Hidrogenação catalítica de olefinas e dienos a partir de complexos catiônicos de ródio no sistema de fases formado por N-heptano/PEO 3350 + metanol

Este trabalho descreve a utilização do sistema n-heptano / PEO 3350 + metanol na hidrogenação catalítica de olefinas e dienos por complexos de ródio. Nos primeiros estudos na hidrogenação do 1-hexeno sob fluxo, temperatura ambiente e com o complexo [(η5-Cp*)2Rh2(μ2- Cl)3]PF6, observaram-se problemas difusionais de hidrogênio no meio reacional, os quais foram resolvidos com modificações na geometria do reator e difusor de hidrogênio. Sob condição de fluxo otimizada e temperatura ambiente, observou-se um efeito na reatividade das olefinas relacionado ao tamanho da cadeia carbônica, na seguinte ordem: 1-hexeno > 1-octeno >> 1- deceno, o qual pode ser expresso, tomando a reatividade do 1-hexeno como padrão, como (1:0,3:0,03). Todas as reações (23 corridas) foram realizadas utilizando a mesma fase catalítica polar (PEO 3350 + MeOH + complexo de ródio), mostrando que o sistema é muito efetivo para catálise homogênea. Por outro lado, os dienos não foram hidrogenados sob condição de fluxo, requerendo altas pressões de hidrogênio (> 20 bar), tipicamente 40 bar. Sob as condições otimizadas (40 bar de H2 e temperatura ambiente), foi obtida uma FR da ordem de 5000 h-1. Durante os estudos da hidrogenação dos dienos, foi observado um aumento na atividade catalítica ao longo das reciclagens. Também foi verificado que a atividade catalítica aumentava quando a cor da solução passava de laranja para marrom, bege e incolor. Com o objetivo de isolar algum complexo de ródio de alguma dessas etapas (cores), foram realizados experimentos sob condições típicas de pressão de H2 (40 bar) e tempo (2 horas) sem substrato, com e sem PEO. Em ambos os casos, após 7 reciclagens a cor final da solução foi marrom. Assim, o substrato parece ser essencial para a coloração final da solução reacional, a qual é a forma mais ativa do catalisador. Nos experimentos realizados sem PEO foi possível isolar o complexo catiônico de ródio [(η5- Cp*)Rh(MeOH)3](PF6)2, o qual foi caracterizado por IV, 1H-RMN, C, H, N e UV / vis. Esse complexo também foi formado na presença de PEO. (Continua). Considerando os altos valores de FR, alguns testes cinéticos (perfil de consumo de substrato, envenenamento por CS2 e reatividade frente ao benzeno), espalhamento de luz e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foram realizados a fim de elucidar a natureza física do catalisador como molecular ou coloidal. Todos os testes evidenciaram um processo catalítico molecular.

Efeitos do estresse hiposmótico e hiperosmótico, in vitro, sobre a síntese de proteínas, mobilização de proteínas, captação e oxidação de aminoácidos em tecidos do caranguejo Chasmagnathus gralulatus

Em crustáceos, ainda não são conhecidas as fontes de aminoácidos e as rotas metabólicas envolvidas no controle da concentração intracelular de aminoácidos. Os experimentos deste trabalho tiveram como objetivo investigar se o estresse osmótico provoca alterações intrínsecas sobre o metabolismo de aminoácidos nos tecidos de C. granulatus submetidos a estresse agudo in vitro. Medimos a síntese e a mobilização de proteínas, a captação de aminoácidos e a produção de 14CO2 a partir de 14C-leucina no hepatopâncreas, músculo mandibular e brânquias anteriores e posteriores submetidos a estresse hipo e hiperosmótico agudo, in vitro. O controle da síntese de proteínas parece estar envolvido no ajuste metabólico da concentração intracelular de aminoácidos no hepatopâncreas, músculo mandibular e brânquias submetidos à alteração osmótica aguda, in vitro. Por outro lado, durante o estresse hiposmótico agudo, in vitro, a diminuição na captação de aminoácidos via sistema A e o aumento na oxidação total de 14C-L-leucina foram usados como mecanismos para reduzir as concentrações intracelulares de aminoácidos nas brânquias posteriores e anteriores, respectivamente. A captação de aminoácidos e a mobilização de 14C-proteina não foram mecanismos usados para aumentar a concentração intracelular de aminoácidos em todos os tecidos estudados.

