Is the pollination efficiency of long-lived orchid flowers affected by age?

The long-lived flowers of orchids increase the chances of pollination and thus the reproductive success of the species. However, a question arises: does the efficiency of pollination, expressed by fruit set, vary with the flower age? The objective of this study was to verify whether the flower age of Corymborkis flava(Sw.) Kuntze affects pollination efficiency. The following hypotheses were tested: 1) the fruit set of older flowers is lower than that of younger ones; 2) morphological observations (perianth and stigmatic area), stigma receptivity test by using a solution of hydrogen peroxide and hand-pollination tests are equally effective in defining the period of stigmatic receptivity. Flowers were found to be receptive from the first to the fourth day of anthesis. Fruit set of older flowers (third and fourth day) was lower than that of younger flowers. Morphological observations, the stigma receptivity test and hand-pollinations were equally effective in defining the period of stigmatic receptivity. However, to evaluate the maximum degree of stigma receptivity of orchid species with long-lived flowers, we recommend hand-pollinations, beyond the period of receptivity.

Comportamento motor do tronco e membro superior, num sistema de posicionamento rígido e dinâmico, durante atividade

A funcionalidade dos indivíduos com Paralisia Cerebral está muitas vezes comprometida devido às alterações do movimento e do controlo postural. Dadas estas alterações, a posição de sentado oferece uma maior estabilidade sendo muitas das atividades de vida diária desempenhadas nesta posição. O objetivo mais importante de intervenção é obter o máximo de funcionalidade na posição de sentado, particularmente do membro superior. Este objectivo, na maioria das vezes, só pode ser atingido com o uso de sistemas de posicionamento que tentam colmatar as alterações posturais e do movimento. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo de caso é verificar se existem diferenças no comportamento motor do tronco e do membro superior, com um sistema de posicionamento rígido e com um sistema de posicionamento dinâmico, numa jovem com Paralisia Cerebral, aquando da ativação manual de um switch. Foi realizado um estudo de caso único em que foi feita uma análise cinemática do movimento do tronco e membro superior na ativação de um switch BigMack, em três posições de teste com distâncias diferentes. Simultaneamente mediu-se a distribuição do peso durante o movimento, através do mapa de pressão e foi registada, bilateralmente a atividade dos músculos trapézio (porção média), longuíssimo, recto abdominal e oblíquo externo. Os resultados obtidos apontam, neste caso em particular, para uma melhoria na qualidade do movimento e da distribuição de peso, com o sistema de posicionamento dinâmico, sem diferenças entre os dois sistemas relativamente à ativação muscular.

