957 resultados para MONITORING: electroencephalography, bispectral index
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Avoidance of excessively deep sedation levels is problematic in intensive care patients. Electrophysiologic monitoring may offer an approach to solving this problem. Since electroencephalogram (EEG) responses to different sedation regimens vary, we assessed electrophysiologic responses to two sedative drug regimens in 10 healthy volunteers. Dexmedetomidine/remifentanil (dex/remi group) and midazolam/remifentanil (mida/remi group) were infused 7 days apart. Each combination of medications was given at stepwise intervals to reach Ramsay scores (RS) 2, 3, and 4. Resting EEG, bispectral index (BIS), and the N100 amplitudes of long-latency auditory-evoked potentials (ERP) were recorded at each level of sedation. During dex/remi, resting EEG was characterized by a recurrent high-power low-frequency pattern which became more pronounced at deeper levels of sedation. BIS Index decreased uniformly in only the dex/remi group (from 94 +/- 3 at baseline to 58 +/- 14 at RS 4) compared to the mida/remi group (from 94 +/- 2 to 76 +/- 10; P = 0.029 between groups). The ERP amplitudes decreased from 5.3 +/- 1.3 at baseline to 0.4 +/- 1.1 at RS 4 (P = 0.003) in only the mida/remi group. We conclude that ERPs in volunteers sedated with dex/remi, in contrast to mida/remi, indicate a cortical response to acoustic stimuli, even when sedation reaches deeper levels. Consequently, ERP can monitor sedation with midazolam but not with dexmedetomidine. The reverse is true for BIS.
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The 2010 biodiversity target agreed by signatories to the Convention on Biological Diversity directed the attention of conservation professionals toward the development of indicators with which to measure changes in biological diversity at the global scale. We considered why global biodiversity indicators are needed, what characteristics successful global indicators have, and how existing indicators perform. Because monitoring could absorb a large proportion of funds available for conservation, we believe indicators should be linked explicitly to monitoring objectives and decisions about which monitoring schemes deserve funding should be informed by predictions of the value of such schemes to decision making. We suggest that raising awareness among the public and policy makers, auditing management actions, and informing policy choices are the most important global monitoring objectives. Using four well-developed indicators of biological diversity (extent of forests, coverage of protected areas, Living Planet Index, Red List Index) as examples, we analyzed the characteristics needed for indicators to meet these objectives. We recommend that conservation professionals improve on existing indicators by eliminating spatial biases in data availability, fill gaps in information about ecosystems other than forests, and improve understanding of the way indicators respond to policy changes. Monitoring is not an end in itself, and we believe it is vital that the ultimate objectives of global monitoring of biological diversity inform development of new indicators. ©2010 Society for Conservation Biology.
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Sampling strategies are developed based on the idea of ranked set sampling (RSS) to increase efficiency and therefore to reduce the cost of sampling in fishery research. The RSS incorporates information on concomitant variables that are correlated with the variable of interest in the selection of samples. For example, estimating a monitoring survey abundance index would be more efficient if the sampling sites were selected based on the information from previous surveys or catch rates of the fishery. We use two practical fishery examples to demonstrate the approach: site selection for a fishery-independent monitoring survey in the Australian northern prawn fishery (NPF) and fish age prediction by simple linear regression modelling a short-lived tropical clupeoid. The relative efficiencies of the new designs were derived analytically and compared with the traditional simple random sampling (SRS). Optimal sampling schemes were measured by different optimality criteria. For the NPF monitoring survey, the efficiency in terms of variance or mean squared errors of the estimated mean abundance index ranged from 114 to 199% compared with the SRS. In the case of a fish ageing study for Tenualosa ilisha in Bangladesh, the efficiency of age prediction from fish body weight reached 140%.