Análise do polímero PHA em Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinante : superexpressão de phaG, e a contribuição in vivo das enzimas auxiliares envolvidas na beta-oxidação de ácidos graxos insaturados em peroxissomos

Os polímeros do tipo poli-hidroxialcanoatos (PHAs) são poliésteres bacterianos que apresentam as propriedades de termoplásticos e elastômeros biodegradáveis. A síntese deste polímero em plantas de interesse agroindustrial tem sido vista como uma área promissora dentro da biotecnologia de polímeros para a produção em grande escala com baixos custos. Contudo, esta tarefa requer o aprimoramento de diferentes metodologias bioquímicas e moleculares, além de maximizar os processos de extração destes polímeros biológicos. A produção de PHAs em peroxissomos ou no citoplasma de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, por meio da expressão de uma PHA-sintase bacteriana, pode servir como indicador e modulador do fluxo de carbonos que percorre vias biossintéticas como a síntese de novo de ácidos graxos e a β-oxidação. Esta levedura tem sido usada como eucarioto modelo para manipular as rotas envolvidas na síntese de PHAs do tipo MCL (PHA com um número médio de carbonos), um polímero menos cristalino e com menor ponto de fusão quando comparado ao PHA-SCL (PHA com um número pequeno de carbonos). A enzima PhaG (3-hidroxidecanoil-ACP-CoA transacilase) é responsável pela conexão entre a síntese de ácidos graxos e a produção de PHA-MCL em bactérias do gênero Pseudomonas, em meios de cultura contendo uma fonte de carbono nãorelacionada como gliconato, etanol ou acetato. Para tentar estabelecer esta rota metabólica em S. cerevisiae, o presente trabalho avaliou a coexpressão de PhaGPa e PhaC1Pa (PHA-sintase) de P. aeruginosa para a síntese de PHA-MCL a partir de uma fonte de carbono não-relacionada em leveduras. Contudo, a presença de PhaGPa não alterou a composição ou a quantidade de PHA-MCL em relação à cepa controle contendo apenas PhaC1Pa citoplasmática ou direcionada ao peroxissomo, independentemente da fonte de carbono utilizada (rafinose ou ácido oléico). Este resultado permite sugerir que a ligação entre a síntese de ácidos graxos e a produção de PHA-MCL em S. cerevisiae não foi estabelecida, provavelmente devido à ausência de algum passo enzimático que limita o desvio de substratos da síntese de ácidos graxos para a produção de PHA-MCL em organismos que não são capazes de acumular naturalmente este polímero quando cultivados em fontes de carbono não-relacionadas.A levedura S. cerevisiae tem sido usada como um sistema modelo para estudar a β-oxidação de ácidos graxos insaturados em peroxissomos. A produção de PHA-MCL pela expressão de PhaC1Pa em peroxissomos de cepas selvagens e mutantes nulos de S. cerevisiae para as enzimas auxiliares da β-oxidação (Eci1p, Sps19p e Dci1p), multiplicadas em meio de cultivo contendo um ácido graxo insaturado como fonte de carbono, permitiu monitorar o fluxo de carbonos que percorre as vias dependente de isomerase, redutase e di-isomerase. Desta forma, o presente estudo permitiu avaliar a β- oxidação in vivo dos ácidos graxos linoléico conjugado, 9-cis,11-trans-CLA (ácido rumênico) ou 10-cis,13-cis-nonadecadienóico, para determinar a contribuição das vias alternativas na degradação destes substratos pela utilização de cepas selvagens, mutantes nulos e linhagens contendo um plasmídio multicópia para os genes ECI1 (Δ3- Δ2-enoil-CoA isomerase), SPS19 (2,4-dienoil-CoA redutase) e DCI1 (Δ3,5-Δ2,4-dienoil- CoA isomerase). As linhagens selvagens foram capazes de sintetizar PHA-MCL quando cultivadas em ácido rumênico, mas a atividade da enzima Eci1p foi essencial para a degradação deste CLA, indicando que a via dependente de isomerase é a única rota in vivo necessária para a β-oxidação do ácido rumênico em peroxissomos de S. cerevisiae. A contribuição da enzima di-isomerase (Dci1p) para a degradação do ácido 10- cis,13-cis-nonadecadienóico foi avaliada em cepas selvagens, mutantes nulos dci1Δ e linhagens de S. cerevisiae contendo os plasmídeos multicópia. De acordo com o conteúdo e a quantidade de PHA formado, a β-oxidação de ácidos graxos cisinsaturados em um carbono ímpar é, in vivo, independente da di-isomerase. Embora este resultado possa indicar o mesmo padrão de envolvimento de Dci1p na degradação de ácidos graxos cis-insaturados em um carbono ímpar em mitocôndrias de mamíferos, esta via alternativa deve ser mais bem investigada em eucariotos superiores.

