Circulating estrogens and progesterone during primiparous pregnancies and risk of maternal breast cancer.

Pregnancy reduces maternal risk of breast cancer in the long term, but the biological determinants of the protection are unknown. Animal experiments suggest that estrogens and progesterone could be involved, but direct human evidence is scant. A case-control study (536 cases and 1,049 controls) was nested within the Finnish Maternity Cohort. Eligible were primiparous women who delivered at term a singleton offspring before age 40. For each case, two individually matched controls by age (±6 months) and date of sampling (±3 months) were selected. Estradiol, estrone and progesterone in first-trimester serum were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) by immunoassay. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through conditional logistic regression. In the whole study population there was no association of breast cancer with any of the studied hormones. In analyses stratified by age at diagnosis, however, estradiol concentrations were positively associated with risk of breast cancer before age 40 (upper quartile OR, 1.81; CI, 1.08-3.06), but inversely associated with risk in women who were diagnosed ≥age 40 (upper quartile OR, 0.64; CI, 0.40-1.04), p(interaction) 0.004. Risk estimates for estrone mirrored those for estradiol but were less pronounced. Progesterone was not associated with risk of subsequent breast cancer. Our results provide initial evidence that concentrations of estrogens during the early parts of a primiparous pregnancy are associated with maternal risk of breast cancer and suggest that the effect may differ for tumors diagnosed before and after age 40.

Insulin-like growth factor-I and C-reactive protein during pregnancy and maternal risk of non-epithelial ovarian cancer: a nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and C-reactive protein (CRP) may be positively associated with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) but no previous studies have investigated their associations with non-epithelial ovarian cancers (NEOC). METHODS: A case-control study was nested within the Finnish Maternity Cohort. Case subjects were 58 women diagnosed with sex cord-stromal tumors (SCST) and 30 with germ cell tumors (GCT) after recruitment. Control subjects (144 for SCST and 74 for GCT) were matched for age, parity, and date of blood donation of the index case. RESULTS: Doubling of IGF-I concentration was not related to maternal risk of either SCST (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.58-1.62) or GCT (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.51-2.51). Similarly, doubling of CRP concentrations was not related to maternal risk of either SCST (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.85-1.43) or GCT (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.68-1.28). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-diagnostic IGF-I and CRP concentrations during the first trimester of pregnancy were not associated with increased risk of NEOC in the mother. Risk factors for NEOC may differ from those of EOC.

Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I in pregnancy and maternal risk of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Elevated serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 have been associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Previously, we reported a similar association in samples obtained during pregnancy. The current study was conducted to further characterize the association of IGF-1 during pregnancy with maternal breast cancer risk. METHODS: A case-control study was nested within the Finnish Maternity Cohort. The study was limited to primiparous women less than 40 years of age, who donated blood samples during early (median, 12 weeks) pregnancy and delivered a single child at term. Seven hundred and nineteen women with invasive breast cancer were eligible. Two controls (n = 1,434) were matched to each case on age and date at blood donation. Serum IGF-1 concentration was measured using an Immulite 2000 analyzer. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).RESULTS: No significant associations were observed between serum IGF-1 concentrations and breast cancer risk in both the overall analysis (OR 1.08 (95% CI 0.80-1.47) and in analyses stratified by histological subtype, lag-time to cancer diagnosis, age at pregnancy or age at diagnosis.CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between IGF-1 and maternal breast cancer risk during early pregnancy in this large nested case-control study.Impact:Serum IGF-1 concentrations during early pregnancy may not be related to maternal risk of breast cancer.

