firm operates. I use this framework to explain why German automobile firms were slow in responding the single market initiative and why, when they did choose to lobby, the firms pursued different political strategies. The research suggests that we should not limit our studies to the political activity of trade associations and sectors, but should also examine the political strategies and activities of individual firms. It also suggests that, as integration efforts in Europe proceed, there is likely to be increased activity by individual firms and national associations because European trade associations may not be able to agree on specific EC policy proposals.

Military confidence- and security-building measures in Europe : strengthening stability through openness.

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Mode of access: Internet.

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Mode of access: Internet.

The political state of Europe for the year MDCCXCII : containing, an authentic and impartial narrative of every military operation of the present belligerent powers, and a correct copy of every state paper, declaration, manifesto, &c. that has been, and may be issued during the present war upon the continent ..., a correct translation of the debates and proceedings of the National assembly of France ..., together with a complete and accurate survey of the politics and conduct of the neutral powers at this very critical and interesting period

Mode of access: Internet.

The political state of Europe for the year MDCCXCIII : containing, an authentic and impartial narrative of every military operation of the present belligerent powers, and a correct copy of every state paper, declaration, manifesto, &c. &c., together with a correct translation of the debates and proceedings of the National Convention of France and an accurate survey of the politics and condut of the neutral powers ; vol. III.

Mode of access: Internet.

The political state of Europe for the year MDCCXCIII : containing, an authentic and impartial narrative of every military operation of the present belligerent powers, and a correct copy of every state paper, declaration, manifesto, &c. &c., together with a correct translation of the debates and proceedings of the National Convention of France and an accurate survey of the politics and condut of the neutral powers ; vol. IV.

Mode of access: Internet.

The political state of Europe for the year MDCCXCIII : containing, an authentic and impartial narrative of every military operation of the present belligerent powers, and a correct copy of every state paper, declaration, manifesto, &c. &c., together with a correct translation of the debates and proceedings of the National Convention of France and an accurate survey of the politics and condut of the neutral powers ; vol. V.

Mode of access: Internet.