Determinação de carbono orgânico por oxidação pelo dicromato de potássio e titulação do excesso do oxidante por iodometria

Aula Prática 7

Obtenção de óxidos a base de níquel e cobalto para reação de oxidação parcial do metano

Nickel-based catalysts supported on alumina have been widely used in various reactions to obtain synthesis gas or hydrogen. Usually, higher conversion levels are obtained by these catalysts, however, the deactivation by coke formation and sintering of metal particles are still problems to be solved. Several approaches have been employed in order to minimize these problems, among which stands out in recent years the use of additives such as oxides of alkali metals and rare earths. Similarly, the use of methodologies for the synthesis faster, easier, applicable on an industrial scale and to allow control of the microstructural characteristics of these catalysts, can together provide the solution to this problem. In this work, oxides with spinel type structure AB2O4, where A represents divalent cation and B represents trivalent cations are an important class of ceramic materials investigated worldwide in different fields of applications. The nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) was oxides of spinel type which has attracted considerable interest due to its applicability in several areas, such as chemical sensors, flat panel displays, optical limiters, electrode materials, pigments, electrocatalysis, electronic ceramics, among others. The catalyst precursor NiCo2O4 was prepared by a new chemical synthesis route using gelatine as directing agent. The polymer resin obtained was calcined at 350°C. The samples were calcined at different temperatures (550, 750 and 950°C) and characterized by X ray diffraction, measurements of specific surface area, temperature programmed reduction and scanning electron microscopy. The materials heat treated at 550 and 750°C were tested in the partial oxidation of methane. The set of techniques revealed, for solid preparations, the presence of the phase of spinel-type structure with the NiCo2O4 NixCo1-xO solid solution. This solid solution was identified by Rietveld refinement at all temperatures of heat treatment. The catalyst precursors calcined at 550 and 750°C showed conversion levels around 25 and 75%, respectively. The reason H2/CO was around 2 to the precursor treated at 750°C, proposed reason for the reaction of partial oxidation of methane, one can conclude that this material can be shown to produce synthesis gas suitable for use in the synthesis Fischer-Tropsch process

Síntese e caracterização de óxidos de cério e cobalto obtidos por gel-combustão e Pechini aplicados às reações de oxidação de n-hexano

Oxide type spinel AB2O4 presents structure adjusted for application in the automobile industry. The spinel of cobalt has many practical applications had its excellent physical and chemical properties such as catalyst in hydrocarbon oxidation reaction. The CeO2 has been used in many of these processes because it assigns to a material with excellent thermal resistance and mechanics, high capacity of oxygen stockage (OSC) among others properties. This work deals with the synthesis, characterization and catalytic application of spinel of cobalt and CeO2 with fluorita structure, obtained for method of Pechini and method of Gel-Combustion. The process of Pechini, the puff was obtained at 300 ºC for 2 h in air. In the process of Gel-Combustion the approximately at 350 ºC material was prepared and burnt for Pyrolysis, both had been calcined at 500 ºC, 700 ºC, 900 ºC and 1050 ºC for 2 h in air. The materials of the calcinations had been characterized by TG/DTA, electronic microscopy of sweepings (MEV), spectroscopy of absorption in the infra-red ray (FTIR) and diffraction of X-rays (DRX). The obtained material reaches the phase oxide at 450 oC for Pechini method and 500 °C for combustion method. The samples were submitted catalytic reaction of n-hexane on superficies of materials. The reactor function in molar ration of 0, 85 mol.h-1.g-1 and temperature of system was 450 °C. The sample obtained for Pechini and support in alumine of superficial area of 178,63 m2.g-1 calcined at 700 ºC, give results of catalytic conversions of 39 % and the sample obtained for method of gel-combustion and support in alumina of 150 mesh calcined at 500 ºC result 13 % of conversion. Both method were selective specie C1

