1000 resultados para Maternidade Brasil
Resumo:
A presente dissertao realiza um estudo histrico do desenvolvimento da funo materna no Brasil . Por ter-se mostrado um sintoma de ruptura no exerccio da maternidade, a instituio creche e que utilizada como referencial atravs do qual se analisa esta funo. Pelo estudo do surgimento e da evoluo da creche em nosso meio, procura-se mostrar as causas do sentimento de culpa da me que utiliza seus servios , fugindo ao exerccio tradicional da funo materna . Examina - se as razoes do preconceito social que ainda recai sobre esta instituio, apesar das pesquisas indicarem nveis de desenvolvimento adequados nas crianas que as frequentam. As transformaes e permanncias encontradas no exerccio da funo materna com o advento da creche so estudadas de acordo com sua influncia nas diferentes classes sociais. Finalmente, realiza-se uma avaliao da situao atual do atendimento no Rio de Janeiro propondo-se possveis atuaes do psiclogo dentro da instituio creche.
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Apesar de ainda ser pequeno o grupo de mulheres que conseguiu romper o teto de vidro e ascender a cargos executivos, a participao feminina em cargos de chefia, nos ltimos anos, vem crescendo significativamente no Brasil. Como um fenmeno relativamente recente, no campo acadmico tal reflexo ainda no expressivo e a ausncia de uma maior produo sobre o tema dificulta uma compreenso mais ampla sobre as peculiaridades presentes na trajetria dessas mulheres. Diante deste contexto, esta tese tem como principal objetivo refletir sobre as representaes que circulam a respeito dessa nova mulher trabalhadora e os elementos que compem a construo de identidades para este grupo. A partir da anlise de 52 nmeros da revista Vida Executiva/Mulher Executiva e de 10 entrevistas, baseadas na metodologia de histria oral, com mulheres que atuam no mercado de trabalho brasileiro em cargos executivos, busca-se investigar as dificuldades existentes e as estratgias estabelecidas para romper esse teto de vidro e construir uma carreira considerada bem sucedida. Para atender a tal propsito, investiga-se a construo de um ethos que facilitou essa ascenso, as formas encontradas de conciliao de uma carreira executiva com a vida pessoal e a famlia e, as concepes que circulam sobre sucesso, trabalho, carreira, maternidade e arranjos familiares para essas mulheres.
Resumo:
Trata-se de um estudo de delineamento transversal de carter multidisciplinar, o qual conta com um estatstico que contribuiu para o delineamento do estudo, realizando o clculo amostral e contribuindo efetivamente para anlise dos dados e alunos de psicologia e pediatrias que contriburam para a coleta de dados. A literatura aponta que a transmisso inadequada do diagnstico da Sndrome de Down pode prejudicar o vnculo me-beb e o posterior desenvolvimento da criana. Sendo assim, este estudo objetivou analisar os sentimentos maternos frente a este diagnstico, verificando diferentes formas de transmisso e possveis facilitadores da aceitao da Sndrome. A amostra foi constituda por 20 mes cujos filhos apresentam Sndrome de Down, na faixa etria de 0 03 anos e que recebem atendimento em ambulatrio de um Hospital Universitrio de Pediatria. Para coleta dos dados fez-se uso de um questionrio, aps a assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Os dados foram analisados atravs de dois softwares de processamento de dados, o SPSS e o ALCESTE (Anlise Lexical por Contexto de um Conjunto de Segmento de Texto). Os dados indicaram que 90% das mes receberam o diagnstico de Sndrome de Down depois do parto. 75% dos diagnsticos foram comunicados pelo mdico pediatra e 15% pelas enfermeiras. As me referiram que o diagnstico foi tardio, inadequado e insuficiente no informativo. Observouse que as entrevistadas viveram os mesmos sentimentos observados na literatura como: choque, negao, tristeza e ira, adaptao e reorganizao. Tais resultados permitem concluir que o diagnstico de SD nas mes investigadas foi em sua maioria tardio, realidade comum no Brasil, principalmente quando se trata de classes econmicas baixas. As mes apontam que percebem este diagnstico como tardio, inadequado e insuficiente no informativo, e gera sentimentos que a literatura j cita como comuns frente a esse tipo de diagnstico. Portanto, observamos que a notcia pode ser um fator que dificulte ou facilite o estabelecimento do vnculo me-beb, comprometendo a busca de recursos para o desenvolvimento da criana