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Ao longo dos últimos anos, apesar de todo desenvolvimento e pesquisa, a mortalidade na sepse permanece elevada. Na área de microcirculação foram realizados estudos em modelos experimentais de sepse ao longo das últimas duas décadas, quando se observou, através de técnicas invasivas, alterações como redução expressiva da densidade capilar funcional. A técnica denominada sidestream dark field (SDF) imaging, recentemente desenvolvida, permite a avaliação da microcirculação de forma transcutânea. A utilização desta técnica permitiu evidenciar a redução da densidade capilar funcional em pacientes com sepse grave quando comparado a um indivíduo saudável. Posteriormente, foi demonstrado que alterações persistentes na microcirculação de pacientes sépticos, mesmo com sinais vitais estabilizados, estão associadas com pior prognóstico.Evidentemente, os pacientes com sepse grave ou choque séptico sofrem uma grande quantidade de intervenções terapêuticas, aonde muitas delas alteram a microcirculação. Estudos analisando a microcirculação em pacientes em uso de nitroglicerina, corticóide, recebendo hemotransfusão ou ainda infusão de noradrenalina foram publicados recentemente.Entretanto, até o presente momento, não existem publicações que descrevam a influência dos sedativos na microcirculação de pacientes com choque séptico. As drogas mais comumente utilizadas para sedação de pacientes em ventilação mecânica são o sedativo midazolam e o anestésico propofol. Os objetivos do estudo foram: avaliar o efeito dos principais agentes sedativos utilizados na prática clínica na microcirculação de pacientes com choque séptico utilizando a técnica de sidestream dark field imaging, comparar os efeitos na microcirculação do midazolam com o propofol em pacientes com choque séptico e verificar se existe relação das alterações microcirculatórias provocadas pelos sedativos com as variações de diferentes parâmetros hemodinâmicos, gasométricos ou metabólicos como pressão arterial, índice cardíaco, lactato e saturação venosa central de oxigênio. Foram estudados (estudo prospectivo) 16 pacientes internados no Centro de Terapia Intensiva da Casa de Saúde São José. Os pacientes internados com diagnóstico de choque séptico e que possuíam indicação clínica de ventilação mecânica e de suspensão diária da sedação foram submetidos ao estudo da microcirculação na mucosa sublingual utilizando a técnica de sidestream dark field imaging. Estes pacientes foram sedados conforme orientação do protocolo já existente de sedação, inicialmente com propofol e posteriormente com midazolam. Os principais resultados observados foram:a macrohemodinâmica não diferiu nos 2 momentos do exame, o BIS (bispectral índex of sedation) se manteve na faixa recomendada nos 2 momentos do exame, tendo aumentado quando o paciente acordava, conforme esperado, e a proporção de vasos pequenos perfundidos e o índice de fluxo da microcirculação foram significativamente menores, enquanto o índice de heterogeneidade foi significativamente maior quando os pacientes estavam recebendo infusão de propofol quando comparados com a infusão de midazolam. Concluímos que, em pacientes com choque séptico, a administração de midazolam resulta em uma melhora dos parâmetros microcirculatórios quando comparada com a administração de propofol. Essa diferença não pode ser atribuída a alterações de variáveis hemodinâmicas sistêmicas.
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Micro-photonic SOI Mach-Zehnder interferometers were coated with solid-phase micro-extraction materials derived from polydimethylsiloxane to enable sensing of volatile organic compounds of the BTEX class in air. A different coating based on functionalized mesoporous silicates is used to detect lead Pb(II) with a detection limit of <;; 100 ppb in water.
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In today’s healthcare paradigm, optimal sedation during anesthesia plays an important role both in patient welfare and in the socio-economic context. For the closed-loop control of general anesthesia, two drugs have proven to have stable, rapid onset times: propofol and remifentanil. These drugs are related to their effect in the bispectral index, a measure of EEG signal. In this paper wavelet time–frequency analysis is used to extract useful information from the clinical signals, since they are time-varying and mark important changes in patient’s response to drug dose. Model based predictive control algorithms are employed to regulate the depth of sedation by manipulating these two drugs. The results of identification from real data and the simulation of the closed loop control performance suggest that the proposed approach can bring an improvement of 9% in overall robustness and may be suitable for clinical practice.