Obtenção de polímeros de LCC para aplicação como antioxidante de biodiesel de soja

Biodiesel is a fuel obtained from vegetable oils, such as soy, castorbean, among others. The monoester of fatty acid of these oils have chains with mono, di and tri double connections. The presence of these insaturations are susceptible to oxidization. Antioxidants are substances able to prevent oxidization from oils, fats, fat foods, as well as esters of Alquila( biodiesel). The objective of this work is to summarize a new antioxidant from the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) using the electrolysis technique. A current of 2 amperes was used in a single cell of only one group and two eletrodos of stainless steel 304 in a solution of methanol, together with the eletrolits: acetic acid, sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide, for two hours of agitation. The electrolysis products are characterized by the techniques of cromatography in a thin layer, spectroscopy of infrared and gravimetric analysis. The material was submitted to tests of oxidative stability made by the techniques of spectropy of impendancy and Rancimat (EN 14112). The analyses of characterization suggest that the polimerization of the electrolytic material ocurred. The application results of these materials as antioxidants of soy biodiesel showed that the order of the oxidative stability was obtained by both techniques used

Síntese de catalisadores do tipo LaNixFe1-xO3 como precursores catalíticos para reação oxidação parcial do metano

Nickel-bases catalysts have been used in several reform reactions, such as in the partial oxidation of methane to obtain H2 or syngas (H2 + CO). High levels of conversion are usually obtained using this family of catalysts, however, their deactivation resulting from carbon deposition still remains a challenge. Different approaches have been tested aiming at minimizing this difficulty, including the production of perovskites and related structures using modern synthesis methods capable of producing low cost materials with controlled microstructural characteristics at industrial scale. To establish grounds for comparison, in the present study LaNixFe1-xO3 (x=0, 0.3 or 0.7) perovskites were prepared following the Pechini method and by microwave assisted self-combustion. All samples were sub sequently calcined at 900 °C to obtain the target phase. The resulting ceramic powders were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, X ray diffraction, specific area and temperature programmed reduction tests. Calcined samples were also used in the partial oxidation reaction of methane to evaluate the level of conversion, selectivity and carbon deposition. The results showed that the calcined samples were crystalline and the target phase was formed regardless of the synthesis method. According to results obtained by Rietveld refinement, we observed the formation of 70.0% of LaNi0.3Fe0.7O3 and 30.0% of La2O3 for samples LN3F7-900- P, LN3F7-900-M and 41,6% of LaNi0.7Fe0.3O3, 30.7% of La2NiO4 and 27.7% of La2O3 for samples LN7F3-900-P and LN7F3-900-M.Temperature-programmed profiles of the LaNiO3 sample revealed the presence of a peak around 510 °C, whereas the LaFeO3 sample depicted a peak above 1000°C. The highest l evel of methane conversion was obtained for LaNiO3 synthesized by the Pechini method. Overall, catalysts prepared by the Pechini method depicted better conversion levels compared to those produced by microwave assisted self-combustion