Dementoituneen ja hänen omaisensa mielekäs arki kotona

Tämän opinnäytetyön tuotos on kirjallinen opas Viroon, Länsi-Tallinnan sairaalan alueella asuville dementiaa sairastavien omaishoitajille. Työn lähtökohtana on ollut Länsi- Tallinnan sairaalan tarve saada omaisille jaettava opas dementoituneen omaisen kotona hoitamisen avuksi. Työ on osa STALT-hanketta, jonka tavoitteena on kehittää Länsi-Tallinnan sairaalan hoitotyötä. Oppaan tavoitteena on tarjota keinoja kotona pärjäämisen tueksi. Lisäksi opas toimii henkilökunnan antaman suullisen ohjauksen tukena. Dementoitunut henkilö ilmaisee avuntarvettaan muuttuneella käytöksellään. Jos hänen tarpeitaan ei tunnisteta, johtaa se hänen hyvinvointinsa heikkenemiseen. Omaishoitajalla on suuri vastuu dementoituneen omaisensa hoidosta. Kirjallisten oppaiden avulla voidaan tukea omaishoitajan selviytymistä arjesta dementoituneen kanssa.Opinnäytetyömme teoriaosuus koostuu kirjallisuuskatsauksesta, joka on koottu aihetta käsittelevistä tutkimuksista ja kirjallisuudesta. Teoriaosuudessa käsittelimme dementiaa työmme kannalta merkityksellisistä näkökulmista. Työssämme selvitimme lyhyesti mitä dementia on ja tarkastelimme sen taustalla olevia sairauksia. Keskeisin kirjallisuuskatsauksen teoriaosuus koostuu dementiaan liityvistä käytösoireista, dementoituneen hoitamisesta kotona ja hyvän potilasohjeen kriteereistä. Oppaan teossa on pyritty selkokielisyyteen, jotta maallikon on helppoa ymmärtää sisältö. Siihen on tiivistetty tärkeimmät ja oleellisimmat tiedot. Oppaan alkuun on koottu lyhyesti tietoa siitä, mitä dementia on. Sen sisältö muodostui kirjallisuuskatsauksen pohjalta ja siinä otettiin huomioon kotona hoitamisen näkökulma. Opas koostuu kotihoito-ohjeista, jotka koskevat arkipäiväisiä toimintoja kuten ruokailua ja peseytymistä sekä kodin saneeraamisesta turvalliseksi dementoituneen kannalta. Keskeistä on vuorovaikutus dementoituneen kanssa. Oppaan lopussa mietitään keinoja omaiselle oman jaksamisen tukemiseksi.

"Ja sitten ruvettiin leikkimään"

Opinäytetyömme tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa mitä kulttuurisia kivun- ja pelonlievitysmenetelmiä hoitajat käyttävät hoitaessaan pelokasta ja kivuliasta lasta, sekä miten he näitä menetelmiä käyttävät. Työmme on osa Helsingin ammattikorkeakoulu Stadian, Turun yliopiston hoitotieteen laitoksen ja HUS:n Lasten ja nuorten sairaalan yhteistä tutkimus- ja kehittämishanketta. Hankkeen tavoitteena on tieteen, taiteen ja koulutuksen keinoin kehittää lasten hoitotyötä. Lisäksi tarkoituksena on kehittää leikkiin ja mielikuvituksen käyttöön perustuvia pelon- ja kivunlievitysmenetelmiä hoitohenkilökunnan työskentelyä varten. Teimme opinnäytetyömme laadullisella eli kvalitatiivisella tutkimusmenetelmällä. Aineiston kokosimme teemahaastattelemalla Lasten ja nuorten sairaalan yhdellä osastolla viittä hoitajaa samanaikaisesti. Nauhoitetut haastattelut litteroitiin ja analysoitiin aineistolähtöisellä sisällönanalyysilla. Aineiston perusteella hoitajat käyttävät leikkiä, laulua ja mielikuvittelua hoitaessaan kivuliasta ja pelokasta lasta. Leikkiä, laulua ja mielikuvitusta käytetään myös osana hoitotoimenpiteisiin valmistautumista. Itse hoitotoimenpiteiden aikana lapsen huomiota koitetaan leikin ja laulun avulla viedä pois toimenpiteestä. Hoitajien mukaan leikkiä, laulua ja mielikuvittelua käytetään spontaanisti ja tilannekohtaisesti, suunnitelmallinen toteuttaminen vaatisi lisää aikaa lapsen kanssa. Hoitajat kokevat, että leikin, laulun ja mielikuvittelun käytöstä on paljon hyötyä lapselle, mutta samalla myös vanhemmille. Opinnäytetyömme tuloksista nousi yksi keskeinen jatkotutkimusehdotus. Kuinka saada sairaanhoitajien päivittäisen hoitotyön osaksi suunnitelmallinen musiikin, leikin ja mielikuvituksen käyttö keinoina lievittää lasten pelkoja ja kipuja.

Percepções da família da criança com doença crônica frente às relações com profissionais da saúde

A prevalência de doença crônica na infância tem aumentado, impondo à família contato contínuo com profissionais de saúde, ocasião em que a relação desempenha papel relevante. Raras explorações científicas abordam tal temática, apesar de ser apontada como núcleo fundamental para a interação efetiva. O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar como a família de criança doente crônica percebe sua relação com os profissionais de saúde. Foram entrevistados 20 cuidadores de criança com doença crônica. O referencial teórico e metodológico adotados foram, respectivamente, o Interacionismo Simbólico e a análise de conteúdo temática. O processo analítico revelou quatro categorias temáticas: papel do cuidador, relações angustiantes, serviços e profissionais e buscando relações acolhedoras. O resultado deste processo interacional que apresenta incongruência de expectativas e comportamentos entre profissional e família é falho e gera sentimento de desamparo, o qual é amenizado pela escuta e compreensão de outras famílias em situação similar.

