Caratteristiche anatomiche del corpo genicolato mediale nel tursiope (Tursiops truncatus).

La conoscenza del sistema nervoso centrale dei Cetacei si limita alla morfologia esterna, mentre la storia evolutiva, invece, è ben documentata. Il sistema nervoso centrale, che funziona da interfaccia tra il corpo dell’animale e l’ambiente circostante, integra le informazioni afferenti in una reazione adatta alla sopravvivenza dell’individuo. L’aumento o la diminuzione delle aree cerebrali dipende dall’implicazione funzionale che esse hanno per l’organismo e, nel tursiope, quelle particolarmente sviluppate sono connesse alla trasmissione ed elaborazione delle informazioni acustiche comprendendo le cortecce acustiche, il pulvinar, il nucleo genicolato mediale, il collicolo caudale ed alcuni nuclei pontini. Esse sono basilari per la sopravvivenza nell’ ambiente acquatico. Questo studio si è occupato di delineare le caratteristiche citoarchitettoniche (con riferimento alla morfologia ed alle dimensioni dei neuroni) e l'espressione della calbindina-D28k del corpo genicolato mediale, importante centro di integrazione delle informazioni acustiche. Le sue caratteristiche morfofunzionali sono state studiate soprattutto nei Roditori, nei Carnivori e nei Primati, ed è emersa la presenza di tre aree citoarchitettoniche: nucleo dorsale (MGd), nucleo ventrale (MGv) e nucleo mediale (MGm). Nel tursiope, in base alla densità di distribuzione dei neuroni, si possono evidenziare, invece, due nuclei principali: il ventro-laterale ed il dorso-mediale. Nel primo nucleo i neuroni presenti appaiono più densamente stipati che nel secondo. Nel corpo genicolato mediale di tursiope, come nei Chirotteri, le cellule calbindina-D28k-immunoreattive sono distribuite in maniera diffusa ed uniforme. Tali cellule ricevono informazioni modulatorie afferenti soprattutto dalla corteccia cerebrale; di conseguenza è possibile ipotizzare come le infomazioni modulatorie che dalla neocorteccia si portano al corpo genicolato mediale non terminino in aree specifiche, come accade in molti Mammiferi terrestri, ma si distribuiscano in maniera diffusa a tutto il corpo. Tale caratteristica anatomica potrebbe indicare la presenza di un maggior controllo modulatorio, eventualmente correlato al fenomeno dell’ecolocazione, operato dalla corteccia cerebrale sul corpo genicolato mediale.

Phobic anxiety in 11 nations: Part I: Dimensional constancy of the five-factor model

The Fear Survey Schedule-III (FSS-III) was administered to a total of 5491 students in Australia, East Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, and Venezuela, and submitted to the multiple group method of confirmatory analysis (MGM) in order to determine the cross-national dimensional constancy of the five-factor model of self-assessed fears originally established in Dutch, British, and Canadian samples. The model comprises fears of bodily injury-illness-death, agoraphobic fears, social fears, fears of sexual and aggressive scenes, and harmless animals fears. Close correspondence between the factors was demonstrated across national samples. In each country, the corresponding scales were internally consistent, were intercorrelated at magnitudes comparable to those yielded in the original samples, and yielded (in 93% of the total number of 55 comparisons) sex differences in line with the usual finding (higher scores for females). In each country, the relatively largest sex differences were obtained on harmless animals fears. The organization of self-assessed fears is sufficiently similar across nations to warrant the use of the same weight matrix (scoring key) for the FSS-III in the different countries and to make cross-national comparisons feasible. This opens the way to further studies that attempt to predict (on an a priori basis) cross-national variations in fear levels with dimensions of national cultures. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spectroscopic analysis of terrestrial analogues for the interpretation of surface composition of rocky bodies in the solar system. Effects of mineral mixing and particle size. Applications to moon, mars and implications for mercury.