Caracterização de superfícies de titânio modificado por oxidação à plasma

Recent years have seen a significant growth in surface modifications in titanium implants, resulting in shorter healing times in regions with low bone density. Among the different techniques, subtraction by chemical agents to increase oxidation has been applied for surface treatment of dental implants. However, this technique is generally unable to remove undesirable oxides, formed spontaneously during machining of titanium parts, raising costs due to additional decontamination stages. In order to solve this problem, the present study used plasma as an energy source to both remove these oxides and oxidize the titanium surface. In this respect, Ti disks were treated by hollow cathode discharge, using a variable DC power supply and vacuum system. Samples were previously submitted to a cleaning process using an atmosphere of Ar, H2 and a mixture of both, for 20 and 60 min. The most efficient cleaning condition was used for oxidation in a mixture of argon (60%) and oxygen (40%) until reaching a pressure of 2.2 mbar for 60 min at 500°C. Surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), adhesion and cell proliferation. SEM showed less cell spreading and a larger number of projections orfilopodia in the treated samples compared to the control sample. AFM revealed surface defects in the treated samples, with varied geometry between peaks and valleys. Biological assays showed no significant difference in cell adhesion between treated surfaces and the control. With respect to cell proliferation, the treated surface exhibited improved performance when compared to the control sample. We concluded that the process was efficient in removing primary oxides as well as in oxidizing titanium surfaces

Estudo da oxidação superficial de ligas odontológicas de Ni-Cr em plasma pulsado para uso em restaurações metalocerâmicas

Metal ceramic restorations matches aesthetic and strength, and in your making occurs an interface oxide layer, wetting resulting and atomic and ionic interactions resulting between metal, oxide and porcelain. However, frequent clinical fails occurs in this restoration type, because lost homogeneous deposition oxide layer and lost interface bond. Thus, in this study, thought depositate homogeneous oxide films above Ni-Cr samples surfaces polite previously, at plasma oxide environment. Six samples was oxided at 300 and 400ºC at one hour, and two samples was oxided in a comum chamber at 900ºC, and then were characterized: optical microscopic, electronic microscopic, micro hardness, and X ray difratometry. Colors stripes were observed at six samples plasma oxided and a grey surface those comum oxided, thus like: hardness increase, and several oxides from basic metals (Ni-Cr)

Estudo da oxidação do metabissulfito de sódio contido no efluente da carcinicultura

The shrimp farming is a process of creation of shrimp that has been growing rapidly in the country, occupying a meaningful space in the Brazilian exporting. In 2003, this activity presented a volume of 60 millions of tons and 220 millions of dollars, being the main generator of employment and income of the primary sector of the northeast economy. However, it is a new activity with c.a. five years in the Rio Grande do Norte State and therefore needs investment in the technological area. Among the wastewaters of this activity, the sulphite solution is being usually applied in the process of fishing, i.e. retrieval of the shrimps from the farming. The aim of this work is to present the oxidation experimental results of the sulphite that may be and to determine what it s the most efficient method, trough laboratory experiments. The measurements were carried out in a mixing reactor inserting air and with hydrogen peroxide addition with and without UV light. The solutions were prepared synthetically with concentrations found in the wastewater of fishing and also collected in locu. The oxidation process using air was monitorated by iodometric analysis for the sulphite and the oxidation using hydrogen peroxide was evaluated with turbidimetric analysis for sulphate, by spectrophotometer. The sulphite was totally oxidized in both processes. The experimental results permit to conclude that the oxidation by hydrogen peroxide is more efficient and allowed to determine the optimum operational conditions in terms of concentration and time of treatment

Análise dos Processos de Flotação e Oxidação Avançada para o Tratamento de Efluente Modelo da Indústria do Petróleo

The generation of wastes in most industrial process is inevitable. In the petroleum industry, one of the greatest problems for the environment is the huge amount of produced water generated in the oil fields. This wastewater is a complex mixture and present great amounts. These effluents can be hazardous to the environmental without adequate treatment. This research is focused in the analysis of the efficiencies of the flotation and photo-oxidation processes to remove and decompose the organic compounds present in the produced water. A series of surfactants derivated from the laurilic alcohol was utilized in the flotation to promote the separation. The experiments have been performed with a synthetic wastewater, carefully prepared with xylene. The experimental data obtained using flotation presented a first order kinetic, identified by the quality of the linear data fitting. The best conditions were found at 0.029 g.L-1 for the surfactant EO 7, 0.05 g.L-1 for EO 8, 0.07 g.L-1 for EO 9, 0.045 g.L-1 for EO 10 and 0.08 g.L-1 for EO 23 with the following estimated kinetic constants: 0.1765, 0.1325, 0.1210, 0.1531 and 0.1699 min-1, respectively. For the series studied, the most suitable surfactant was the EO 7 due to the lower reagent onsumption, higher separation rate constant and higher removal efficiency of xylene in the aqueous phase (98%). Similarly to the flotation, the photo-Fenton process shows to be efficient for degradation of xylene and promoting the mineralization of the organic charge around 90% and 100% in 90 min