Desenvolvimento de um sensor óptico para determinação de Norfloxacina

A presente dissertação descreve o desenvolvimento e a caracterização de sensores ópticos com base em membranas de poli(cloreto de vinilo), PVC, para determinação de Norfloxacina em amostras do sector da aquacultura. Estes sensores basearam-se na reacção colorimétrica entre um metal imobilizado em PVC e a Norfloxacina. O metal foi escolhido com base em ensaios prévios de reacção colorimétrica entre a Norfloxacina e várias espécies metálicas, nomeadamente, Fe(III), Al(III), Pb(II), Aluminon, Mo(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Sn(II) e V(V). A reacção mais intensa foi obtida com o Fe(III). Neste sentido, numa primeira fase foram desenvolvidos sensores baseados em Fe(III). O efeito de alguns parâmetros experimentais na resposta desses sensores foi avaliado de modo univariado. Incluem-se aqui o efeito do pH, avaliado entre 2,00 e 6,00, e o da concentração de Fe(III), variada entre cerca de 1,00x10-5 M e 2,00x10-4 M. Os melhores valores foram obtidos a pH 3, para o qual se verificou um comportamento linear entre cerca de 1,00x10-5 M e 1,70x10-4 M de Fe(III). Utilizando as condições seleccionadas anteriormente, procedeu-se à caracterização do complexo sob ponto de vista químico. Os valores obtidos apontaram para a necessidade de um excesso de Fe(III) de, pelo menos, 10 vezes, no sentido de garantir a máxima extensão de complexação. O complexo referido apresentou, nestas condições, um comportamento linear ao longo do intervalo de concentrações de cerca de 7,00x10-5 M a 7,00x10-4 M em NOR. O complexo formado foi estável ao longo de 90 minutos. As condições óptimas para análise desse complexo numa superfície sólida foram obtidas após avaliação do efeito da quantidade de Fe(III) e do tipo e quantidade de solvente mediador (o-nitrofenil octil éter, di-n-octilftalato, dibutilftalato, bis(etilhexil)sebacato, bis(etilhexil)ftalato). O bis(etilhexil)sebacato foi o solvente mediador escolhido e a relação de quantidade entre o PVC e o solvente mediador foi igual a 1:2. O procedimento de preparação do sensor sólido e subsequente optimização foi aplicado a outras espécies metálicas, para além do Fe(III), tais como, Cu(II), Mn(II) e aluminon. A conjugação de todos estes metais permitiu desenvolver um array de sensores para despistagem de Norfloxacina em águas de aquacultura. Algumas membranas sensoras foram aplicadas com sucesso no controlo de Norfloxacina em amostras de águas ambientais dopadas. Os resultados obtidos com membranas de Fe(III) e Cu(II) foram exactos, tendo-se registado valores de concentração próximos dos reais. O método proposto permitiu, por isso, a despistagem rápida e eficaz da presença de um antibiótico em águas ambientais, permitindo ainda o seu doseamento a um baixo custo. Numa perspectiva de rotina, e tendo em vista a despistagem deste antibiótico, este método revelou-se mais rápido e mais barato do que os demais métodos descritos na literatura para este efeito.

Projecto e concepção de um dispositivo experimental para medição e caracterização dos esforços aplicados no finca-pés de um caiaque de pista: Investigação, desenho e desenvolvimento

Após o enquadramento da canoagem, como modalidade Olímpica, verificou-se um aumento significativo de estudos e pesquisas acerca da biomecânica da modalidade, o que contribuiu para uma diminuição dos tempos na competição. Contudo poucos foram os que se focaram nas forças desenvolvidas e aplicadas ao caiaque através do finca-pés, criado assim oportunidade de desenvolvimento de dispositivos para a medição das mesmas. Assim, o objectivo primordial é desenvolver um sistema experimental capaz de quantificar as forças geradas em cada um dos lados do finca-pés (esquerdo e direito). Este, deverá não só ser passível de se utilizar em caiaque ergómetro como também num caiaque de pista, permitido avaliar as forças aplicadas durante o ciclo de pagaiada, tanto em compressão como em tracção. A sua concepção baseou-se num modelo de finca-pés já existente, tornando-o compatível com os caiaques de competição mais comercializados, e permitindo que no futuro se possa utilizar na água, bastando para isso apenas possuir um caiaque e embarcar o sistema de medição. Este sistema experimental foi testado em caiaque ergómetro por 7 (sete) sujeitos com níveis distintos: seis homens (um atleta olímpico medalhado e cinco de nível nacional) e uma mulher (de nível de selecção Portuguesa) que, entre outros, realizaram um plano definido por 60s a uma frequência de 75 pagaiadas por minuto, seguido de uma intensa mudança de ritmo e força (Sprint). Após análise dos dados obtidos em cada um dos diferentes sujeitos, conseguimos identificar algumas das suas características, tais como: esforço assimétrico dos membros inferiores; utilização de forma heterogénea da fita do finca-pés; diferença de forças máximas aplicadas entre atletas (Ex.: para um atleta olímpico as forças medidas (Min; Max): Pé Esquerdo (- 444; 1087) N e Pé Direito (- 476; 1068) N); etc. Os resultados não só são bastante promissores como também são motivantes e congruentes com estudos anteriores, nomeadamente Begon et al. 2008 e Sturm 2010 e 2012. Finalmente, consegue-se afirmar, com segurança, que foram alcançados os objectivos propostos com a concepção deste dispositivo de medição de forças. Este permite caracterizar os esforços desenvolvidos no finca-pés por cada membro inferior, com ou sem a fita de suporte, possibilitando aos treinadores e atletas uma visão, para muitos desconhecida, das forças transmitidas e das suas assimetrias. No final, este conhecimento permitirá aos atletas melhorar o seu desempenho desportivo bem como facilitar a gestão desportiva, com base nos principais princípios mecânicos inerentes ao movimento dos atletas desde desporto Olímpico.