Rakas Heini 22/11 1974

Kirje 22.11.1974

Effectiveness Of 2% And 4% Papain Gels In The Healing Of Venous Ulcers

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of 2% and 4% papain gels in tissue repair of venous ulcers. METHOD Quasi-experimental study with consecutive sample of 16 patients with 30 venous ulcers treated at the outpatient clinic of a teaching hospital, from April to November in 2011, using a form for clinical assessment of the patient and its lesion. Variables were analyzed by Wilcoxon and McNemar test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Most participants were female; aged between 51 and 59 years; obese; with hypertension. Regarding ulcers, there was an average decrease of 7.9 cm2 (50% of its original size) in 90 days; 20% of the ulcers completely healed within 56.67 days. There was an increase in epithelialization, significant reduction in the slough and edema, improved depth, in the type and amount of exudate (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION 2% and 4% papain gels were effective in healing venous ulcers.

Rouva Päätoimittaja Maija-Liisa Heini 4/2 1972

Kirje 4.2.1972

Photodamage to Oxygen Evolving Complex - An Initial Event in Photoinhibition of Photosystem II.

Photosystem II (PSII) of oxygenic photosynthesis is susceptible to photoinhibition. Photoinhibition is defined as light induced damage resulting in turnover of the D1 protein subunit of the reaction center of PSII. Both visible and ultraviolet (UV) light cause photoinhibition. Photoinhibition induced by UV light damages the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) via absorption of UV photons by the Mn ion(s) of OEC. Under visible light, most of the earlier hypotheses assume that photoinhibition occurs when the rate of photon absorption by PSII antenna exceeds the use of the absorbed energy in photosynthesis. However, photoinhibition occurs at all light intensities with the same efficiency per photon. The aim of my thesis work was to build a model of photoinhibition that fits the experimental features of photoinhibition. I studied the role of electron transfer reactions of PSII in photoinhibition and found that changing the electron transfer rate had only minor influence on photoinhibition if light intensity was kept constant. Furthermore, quenching of antenna excitations protected less efficiently than it would protect if antenna chlorophylls were the only photoreceptors of photoinhibition. To identify photoreceptors of photoinhibition, I measured the action spectrum of photoinhibition. The action spectrum showed resemblance to the absorption spectra of Mn model compounds suggesting that the Mn cluster of OEC acts as a photoreceptor of photoinhibition under visible light, too. The role of Mn in photoinhibition was further supported by experiments showing that during photoinhibition OEC is damaged before electron transfer activity at the acceptor side of PSII is lost. Mn enzymes were found to be photosensitive under visible and UV light indicating that Mn-containing compounds, including OEC, are capable of functioning as photosensitizers both in visible and UV light. The experimental results above led to the Mn hypothesis of the mechanism of continuous-light-induced photoinhibition. According to the Mn hypothesis, excitation of Mn of OEC results in inhibition of electron donation from OEC to the oxidized primary donor P680+ both under UV and visible light. P680 is oxidized by photons absorbed by chlorophyll, and if not reduced by OEC, P680+ may cause harmful oxidation of other PSII components. Photoinhibition was also induced with intense laser pulses and it was found that the photoinhibitory efficiency increased in proportion to the square of pulse intensity suggesting that laser-pulse-induced photoinhibition is a two-photon reaction. I further developed the Mn hypothesis suggesting that the initial event in photoinhibition under both continuous and pulsed light is the same: Mn excitation that leads to the inhibition of electron donation from OEC to P680+. Under laser-pulse-illumination, another Mn-mediated inhibitory photoreaction occurs within the duration of the same pulse, whereas under continuous light, secondary damage is chlorophyll mediated. A mathematical model based on the Mn hypothesis was found to explain photoinhibition under continuous light, under flash illumination and under the combination of these two.

Helsingin äitikirkko

Pentti Lempiäinen

Musta teksti valkean päällä : pohjatekstit merkityksenantajina Toni Morrisonin romaanissa Beloved

English summary: The significance of intertexts in Toni Morrison's novel Beloved