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This paper treats confessional printings as a non formal space for the female education. It reflects on the importance of the woman s role to the diffusion of Protestantism in general, and its Presbyterian trend in particular, besides commenting on the proliferation of printings at the First Republic and its relation with education. In this study, Brazilian Northeastern is seen as a relevant space to the diffusion of Protestantism in Brazil; especially on what concerns the relations between Rio Grande do Norte and Pernambuco. Thereby some fountains were fundamental, as the confessional printings, that is, newspapers, magazines, prospects and other materials recollected in archives located in Natal/RN and Recife/PE, and So Paulo. It was also provided a brief incursion on Portuguese confessional printings kept in Oporto, PT. New Cultural History was chosen as theoretic-methodological guide, franchising ways inside the history of book and reading with the help of concepts like Interdependence, Social Configuration (ELIAS, 1993, 1994) and Representation (CHARTIER, 1990), considering that the survey worked out culture-manufactured products that is, intentional materials. It is well known that publishing, or better, the dissemination of printed material used to be associated to Protestants missionary practices since Reform began and, as what concerns the investigated period, in Portuguese and Brazilian lands indistinctly. Printing material in general books, booklets, fragments, as well as the press itself played a central role in divulging reformed ideas, their social options and the means of being and intervening in the world. In this regard, the confessional printings established themselves as an educative, although non schooled, informal space, but, all considered, relevant, seen that they dialogue with another important demand of that social group: formal, literate education. Because it dealt with the diffusion of a printed culture supported by the written word, it required of that group a different modus operandi: formal education. The first letters schools at first, then the high schools later represented spaces established for the circulation of printing material in order that they should be read, divulged and comprehended. This survey intends at last to take a look at Protestantism which, in this context of self-affirmation, reserved a specific place to woman by working out a non formal educational proposal disseminated by printing material. Three models were highlighted in the reformed proposal: Christian education in itself, household education, whose references of motherhood and care towards the neighbor were present and, at last, education to the public space, with emphasis on the practice of teaching. This study also offers a brief dialogue between Brazil and Portugal because, when some periodic printing, book or something like that got to be published in one margin of the Atlantic Ocean, the other margin surely was affected by that feat, received it, divulged it, corroborating the argument in support of the circulation of these printings. It was not only the same language that survived in both maritime coasts; some protestant specificities also crossed out along that sea
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Since the publication of the report "To Err is Human" by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) , which estimated that between 44.000 to 98.000 Americans die annually as a result of errors in health care, patient safety spent gaining prominence, emerging studies assess the safety culture by measuring the safety climate. In this context, the aim of this study was to identify safety culture perceived by nursing professionals working in the intensive care unit of a maternity school in Natal/RN through the Security Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ). This was a descriptive study, cross-sectional and quantitative approach undertaken in the Intensive Care Unit Maternal and Neonatal a maternity school in Natal/RN. The project was submitted to and approved by Brazil Platform Zip/UFRN under number 309 540 and CAAE 16489713.7.0000.5537. It was used to collect data two instruments: a questionnaire in order to collect socio-demographic data of the subjects and the Questionrio Atitudes de Segurana , a cultural adaptation to Portuguese of the instrument of the World Health Organization titled Safety Attitudes Questionnaire - (SAQ ) Short Form 