Para um (novo) modelo de intervenção penal na União Europeia: uma reflexão a partir do princípio de legalidade como limite material de atuação da Procuradoria Europeia

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Jurídicas (área de especialização em Ciências Jurídicas - Públicas)

Genetic linkage of Bietti crystallin corneoretinal dystrophy to chromosome 4q35.

Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy (BCD) is an autosomal recessive retinal degeneration characterized by multiple glistening intraretinal dots scattered over the fundus, degeneration of the retina, and sclerosis of the choroidal vessels, ultimately resulting in progressive night blindness and constriction of the visual field. Although BCD has been associated with abnormalities in fatty-acid metabolism and absence of fatty-acid binding by two cytosolic proteins, the genetic basis of BCD is unknown. We report linkage of the BCD locus to D4S426 (maximum LOD score [Z(max)] 4.81; recombination fraction [straight theta] 0), D4S2688 (Zmax=3.97; straight theta=0), and D4S2299 (Zmax=5.31; straight theta=0), on chromosome 4q35-4qtel. Multipoint analysis confirmed linkage to the region telomeric of D4S1652 with a Z(max) of 5.3 located 4 cM telomeric of marker D4S2930.

Steady-state brain glucose transport kinetics re-evaluated with a four-state conformational model.

Glucose supply from blood to brain occurs through facilitative transporter proteins. A near linear relation between brain and plasma glucose has been experimentally determined and described by a reversible model of enzyme kinetics. A conformational four-state exchange model accounting for trans-acceleration and asymmetry of the carrier was included in a recently developed multi-compartmental model of glucose transport. Based on this model, we demonstrate that brain glucose (G(brain)) as function of plasma glucose (G(plasma)) can be described by a single analytical equation namely comprising three kinetic compartments: blood, endothelial cells and brain. Transport was described by four parameters: apparent half saturation constant K(t), apparent maximum rate constant T(max), glucose consumption rate CMR(glc), and the iso-inhibition constant K(ii) that suggests G(brain) as inhibitor of the isomerisation of the unloaded carrier. Previous published data, where G(brain) was quantified as a function of plasma glucose by either biochemical methods or NMR spectroscopy, were used to determine the aforementioned kinetic parameters. Glucose transport was characterized by K(t) ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 mM, T(max)/CMR(glc) from 4.6 to 5.6, and K(ii) from 51 to 149 mM. It was noteworthy that K(t) was on the order of a few mM, as previously determined from the reversible model. The conformational four-state exchange model of glucose transport into the brain includes both efflux and transport inhibition by G(brain), predicting that G(brain) eventually approaches a maximum concentration. However, since K(ii) largely exceeds G(plasma), iso-inhibition is unlikely to be of substantial importance for plasma glucose below 25 mM. As a consequence, the reversible model can account for most experimental observations under euglycaemia and moderate cases of hypo- and hyperglycaemia.

Use of an isothermal microcalorimetry assay to characterize microbial oxalotrophic activity

Isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) has been used in the past to monitor metabolic activities in living systems. A few studies have used it on ecological research. In this study, IMC was used to monitor oxalotrophic activity, a widespread bacterial metabolism found in the environment, and particularly in soils. Six model strains were inoculated in solid angle media with K-oxalate as the sole carbon source. Cupriavidus oxalaticus, Cupriavidus necator, and Streptomyces violaceoruber presented the highest activity (91, 40, and 55 μW, respectively) and a maximum growth rate (μmax h(-1) ) of 0.264, 0.185, and 0.199, respectively, among the strains tested. These three strains were selected to test the incidence of different oxalate sources (Ca, Cu, and Fe-oxalate salts) in the metabolic activity. The highest activity was obtained in Ca-oxalate for C. oxalaticus. Similar experiments were carried out with a model soil to test whether this approach can be used to measure oxalotrophic activity in field samples. Although measuring oxalotrophic activity in a soil was challenging, there was a clear effect of the amendment with oxalate on the metabolic activity measured in soil. The correlation between heat flow and growth suggests that IMC analysis is a powerful method to monitor bacterial oxalotrophic activity

