Growing at the production frontier. European aggregate growth, 1870-1914

The view of a 1870-1913 expanding European economy providing increasing welfare to everybody has been challenged by many, then and now. We focus on the amazing growth that was experienced, its diffusion and its sources, in the context of the permanent competition among European nation states. During 1870-193 the globalized European economy reached a silver age . GDP growth was quite rapid (2.15% per annum) and diffused all over Europe. Even discounting the high rates of population growth (1.06%), per capita growth was left at a respectable 1.08%. Income per capita was rising in every country, and the rates of improvement were quite similar. This was a major achievement after two generations of highly localized growth, both geographically and socially. Growth was based on the increased use of labour and capital, but a good part of growth (73 per cent for the weighted average of the best documented European countries) came out of total factor productivity efficiency gains resulting from not well specified ultimate sources of growth. This proportion suggests that the European economy was growing at full capacity at its production frontier. It would have been very difficult to improve its performance. Within Europe, convergence was limited, and it only was in motion after 1900. What happened was more the end of the era of big divergence rather than an era of convergence.

Neurologie et voyages

Le mal de voyage, l'insomnie, les troubles du sommeil, la fatigue, le jet-lag et des troubles sensitifs transitoires sont des symptômes très fréquents lors des voyages et pour la plupart banals. Les maladies neurologiques déclenchées ou causées par le voyage sont rares et incluent des accidents vasculaires cérébraux (AVC) liés aux emboles paradoxaux après un voyage prolongé en avion, des crises d'épilepsie ou des troubles du sommeil déclenchés par le décalage horaire, des symptômes de décompression lors de la plongée ou montée en altitude. Dans cet article sont aussi discutées les maladies liées à la haute altitude(céphalée de haute altitude, mal aigu des montagnes), des troubles neurologiques liés à la déshydratation et à la chaleur ainsi que les infections acquises lors de voyages.

[Dessins de jeunesse, croquis et académies] / [Pierre Loti, Joseph Bernard], dess.

Enregistrement : 00-00-1858 - 00-00-1885

[Illustration de La navigation du Capitaine Martin Forbischer... régions de West et de Nord-West en l'année 1577] / [Non identifié] ; Martin Forbischer, aut. du texte

Comprend : [Planche dépliante à la fin du livre]. Le portraict des trois sauvages admenez en Angleterre, leurs habits, armes, tentes et bateaux. [Représentation des moeurs et coutumes, costumes traditionnels des habitants du Grand Nord?] [Cote : BNF C104