Among the Solar System’s bodies, Moon, Mercury and Mars are at present, or have been in the recent years, object of space missions aimed, among other topics, also at improving our knowledge about surface composition. Between the techniques to detect planet’s mineralogical composition, both from remote and close range platforms, visible and near-infrared reflectance (VNIR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool, because crystal field absorption bands are related to particular transitional metals in well-defined crystal structures, e.g., Fe2+ in M1 and M2 sites of olivine or pyroxene (Burns, 1993). Thanks to the improvements in the spectrometers onboard the recent missions, a more detailed interpretation of the planetary surfaces can now be delineated. However, quantitative interpretation of planetary surface mineralogy could not always be a simple task. In fact, several factors such as the mineral chemistry, the presence of different minerals that absorb in a narrow spectral range, the regolith with a variable particle size range, the space weathering, the atmosphere composition etc., act in unpredictable ways on the reflectance spectra on a planetary surface (Serventi et al., 2014). One method for the interpretation of reflectance spectra of unknown materials involves the study of a number of spectra acquired in the laboratory under different conditions, such as different mineral abundances or different particle sizes, in order to derive empirical trends. This is the methodology that has been followed in this PhD thesis: the single factors previously listed have been analyzed, creating, in the laboratory, a set of terrestrial analogues with well-defined composition and size. The aim of this work is to provide new tools and criteria to improve the knowledge of the composition of planetary surfaces. In particular, mixtures composed with different content and chemistry of plagioclase and mafic minerals have been spectroscopically analyzed at different particle sizes and with different mineral relative percentages. The reflectance spectra of each mixture have been analyzed both qualitatively (using the software ORIGIN®) and quantitatively applying the Modified Gaussian Model (MGM, Sunshine et al., 1990) algorithm. In particular, the spectral parameter variations of each absorption band have been evaluated versus the volumetric FeO% content in the PL phase and versus the PL modal abundance. This delineated calibration curves of composition vs. spectral parameters and allow implementation of spectral libraries. Furthermore, the trends derived from terrestrial analogues here analyzed and from analogues in the literature have been applied for the interpretation of hyperspectral images of both plagioclase-rich (Moon) and plagioclase-poor (Mars) bodies.

Solid biofuel production by mechanical pre-treatment of brewers' spent grain

The brewing industry produces large amounts of by-products and wastes like brewers' spent grain (BSG). In Germany, each year approximately 2.1 million tonnes of BSG are generated. During the last years conventional routes of BSG utilization face a remarkable change, such as the decline in the demand as animal feed. Due to its high content of organic matter energetic utilization may create an additional economic value for breweries. Furthermore, in the recent past breweries tend to shift their energy supply towards more sustainable concepts. Although, a decent number of research projects were carried out already, still no mature strategy is available. However, one possible solution can be the mechanical pretreatment of BSG. This step allows optimized energy utilization by the fractionation of BSG. Due to the transfer of digestible components, such as protein, to the liquid phase, the solid phase will largely consist of combustible components. That represents an opportunity to produce a solid biofuel with lower fuelnitrogen content compared to only thermal dried BSG. Therefore, two main purposes for the mechanical pre-treatment were determined, (1) to reduce the moisture content to at least 60 % (w/w) and (2) to diminish the protein content of the solid phase by 30 %. Moreover, the combustion trials should demonstrate whether stable processes and flue gas emissions within the legal limits in Germany are feasible. The results of the mechanical pre-treatment trials showed that a decrease of the moisture and protein content has been achieved. With regard to the combustion trials inconsistent outcomes were found. On the one hand a stable combustion was realized. On the other hand the legal emission levels of NOx (500 mgm -3) and dust (50 mgm-3) could not be kept during all trials. The further research steps will focus on the optimization of the air/fuel ratio by reducing the primary and secondary air conditions. Copyright © 2014,AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.

Parasite-host interaction of the protoplast isolates of Entomophthora egressa with the eastern hemlock looper and the eastern spruce budworm

Hemocytes of the insects Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria and Choristoneura fumiferana did not adhere to the protoplasts of ~he fungus EntomoEhthora egressa. Hemocyte reaction for both insect species to test-particles was not suppressed by the protoplasts. The spherule cells of _-L. fiscellaria fiscellaria adhered to the spherical hyphal bodies and hyphae of ~· ~gressa. The granular cells of -c. fumiferana adhered to the hyphae of ~· egress~. Protoplasts exposed to papain were attacked by the granular ·cells of -c. fumiferana. Spent growth medium of both protoplast isolates produced paralysis when injected into -c. fumiferana larvae. Evidence suggests that heat-stable proteins may be involved. Protoplast isolates showed differences in the growth rates and regeneration sequences using coagulated egg yolk medium, a highly modified version of Grace's insect tissue . culture medium (MGM) and modifications of MGM and in the presence of C0₂. The isolates also differed in the changes that they induced in MGM composition during protoplast growth and in the rates of glucose utilization and protein secretion. The serum of c. fumiferana larvae contained protein(s) which we believe adhere to the cell membranes of the protoplasts of E. egressa. Evidence is presented for hemocyteplasn~ interaction in the presence of protoplasts. Components in the larval serum were found to influence protoplast growth patterns. The possibility of antiprotoplast serum activity is presented. Melanin, toxic levels of ninhydrinpositive compounds and antiprotoplast proteins may have been involved in this activity. The granular cells of -L. fiscellaria fiscellaria and Q• fumiferana adhered to the hyphae of ,Rhizopus ~i$rican~. Spores of Absidia repens and the bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus adhered to the granular cells of both species of· insects. The granular cells and plasmatocytes of -c. fumiferana were capable of phagocytosing -B. cereus. Adhesion of .A... . repens spores to c. fumiferana granular cells ~ . - was stimulated by N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine, moderately reduced by D-fucose, D-arabinose, D-mannose, D-galatose and sucrose and mildly reduced by D-glucose, D-fructose and trehalose. There was no evidence of humoral opsonins in larval hemolymph favoring test-particle-hemocyte interaction. Granular cells of c. fumiferana exposed to papain had reduced affinities for A. repens spores.