2006. The collected data were analyzed quantitatively by the organization in electronic databases in Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheet and exported to statistical software for free access to be coded, tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study included a total of 50 nurses, 31 and 19 of the NICU Maternal ICU, predominantly female, mean age 35 years, median time of 10 years training and working in maternity, mostly, less than 05 anos. As a result, two articles were produced. The first refers to the first two domains of the instrument entitled "climate of teamwork" and "climate security" . The scores of the two areas were slightly higher in Maternal ICU compared to the NICU, but no sector has reached the ideal minimum score of 75: in the first domain Maternal ICU had an average of 74.77, with medians of 75 and 100, while Neonatal ICU reached an average of 69.61 with median also 75 and 100, while the second field means were 69.35 and 66.01 for Maternal and Neonatal ICUs respectively, with a median of 100 in the two sectors. The second article relates to the field "Perception Management Unit and Hospital", which 9 assessed the perception of management units and motherhood by professionals. In general, the items of the domain in question also obtained scores below the ideal minimum: 63.68 to 51.02 and maternal ICU for neonatal, featuring a clear separation between the management and the professionals who work in direct care. These findings indicate a warning sign for the institution and point to the need to implement actions aimed at patient safety
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Neste artigo, discute-se a naturalizao de conceitos e prticas relacionadas maternidade e aos cuidados maternos, associando-se sua construo social s modificaes pelas quais a famlia tem passado, na Europa e no Brasil, a partir das transformaes que permitiram a organizao dos Estados modernos e acompanharam a instalao da ordem econmica burguesa. Enfoca-se a maneira como o discurso mdico colaborou na promoo de novas formas de relao familiar pelo favorecimento de caractersticas especficas para o papel materno, destacando-se a participao tanto da Medicina quanto da Psicologia na instituio das novas configuraes que os processos de subjetivao tm assumido na atualidade.
Resumo:
The practice of medicine related to the gestational processes tend to be organized according to the context and the place of work, being thus dependent of the conditions both social and economical, and of the physical structure and the functionality of the services. The high mortality rate in this process has diminished, since 1986, the study made by the World Health Organization (WHO) as to the technical aspects and the social inequalities that influence this situation in different geographical contexts. This culminated recommendations that proposed the reorientation of the dynamical practice of medicine, with a focus on the safety of maternities. Brazil adopted, in the year 2000, the suggestions of the OMS, emphasizing the humanization as the main reason for these actions. However, this discussion tends to not consider the problems caused by the social inequalities and the epidemiological and social conditionings that define the actions of the Unified Health System (Sistema nico de Sade SUS). In this area, this research seeks to analyze the practices, cares taken, and the universal symbol that promotes and rewards the assistance to the birth of children by the SUS. Besides the analysis of the public documents that deal with this subject, an ethnographic study was developed in a maternity in Natal/RN, considered a model of humanization after receiving the Galba de Arajo prize in 2002. In this stage, the methodological strategies were observed, and the focus of the individual interviews with workers and users of this service. In the analysis of the data, it became evident that the different professional workers and women who gave birth, tend to show concern of the standards the delimit production and reproduction of the practice of medicine, as they favor the absence of a critical posture of the actions destined to the population. Besides this, if became evident that the institutional difficulties associated to the economical, cultural, and political problems also difficult the involvement and the reflection of the workers in favor of assisting changes of the process. There is also a utilization of a perspective prescriptive of