Pharmacokinetic parameters of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in rats infected with Fasciola hepatica

OBJECTIVES: The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of artesunate, recently discovered to possess promising trematocidal activity, and its main metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) were determined in rats infected with hepatic and biliary stages of Fasciola hepatica and compared with uninfected rats after single intragastric and intravenous (iv) doses. METHODS: Rats infected with F. hepatica for 25 and 83 days and uninfected rats were cannulated in the right jugular vein and blood samples were withdrawn at selected timepoints following 10 mg/kg of iv and a single 100 mg/kg oral dose of artesunate. Plasma was analysed for artesunate and DHA by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Rats harbouring juvenile and adult F. hepatica infections revealed considerable changes in PK parameters of artesunate and DHA. Following oral administration, maximum plasma concentrations (C(max)) of artesunate and DHA were 1.8-2.3-fold higher in infected rats [artesunate: 1334 +/- 1404 ng/mL (no infection) versus 2454 +/- 1494 ng/mL (acute infection) and 2768 +/- 538 ng/mL (chronic infection); DHA: 3802 +/- 2149 ng/mL (no infection) versus 6507 +/- 3283 ng/mL (acute infection) and 9093 +/- 884 ng/mL (chronic infection)]. The AUCs of artesunate and DHA were 2.1-4.4-fold greater in infected rats. An opposite trend was observed after iv injection. C(max) and AUC of artesunate and DHA following iv dosing were 5784 +/- 3718 and 140 938 +/- 128 783 ng.min/mL and 3849 +/- 3060 and 86 107 +/- 41 863 ng.min/mL, respectively, in uninfected rats versus 2623 +/- 1554 and 21 617 +/- 12 230 ng.min/mL and 2835 +/- 980 and 64 290 +/- 29 057 ng.min/mL, respectively, in rats harbouring a chronic infection. The elimination half-lives (t(1/2)) of artesunate and DHA were considerably altered in infected rats following oral and iv administration of artesunate. CONCLUSIONS: F. hepatica infections strongly influence the disposition kinetics of artesunate and its metabolite in rats. The clinical implications of this finding need to be carefully studied.

Characterization of cerebral glucose dynamics in vivo with a four-state conformational model of transport at the blood-brain barrier.

Determination of brain glucose transport kinetics in vivo at steady-state typically does not allow distinguishing apparent maximum transport rate (T(max)) from cerebral consumption rate. Using a four-state conformational model of glucose transport, we show that simultaneous dynamic measurement of brain and plasma glucose concentrations provide enough information for independent and reliable determination of the two rates. In addition, although dynamic glucose homeostasis can be described with a reversible Michaelis-Menten model, which is implicit to the large iso-inhibition constant (K(ii)) relative to physiological brain glucose content, we found that the apparent affinity constant (K(t)) was better determined with the four-state conformational model of glucose transport than with any of the other models tested. Furthermore, we confirmed the utility of the present method to determine glucose transport and consumption by analysing the modulation of both glucose transport and consumption by anaesthesia conditions that modify cerebral activity. In particular, deep thiopental anaesthesia caused a significant reduction of both T(max) and cerebral metabolic rate for glucose consumption. In conclusion, dynamic measurement of brain glucose in vivo in function of plasma glucose allows robust determination of both glucose uptake and consumption kinetics.

Optimized synthesis of O-carboxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan.