Activation of Serotonin 2C Receptors in Dopamine Neurons Inhibits Binge-like Eating in Mice

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (Grant Nos. R01DK093587 and R01DK101379 [to YX], R01DK092605 to [QT], R01DK078056 [to MM]), the Klarman Family Foundation (to YX), the Naman Family Fund for Basic Research (to YX), Curtis Hankamer Basic Research Fund (to YX), American Diabetes Association (Grant Nos. 7-13-JF-61 [to QW] and 1-15-BS-184 [to QT]), American Heart Association postdoctoral fellowship (to PX), Wellcome Trust (Grant No. WT098012 [to LKH]), and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Grant No. BB/K001418/1 [to LKH]). The anxiety tests (e.g., open-field test, light-dark test, elevated plus maze test) were performed in the Mouse Neurobehavior Core, Baylor College of Medicine, which was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant No. P30HD024064. PX and YH were involved in experimental design and most of the procedures, data acquisition and analyses, and writing the manuscript. XC assisted in the electrophysiological recordings; LV-T assisted in the histology study; XY, KS, CW, YY, AH, LZ, and GS assisted in surgical procedures and production of study mice. MGM, QW, QT, and LKH were involved in study design and writing the manuscript. YX is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. The authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

The Cameraman

In this novel segment titled The Cameraman, a fictionalized version of silent film icon Buster Keaton grapples with his newfound role at big picture studio MGM, which has stripped him of his creative influence. For the first time in his career, Buster must operate with little authority in what was the beginning of the Hollywood studio system. This excerpt’s narrative present takes place in New York City in 1928 during the filming of The Cameraman, with flashbacks to Los Angeles in 1927, prior to the filming. The close third-person narrator examines what it means for Buster to be famous, to be an artist, and what happens when public and private identities are conflated.

Disoluciones

La conferencia trata de exponer algunas diferencias , que desde el proyecto arquitectónico, se plantean entre la idea de “paradigma” frente al de “ estrategia”. Para ello explicaremos , a través de algunas obras y proyectos, de nuestra oficina ,MGM.Morales de Giles arqtos, estas disyuntivas. Modos de abordar el trabajo proyectual, atentos a los nuevos sentidos que adquieren los espacios de relación en la ciudad , y de los edificios públicos. Asimismo, se plantearán las implicaciones en los modos de habitar, desde la casa a la ciudad.

Metodologia de Cuidados Humanitude® - A Importância da Relação e a sua Profissionalização na Prestação de Cuidados

O crescente aumento das pessoas idosas com demências, com Sintomas Comportamentais e Psicológicos da Demência (SCPD), (agitação, agressividade, desorientação, recusa nos cuidados, força contrária), polimedicadas e com complicações resultantes da situação de acamamento, tornou-se um dos maiores desafios do sistema de saúde para o qual nem as instituições nem os cuidadores estão preparados. Esta situação leva frequentemente à institucionalização, ao acamamento e a complicações da imobilização (diminuição da autonomia, maior risco de ulceras de pressão, perda do equilíbrio e aumento do risco de queda).Situação agravada com as dificuldades dos cuidadores em prestar os cuidados, por falta de capacitação, consumindo mais tempo e energia física e mental, levando ao burnout e turnover, contribuindo fortemente para o aumento do custo operacional por cama e do tempo de internamento. A Metodologia de Cuidados Humanitude de Gineste e Marescotti(MGM) tem produzido mudanças assinaláveis nas instituições onde foi implementada, tendo-se obtido ganhos em saúde muito significativos, nomeadamente no bem-estar da pessoa cuidada, por ser bem cuidada, e do cuidador, por estar a prestar um cuidado de excelência (Gineste, Pellissier, 2008; Simões, Rodrigues e Salgueiro, 2011). Esta metodologia assenta em 4 pilares fundamentais: olhar, palavra, toque e verticalidade e dispõem de 150 técnicas que promovem a verticalização, operacionalizam a humanização, profissionalizam a relação entre o cuidador e a pessoa cuidada. Por focar primariamente a sua atenção no potencial da pessoa cuidada, estimulando-a a participar ativamente em todos os cuidados, gera importantes ganhos na sua autonomia e independência da pessoa cuidada. Esta metodologia, inovadora e económica, com ganhos cientificamente validados a nível nacional e internacional, surge então como uma das principais soluções para os importantes desafios de saúde atuais, como o aumento da dependência das pessoas idosas com demências, da complexidade dos seus cuidados e consequentes custos operacionais, contribuindo para a sustentabilidade do Sistema Nacional de Saúde.