humanization in the everyday life of the social workers, without reflection of its meaning. Some workers present, in their statements, a preoccupation with the social and economical aspects that affect the practice of medicine, and with the limitations of the humanization discourse that disarticulates the necessities of those involved in the process of formation, and soon tend to return to the discussion of humanization while a kind practice characterized by the minimization of the interventionist actions. Now the users of the system show themselves before the dynamic of the services, submitting themselves to what is offered while assistance, without questioning and/or reflecting about their usual shortages. Therefore, to think of changes in the know and do of the practice of medicine destined to the birth of children implies reflection on the quotidian production of these practices and of the social contexts that influence the process of assistance in the practice of medicine. Herein it would be possible to predict the appropriation, by different workers concerning their exasperations and necessities, making them active in the pursuit of their rights as citizens
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Congenital Toxoplasmosis results in severe systemic disease. If mother is infected for the first time during gestation, she can infect the fetus causing substantial damage. However, relatively little is known about the seroprevalence and epidemiological and economic factors of Toxoplasmosis infection in pregnancy in the most state in northeastern Brazil and knowledge about this can be essential in determining effective and acceptable prevention strategies. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of Toxoplasmosis in pregnant woman consulted by reference Maternity Escola Janurio Cicco in Natal, a city in Northeastern Brazil, which belongs to the public health system, correlating to the risk factors involved in the infection and to accomplish active Search in the Hospital of Pediatrics Prof Heriberto Bezerra of the damages caused by the Toxoplasmic infection in children up to 12 years of age. The study was conducted from March to December 2007 and sera obtained from 190 pregnant women were tested for IgM and IgG antibodies avidity to Toxoplasma by Microparticle enzyme immunoassay (Abbott AxSYM system - Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, USA). Data were examined with univariate analysis. Chi-squared (x2) and Odds ratio was calculated (IC 95% p 0,05). Of these women, 126 (66,3%) had only IgG antibodies high-avidity against T. gondii; 01 (0,52%) had a IgM and IgG high-avidity antibodies against T. gondii and 63 (33,1%) have neither IgM nor IgG against T. gondii. Our studies shown that the direct contact with cats or dogs was highly associated with the Toxoplasma gondii infection (OR, 2.72, p<0.001, 95% CI 1.46 5.02). The years school (p<0,001), socioeconomic status and knowledge about the disease (both p value 0.05) also were associated with Toxoplasmosis. The pattern of risk factors for infection presents regional variations, however our data corroborate others studies in Brazil. In children up to 12 years, one case of Congenital Toxoplasmosis was just registered in seven years (2000 - 2006). There were several suggestive cases, with signs and characteristic symptoms, but that the infection was not confirmed due to lack in the researches through laboratorial and images exams that addressed that it zoonosis
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Ps-graduao em Ginecologia, Obstetrcia e Mastologia - FMB
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A infeco pelo vrus da imunodeficincia humana (HIV) atinge cada vez mais mulheres em idade reprodutiva, o que conseqentemente favorece o crescimento da transmisso vertical. Com a proposta de se obter informaes da situao epidemiolgica das grvidas infectadas pelo HIV na maior maternidade pblica do norte do Brasil, foi realizado um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, envolvendo 770 grvidas atendidas na triagem obsttrica da Fundao Santa Casa de Misericrdia do Par, no perodo entre 2004 a 2010. Aps anlise dos dados obtidos a partir de pronturios, sob os preceitos ticos recomendados, obteve-se os seguintes resultados: a prevalncia e a incidncia no perodo foram de 1,87% e 0,40%, respectivamente; a faixa etria predominante estava entre 18 e 23 anos (42,1%), sendo que 50,4% tinham ensino fundamental incompleto, 68,2% exerciam