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In today’s healthcare paradigm, optimal sedation during anesthesia plays an important role both in patient welfare and in the socio-economic context. For the closed-loop control of general anesthesia, two drugs have proven to have stable, rapid onset times: propofol and remifentanil. These drugs are related to their effect in the bispectral index, a measure of EEG signal. In this paper wavelet time–frequency analysis is used to extract useful information from the clinical signals, since they are time-varying and mark important changes in patient’s response to drug dose. Model based predictive control algorithms are employed to regulate the depth of sedation by manipulating these two drugs. The results of identification from real data and the simulation of the closed loop control performance suggest that the proposed approach can bring an improvement of 9% in overall robustness and may be suitable for clinical practice.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Foram avaliadas possíveis alterações cardiorrespiratórias e no índice biespectral em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano, associado ou não ao tramadol. Utilizaram-se 16 animais, distribuídos em dois grupos denominados GC (grupo-controle) e GT (grupo tramadol). Todos os cães foram induzidos e mantidos sob anestesia com isofluorano. Os animais do GC receberam 0,05ml/kg de solução salina a 0,9% e os do GT 2mg/kg de tramadol, ambos por via intramuscular. Foram avaliados: freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média, eletrocardiografia, freqüência respiratória, saturação de oxiemoglobina, concentração de dióxido de carbono ao final da expiração, índice biespectral e recuperação da anestesia. Concluiu-se que a administração de tramadol em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano não produz alterações nas variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, no índice biespectral e no tempo de recuperação da anestesia, porém proporciona boa qualidade de recuperação anestésica.
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Objective-To evaluate the effects of epidural administration of 3 doses of dexmedetomidine on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) and characterize changes in bispectral index (BIS) induced by nociceptive stimulation used for MAC determination in dogs.Animals-6 adult dogs.Procedures-Isoflurane-anesthetized dogs received physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control treatment) or dexmedetomidine (1.5 [DEX1.5], 3.0 [DEX3], or 6.0 [DEX6] mu g/kg) epidurally in a crossover study. Isoflurane MAC (determined by use of electrical nociceptive stimulation of the hind limb) was targeted to be accomplished at 2 and 4.5 hours. Changes in BIS attributable to nociceptive stimulation and cardiopulmonary data were recorded at each MAC determination.Results-With the control treatment, mean +/- SD MAC values did not change over time (1.57 +/- 0.23% and 1.55 +/- 0.25% at 2 and 4.5 hours, respectively). Compared with the control treatment, MAC was significantly lower at 2 hours (13% reduction) but not at 4.5 hours (7% reduction) in DEX1.5-treated dogs and significantly lower at 2 hours (29% reduction) and 4.5 hours (13% reduction) in DEX3-treated dogs. The DEX6 treatment yielded the greatest MAC reduction (31 % and 22% at 2 and 4.5 hours, respectively). During all treatments, noxious stimulation increased BIS; but changes in BIS were correlated with increases in electromyographic activity.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-In dogs, epidural administration of dexmedetomidine resulted in dose-dependent decreases in isoflurane MAC and that effect decreased over time, Changes in BIS during MAC determinations may not represent increased awareness because of the possible interference of electromyographic activity.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A manutenção de concentração sangüínea alvo-controlada em níveis aproximadamente constantes do propofol é uma técnica que pode ser empregada de modo simplificado na sala de cirurgia. A finalidade desta pesquisa é comparar clínica e laboratorialmente a infusão de propofol em crianças usando os atributos farmacocinéticos de Short e de Marsh. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 41 pacientes com a idade de 4 a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, estado físico ASA I ou II, distribuídos em dois grupos S (20 pacientes) e M (21 pacientes). No Grupo S utilizaram-se os atributos farmacocinéticos de Short, e no Grupo M, os atributos farmacocinéticos de Marsh. A indução anestésica foi feita com bolus de alfentanil 30 µg.kg-1, propofol 3 mg.kg-1 e pancurônio, 0,08 mg.kg-1 por via venosa. Procedeu-se a intubação traqueal e a manutenção com N2O/O2 (60%) em ventilação controlada mecânica. No grupo S a infusão de propofol foi de 254 (30 min) seguido de 216 µg.kg-1.min-1 por mais 30 min. No grupo M a infusão de propofol foi de 208 (30 min) seguido de 170 µg.kg-1.min-1 por mais 30 min. Através do atributo farmacocinético específico a cada grupo a meta foi a obtenção da concentração-alvo de 4 µg.kg-1 de propofol. Foram colhidas três amostras sangüíneas (aos 20, 40 e 60 minutos) para a dosagem do propofol pelo método da Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Performance. RESULTADOS: Os Grupos S e M foram considerados similares quanto à idade, altura, peso e sexo (p > 0,05). Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os dois grupos estudados para os parâmetros: PAS, PAD, FC, FiN2O, SpO2 da hemoglobina e P ET CO2 no final da expiração. A comparação entre grupos no número de bolus repetidos de alfentanil não foi estatisticamente significativa. O índice bispectral (BIS) não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre M0 (vigília) e os demais momentos em ambos os grupos. Os valores Medianos da Performance do Erro (MPE) e os valores Medianos Absolutos da Performance do Erro (MAPE) mostraram diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os grupos no momento 60. Valores medianos da concentração sangüínea de propofol (µg.kg-1) mostraram diferenças estatísticas significativas entre M e S no momento 60 e entre os momentos 40 e 60 no grupo S. CONCLUSÕES: A anestesia com propofol usando os atributos farmacocinéticos de Marsh (Grupo M) apresentou menor erro no cálculo da concentração-alvo de propofol de 4 µg.kg-1. Além disso, utiliza menor quantidade de propofol para obter resultados clínicos semelhantes. Por todas essas qualidades deve ser a preferida para uso em crianças ASA I e com idades entre 4 e 12 anos.
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Backgrounds and Objectives: Both continuous venous anesthesia with propofol and inhalational anesthesia with sevoflurane propitiate fast arousal with few side effects. The aim of this study was to compare the arousal and post anesthestic recovery times in patients submitted to these two agents. Methods: Forty three patient aged 18 to 50 years, physical status I or II, submitted to gynecological laparoscopy were distributed in two groups: G1 - propofol in continuous infusion of 115 μg.kg -1.min -1 and G2 sevoflurane. All the patients were pre-medicated with 7.5 mg midazolam, sufentanil 0.5 μg.kg -1, propofol 2 mg.kg -1, atracurium 0.5 mg.kg -1, N 2O in 50% of oxygen in a no-rebreathing system. The depth of the anesthesia and arousal time were assessed by the Bispectral index (BIS). The time between end of anesthesia and eye opening, time for command response and time for orientation were also evaluated. Results: The times recorded in minutes were: G1 - eye opening 8.2 ± 2.9, command response 8.6 ± 3.1, orientation 9.8 ± 3.4, recovery 31.6 ± 3.8; G2 - eye opening 4.5 ± 3, command response 4.9 ± 3.4, orientation 6.2 ± 3.4, recovery 66 ± 8. Except the recovery time, all the values were larger in G1. Conclusions: Both intravenous propofol or inhalational sevoflurane were considered excellent anesthetic techniques as to recovery time and recovery room discharge. Sevoflurane provided an earlier arousal with a longer recovery room stay as compared to propofol.
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BACKGROUND. This study aimed to evaluate clinical characteristics of epidural anesthesia performed with 0.75% ropivacaine associated with dexmedetomidine. METHODS. Forty patients scheduled for hernia repair or varicose vein surgeries under epidural anesthesia participated in this study. They were assigned to: Control Group (n = 20), 0.75% ropivacaine, 20 ml (150 mg); and Dexmedetomidine Group (n = 20), 0.75% ropivacaine, 20 ml (150 mg), plus dexmedetomidine, 1 μg.kg -1. The following variables were studied: total analgesic block onset time, upper level of analgesia, analgesic and motor block duration time, intensity of motor block, state of consciousness, hemodynamics, postoperative analgesia and incidence of side-effects. RESULTS. Epidural dexmedetomidine did not affect onset time or upper level of anesthesia (p > 0.05) however it prolonged sensory and motor block duration time (p < 0.05) and postoperative analgesia (p < 0.05), and also resulted in a more intense motor block, 1 (p < 0.05). Values of bispectral index were lower in Dexmedetomidine Group (p < 0.05). There was no difference in incidence of hypotension and bradycardia (p > 0.05). Occurrence of side-effects (shivering, vomiting and SpO 2 < 90%) was low and similar between groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION. There is clear synergism between epidural dexmedetomidine and ropivacaine, further this drug association does not bring about additional morbidity.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)