We present here the synthesis of a highly O-carboxymethylated chitosan derivative. First, an improved protocol for the two-step synthesis of N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) from chitosan was developed, yielding a maximum degree of quaternization (DQ) of up to 46.6%. Successively, the chitosan derivative O-carboxymethyl-N-trimethyl chitosan (CMTMC) was synthesized from the TMC obtained by applying an optimized synthesis pathway. In contrast to previous reports, the optimized protocol was shown to yield very high rates (>85%) of O-carboxymethylation of CMTMC, as shown by (1)H NMR and heteronuclear single quantum correlation ((1)H-(13)C HSQC). Finally, in vitro cytocompatibility (viability >80%) of the polymer was demonstrated using human fibroblasts.

Foliar photochemical processes and carbon metabolism under favourable and adverse winter conditions in a Mediterranean mixed forest, Catalonia (Spain)

Evergreen trees in the Mediterranean region must cope with a wide range of environmental stresses from summer drought to winter cold. The mildness of Mediterranean winters can periodically lead to favourable environmental conditions above the threshold for a positive carbon balance, benefitting evergreen woody species more than deciduous ones. The comparatively lower solar energy input in winter decreases the foliar light saturation point. This leads to a higher susceptibility to photoinhibitory stress especially when chilly (< 12 C) or freezing temperatures (< 0 C) coincide with clear skies and relatively high solar irradiances. Nonetheless, the advantage of evergreen species that are able to photosynthesize all year round where a significant fraction can be attributed to winter months, compensates for the lower carbon uptake during spring and summer in comparison to deciduous species. We investigated the ecophysiological behaviour of three co-occurring mature evergreen tree species (Quercus ilex L., Pinus halepensis Mill., and Arbutus unedo L.). Therefore, we collected twigs from the field during a period of mild winter conditions and after a sudden cold period. After both periods, the state of the photosynthetic machinery was tested in the laboratory by estimating the foliar photosynthetic potential with CO2 response curves in parallel with chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. The studied evergreen tree species benefited strongly from mild winter conditions by exhibiting extraordinarily high photosynthetic potentials. A sudden period of frost, however, negatively affected the photosynthetic apparatus, leading to significant decreases in key physiological parameters such as the maximum carboxylation velocity (Vc,max), the maximum photosynthetic electron transport rate (Jmax), and the optimal fluorometric quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). The responses of Vc,max and Jmax were highly species specific, with Q. ilex exhibiting the highest and P. halepensis the lowest reductions. In contrast, the optimal fluorometric quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was significantly lower in A. unedo after the cold period. The leaf position played an important role in Q. ilex showing a stronger winter effect on sunlit leaves in comparison to shaded leaves. Our results generally agreed with the previous classifications of photoinhibition-tolerant (P. halepensis) and photoinhibitionavoiding (Q. ilex) species on the basis of their susceptibility to dynamic photoinhibition, whereas A. unedo was the least tolerant to photoinhibition, which was chronic in this species. Q. ilex and P. halepensis seem to follow contrasting photoprotective strategies. However, they seemed equally successful under the prevailing conditions exhibiting an adaptive advantage over A. unedo. These results show that our understanding of the dynamics of interspecific competition in Mediterranean ecosystems requires consideration of the physiological behaviour during winter which may have important implications for long-term carbon budgets and growth trends.

Standardization of an isolated pig heart preparation with parabiotic circulation: methodological considerations

In the present study we standardized an experimental model of parabiotic circulation of isolated pig heart. The isolated heart was perfused with arterial blood from a second animal as support and submitted to regional ischemia for 30 min, followed by total ischemia for 90 min and reperfusion for 90 min. Parameters for measurement of ventricular performance using different indices measured directly or indirectly from intraventricular pressure were defined as: maximum peak pressure, final diastolic pressure, pressure developed, first derivative of maximum pressure (dP/dt max), first derivative of minimum pressure (dP/dt min), systolic stress of the left ventricle (sigmas), and maximum elastance of the left ventricle. Isolated hearts subjected to regional and global ischemia presented significant worsening of all measured parameters. Less discriminative parameters were dP/dt max and dP/dt min. Elastance was the most sensitive parameter during the reperfusion period, demonstrating an early loss of ventricular function during reperfusion. The model proved to be stable and reproducible and permitted the study of several variables in the isolated heart, such as ischemia and reperfusion phenomena, the effects of different drugs, surgical interventions, etc. The model introduces an advantage over the classical models which use crystalloid solutions as perfusate, because parabiotic circulation mimics heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation.