atividades do lar, 89% eram solteiras e a maioria procedia de municpios com mais de 50 mil habitantes (Belm, 53,9%; Ananindeua, 13,0%; Castanhal 4,8%; Paragominas, 3,6%; Tailndia, 3,5%; Barcarena 3,1%; Marituba, 2,9%; Abaetetuba, 1,8% e So Miguel do Guam, 0,6%). O pr-natal foi realizado por 91,9% destas grvidas, com 4 a 6 consultas (61,0%), 85,2% procuraram as Unidades Bsica de Sade e 12,8% as Unidades de Referncia Especializada ao atendimento e acompanhamento de mulher HIV positiva; 75,1% j sabiam antes da gravidez atual que estavam infectadas pelo HIV, 3,6%, tomaram conhecimento durante o pr-natal e 21,3% no momento do parto atravs do teste rpido, totalizando em 78,7% a cobertura do diagnstico da infeco pelo HIV antes da chegada a maternidade, e destas 75,1% fezeram tratamento especifico durante o pr-natal. O parto cirrgico foi o de maior ocorrncia (85,1%); 89,7% das grvidas receberam Zidovudina profiltica no parto, destas 85,1% fizeram parto cirrgico e 14,9% parto normal. O conhecimento das variveis epidemiolgicas da maior casustica de grvidas infectadas pelo HIV da Amaznia brasileira, que chegaram a maternidade, permitiu concluir que o perfil de faixa etria, escolaridade, adeso ao pr-natal e nmero de consultas est compatvel com os dados nacionais, entretanto, a maior procedncia de grvidas de municpios de mdio e grande porte opem-se ao fenmeno da interiorizao da epidemia municpios menores como est sendo observado no pas. Uma taxa de 21,3% de falta de cobertura diagnstica de infeco pelo HIV no momento do parto, uma rotina em muitos servios brasileiros, depem contra a qualidade da execuo dos programas de sade e, sobretudo mostra que a equipe de assistncia precisa melhorar o acolhimento s grvidas durante o pr-natal, independente do nmero de consultas, visto que o teste do HIV deve ser solicitado ainda na primeira consulta. Estas medidas devem ser reforadas no Estado do Par, que mostrou alta taxa de prevalncia da infeco pelo HIV na gravidez, contrapondo-se as demais regies do pas onde h um decrscimo, o que tem favorecido a elevao do nmero de crianas infectadas pelo vrus HIV no Brasil.
Prevalncia e determinantes do aleitamento materno exclusivo no municpio de Serrana, So Paulo, Brasil
Resumo:
Estudo transversal e quantitativo, com objetivos de identificar a prevalncia e os determinantes do aleitamento materno exclusivo em crianas menores de 6 meses, no municpio de Serrana - SP, no ano de 2009. Aplicou-se um questionrio semiestruturado validado junto aos responsveis pelas crianas menores de 6 meses que compareceram segunda etapa da Campanha Nacional de Vacinao contra a poliomielite. Foram realizadas anlises uni e multivariadas apresentadas em Odds Ratio e intervalos de confiana. Do total das 275 crianas participantes, apenas 29,8% estavam em aleitamento materno exclusivo. Nas anlises univariadas, verificou-se que mes que trabalham fora sem licena-maternidade, mes que no trabalham fora, adolescentes e o uso de chupeta apresentaram maior chance de interrupo do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Na anlise multivariada, as mes que trabalham fora sem licena-maternidade tm 3 vezes mais chance de desmamarem precocemente seus filhos. Os resultados forneceram subsdios para o redirecionamento e planejamento de aes em aleitamento materno.
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No Brasil, a induo do aborto legalmente permitida somente quando necessria para salvar a vida da mulher ou quando a concepo ocorreu de estupro. Apesar das restries legais, morais e religiosas, a induo do aborto amplamente praticada. Com o objetivo de identificar as caractersticas do aborto incompleto nas mulheres admitidas na maternidade pblica de Florianpolis, foram entrevistadas 620 mulheres, entre 1o de julho de 1993 e 30 de junho de 1994. Com base em dados coletados por meio de questionrio estruturado, so apresentadas caractersticas scio-demogrficas, reprodutivas e mdicas dos abortos, classificados como certamente provocados, possivelmente provocados e espontneos. Entre os 141 casos de aborto provocado, cerca de 50% das mulheres reportaram uso isolado do Cytotec (misoprostol), ou deste associado a outro mtodo abortivo. Os resultados revelam que na populao estudada a induo do aborto prtica comum entre mulheres jovens, solteiras ou sem parceiro estvel, de bom nvel de escolaridade e no usurias de mtodos anticonceptivos. Foi tambm registrada uma reduo do nmero de complicaes graves relacionadas ao aborto provocado admitido ao hospital.