Síntese e caracterização do carbeto de molibdênio nanoestruturado para fins catalíticos na reação de oxidação parcial do metano

The nanostructures materials are characterized to have particle size smaller than 100 nm and could reach 1 nm. Due to the extremely reduced dimensions of the grains, the properties of these materials are significantly modified relatively when compared with the conventional materials. In the present work was accomplished a study and characterization of the molybdenum carbide, seeking obtain it with particles size in the nanometers order and evaluate its potential as catalyst in the reaction of partial methane oxidation. The method used for obtaining the molybdenum carbide was starting from the precursor ammonium heptamolybdate of that was developed in split into two oven, in reactor of fixed bed, with at a heating rate of 5ºC/min, in a flow of methane and hydrogen whose flow was of 15L/h with 5% of methane for all of the samples. The studied temperatures were 350, 500, 600, 650, 660, 675 and 700ºC and were conducted for 0, 60, 120 and 180 minutes, and the percent amount and the crystallite size of the intermediate phases were determined by the Rietveld refinement method. The carbide obtained at 660ºC for 3 hours of reaction showed the best results, 24 nm. Certain the best synthesis condition, a passivating study was accomplished, in these conditions, to verify the stability of the carbide when exposed to the air. The molybdenum carbide was characterized by SEM, TEM, elemental analysis, ICP-AES, TG in atmosphere of hydrogen and TPR. Through the elemental analysis and ICP-AES the presence carbon load was verified. TG in atmosphere of hydrogen proved that is necessary the passivating of the molybdenum carbide, because occur oxidation in room temperature. The catalytic test was accomplished in the plant of Fischer-Tropsch of CTGAS, that is composed of a reactor of fixed bed. Already the catalytic test showed that the carbide presents activity for partial oxidation, but the operational conditions should be adjusted to improve the conversion

Equilíbrio líquido-líquido para o sistema biodiesel de óleo de semente de melão (Cucumis melo l.) + metanol + glicerina

Rio Grande do Norte, northeast state from Brazil, it is the greatest producer and exporter of yellow melon, well known as Spanish melon. Despite the consumption of this fruit to be mainly its pulp, melon seeds are an important source of lipids considered an industrial residue it has been discharge product. The use of oilseeds in order to produce biodiesel establishes an important raw material and the increase of its production promotes the national development of the agriculture. In this background, the aim of this work has been to use oil from seeds of yellow melon to produce biodiesel and to accomplish a study of the phase equilibrium of the system evolving biodiesel, methanol and glycerin. The biodiesel was obtained by oil transesterification through methylic route with molar ratio 1:9.7 (oil:alcohol) and with a mass of NaOH of 0.5% from the oil mass; the reaction time was 73 minutes at 55 °C. A yield of 84.94% in biodiesel was achieved. The equilibria data present a well-characterized behavior with a great region of two phases. The tie lines indicate that methanol has a best solubility in the phase that is rich in glycerin. Consistency of the experimental data was made based on Othmer-Tobias and Hand correlations which values above 0.99 were found to correlation coefficients, this fact confers a good thermodynamic consistency to the experimental data. NRTL and UNIQUAC models were employed to predict liquid-liquid equilibrium of this system. It was observed a better concordance of the results when NRTL was applied (standard deviation 1.25%) although the UNIQUAC model has presented a quite satisfactory result either (standard deviation 2.70%). The NRTL and UNIQUAC models were also used to evaluate the effect of temperature in the range of 328 K to 358 K, in which a little change in solubility with respect to the data obtained at 298 K was observed, thus being considered negligible the effect of temperature