Applicabilité de la texture couleur à la différentiation des classes d’occupation du territoire sur des images satellitales multispectrales

La texture est un élément clé pour l’interprétation des images de télédétection à fine résolution spatiale. L’intégration de l’information texturale dans un processus de classification automatisée des images se fait habituellement via des images de texture, souvent créées par le calcul de matrices de co-occurrences (MCO) des niveaux de gris. Une MCO est un histogramme des fréquences d’occurrence des paires de valeurs de pixels présentes dans les fenêtres locales, associées à tous les pixels de l’image utilisée; une paire de pixels étant définie selon un pas et une orientation donnés. Les MCO permettent le calcul de plus d’une dizaine de paramètres décrivant, de diverses manières, la distribution des fréquences, créant ainsi autant d’images texturales distinctes. L’approche de mesure des textures par MCO a été appliquée principalement sur des images de télédétection monochromes (ex. images panchromatiques, images radar monofréquence et monopolarisation). En imagerie multispectrale, une unique bande spectrale, parmi celles disponibles, est habituellement choisie pour générer des images de texture. La question que nous avons posée dans cette recherche concerne justement cette utilisation restreinte de l’information texturale dans le cas des images multispectrales. En fait, l’effet visuel d’une texture est créé, non seulement par l’agencement particulier d’objets/pixels de brillance différente, mais aussi de couleur différente. Plusieurs façons sont proposées dans la littérature pour introduire cette idée de la texture à plusieurs dimensions. Parmi celles-ci, deux en particulier nous ont intéressés dans cette recherche. La première façon fait appel aux MCO calculées bande par bande spectrale et la seconde utilise les MCO généralisées impliquant deux bandes spectrales à la fois. Dans ce dernier cas, le procédé consiste en le calcul des fréquences d’occurrence des paires de valeurs dans deux bandes spectrales différentes. Cela permet, en un seul traitement, la prise en compte dans une large mesure de la « couleur » des éléments de texture. Ces deux approches font partie des techniques dites intégratives. Pour les distinguer, nous les avons appelées dans cet ouvrage respectivement « textures grises » et « textures couleurs ». Notre recherche se présente donc comme une analyse comparative des possibilités offertes par l’application de ces deux types de signatures texturales dans le cas spécifique d’une cartographie automatisée des occupations de sol à partir d’une image multispectrale. Une signature texturale d’un objet ou d’une classe d’objets, par analogie aux signatures spectrales, est constituée d’une série de paramètres de texture mesurés sur une bande spectrale à la fois (textures grises) ou une paire de bandes spectrales à la fois (textures couleurs). Cette recherche visait non seulement à comparer les deux approches intégratives, mais aussi à identifier la composition des signatures texturales des classes d’occupation du sol favorisant leur différentiation : type de paramètres de texture / taille de la fenêtre de calcul / bandes spectrales ou combinaisons de bandes spectrales. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi un site à l’intérieur du territoire de la Communauté Métropolitaine de Montréal (Longueuil) composé d’une mosaïque d’occupations du sol, caractéristique d’une zone semi urbaine (résidentiel, industriel/commercial, boisés, agriculture, plans d’eau…). Une image du satellite SPOT-5 (4 bandes spectrales) de 10 m de résolution spatiale a été utilisée dans cette recherche. Puisqu’une infinité d’images de texture peuvent être créées en faisant varier les paramètres de calcul des MCO et afin de mieux circonscrire notre problème nous avons décidé, en tenant compte des études publiées dans ce domaine : a) de faire varier la fenêtre de calcul de 3*3 pixels à 21*21 pixels tout en fixant le pas et l’orientation pour former les paires de pixels à (1,1), c'est-à-dire à un pas d’un pixel et une orientation de 135°; b) de limiter les analyses des MCO à huit paramètres de texture (contraste, corrélation, écart-type, énergie, entropie, homogénéité, moyenne, probabilité maximale), qui sont tous calculables par la méthode rapide de Unser, une approximation des matrices de co-occurrences, c) de former les deux signatures texturales par le même nombre d’éléments choisis d’après une analyse de la séparabilité (distance de Bhattacharya) des classes d’occupation du sol; et d) d’analyser les résultats de classification (matrices de confusion, exactitudes, coefficients Kappa) par maximum de vraisemblance pour conclure sur le potentiel des deux approches intégratives; les classes d’occupation du sol à reconnaître étaient : résidentielle basse et haute densité, commerciale/industrielle, agricole, boisés, surfaces gazonnées (incluant les golfs) et plans d’eau. Nos principales conclusions sont les suivantes a) à l’exception de la probabilité maximale, tous les autres paramètres de texture sont utiles dans la formation des signatures texturales; moyenne et écart type sont les plus utiles dans la formation des textures grises tandis que contraste et corrélation, dans le cas des textures couleurs, b) l’exactitude globale de la classification atteint un score acceptable (85%) seulement dans le cas des signatures texturales couleurs; c’est une amélioration importante par rapport aux classifications basées uniquement sur les signatures spectrales des classes d’occupation du sol dont le score est souvent situé aux alentours de 75%; ce score est atteint avec des fenêtres de calcul aux alentours de11*11 à 15*15 pixels; c) Les signatures texturales couleurs offrant des scores supérieurs à ceux obtenus avec les signatures grises de 5% à 10%; et ce avec des petites fenêtres de calcul (5*5, 7*7 et occasionnellement 9*9) d) Pour plusieurs classes d’occupation du sol prises individuellement, l’exactitude dépasse les 90% pour les deux types de signatures texturales; e) une seule classe est mieux séparable du reste par les textures grises, celle de l’agricole; f) les classes créant beaucoup de confusions, ce qui explique en grande partie le score global de la classification de 85%, sont les deux classes du résidentiel (haute et basse densité). En conclusion, nous pouvons dire que l’approche intégrative par textures couleurs d’une image multispectrale de 10 m de résolution spatiale offre un plus grand potentiel pour la cartographie des occupations du sol que l’approche intégrative par textures grises. Pour plusieurs classes d’occupations du sol un gain appréciable en temps de calcul des paramètres de texture peut être obtenu par l’utilisation des petites fenêtres de traitement. Des améliorations importantes sont escomptées pour atteindre des exactitudes de classification de 90% et plus par l’utilisation des fenêtres de calcul de taille variable adaptées à chaque type d’occupation du sol. Une méthode de classification hiérarchique pourrait être alors utilisée afin de séparer les classes recherchées une à la fois par rapport au reste au lieu d’une classification globale où l’intégration des paramètres calculés avec des fenêtres de taille variable conduirait inévitablement à des confusions entre classes.

Calidad de vida y cáncer de pròstata: efectos de un programa de ejercicio físico

Este estudio presenta los efectos de la implementación de un programa de ejercicio como terapia complementaria del tratamiento del cáncer próstata. El diseño del estudio es casi-experimental con una muestra de 33 pacientes en fase de tratamiento. En la metodología del programa se utiliza la guía de la American College Sports Medicine Position Stand (ACSM, 2009). Se estudian las variables antropométricas, la fuerza-resistencia, el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2 Máx), la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo, la incontinencia, el dolor y la Calidad de Vida (CdV). Al finalizar 24 semanas de programa, se observa una mejora significativa de la CdV del enfermo. Los resultados demuestran que la mejoría en la CdV viene mediada por la mejora de la capacidad física, funcional y psico-emocional del enfermo. El modelo de adherencia integrado al programa de ejercicio consigue mejorar la calidad y cantidad de ejercicio necesario para la práctica autónoma en el hogar