Utilisation of local ingredients in commercial pig feeds

The long-term competitiveness of the both the Vietnamese feed and pig production industries are constrained and under pressure whilst the industry is dependent on the use of imported feed ingredients in diets for animal production. These cost pressures are a result of import taxes, transport costs, currency fluctuations and feed supply limitations. By undertaking studies on available resources which are currently under-utilised and with potential as local feeds, we can prove their suitability for use as feedstuffs in pig diets and as replacements for imported feed ingredients. In undertaking this process we can lower feeding costs for pig production in Vietnam by the use of local feeds which are cheaper, generate new industries in Vietnam harvesting or processing these feeds and increase the incomes of Vietnamese workers who are involved in producing these by-products. Our project has shown that rubber seed, when processed correctly to lower the hydrogen cyanide content, is a safe and suitable protein meal feedstuff for use in pig diets with the potential to replace significant quantities of imported soybean and fishmeal in Vietnamese pig diets as long as diets are balanced for any amino acid shortfalls. Our peanut studies have shown that use of binders can help alleviate pig production problems with aflatoxin content in peanut meals. Further work is needed to characterise the fate of the bound aflatoxin to see if there is any meat residue risk. Cassava residue is a resultant by-product from starch extraction in both large and small cassava processing factories. Sub-samples from these two mill types were collected and evaluated for residue HCN. Analyses has shown that the processing and sun drying results in a product with relatively consistent low HCN content. Chemical analyses also reveal that significant residual starch also remains in this by-product. Digestibility studies and pig performance feeding studies have shown that cassava residue can be included in diets at 30% with no adverse effect, although the higher fibre content of this product means that strategically, cassava residue is more suitably used in finisher and sow diets. Research has examined the digestible energy content of a number of sunflower meal types available in Australia and identified major differences in their energy value based on processing, additionally, amino acid analysis has shown a significantly lower lysine content than previous reported. We also examined the digestible energy content of a number of Australian stylo forage legume harvest batches and identified the differences in their energy value based on age/harvest time of the forage legume. Analysis results of various stylo cuts showed that the early cut stylo has a higher starch content and lower fibre fraction content than observed in late and recut stylo which were allowed to grow longer. As a result the faecal digestible energy content was higher for the early cut stylo than for the subsequent cut stylo material which had been allowed to become woody. The results have shown that feeding of stylo meal does provide some nutritive value to the pig with increased energy and nitrogen supply, with a portion of the nitrogen presented which the pig is able to retain. Based on nutrient and fibre content stylo could have a useful role in sow feeding and satiety under non-stall housing situations. With increasing Vietnamese investment in rubber production seen with larger areas under plantations the amounts of rubber seed available for animal feeding will grow significantly over the next 15 years and the importance of the by-product ie rubber seed meal as a protein source in diets for Vietnamese pigs.

Redevances forestièrse annuelles et développement local au Cameroun : expériences de deux communes rurales : une analyse anthropologique

Notre thèse étudie les liens entre les « redevances forestières annuelles » (RFA) et le « développement local » dans deux communes du Cameroun. Ce travail anthropologique s’inscrit dans le débat qui se fait à l’échelle internationale relativement au rôle et au devenir des populations locales dans la gestion des ressources naturelles. Dans le passé, la gestion des redevances forestières annuelles (RFA) a été, dans les pays d’Afrique centrale et au Cameroun en particulier, sous la seule responsabilité de l’État central. Une telle politique n’offrait pas la garantie nécessaire à l’utilisation durable de ces ressources qui sont indispensables à la vie des populations villageoises riveraines et à l’équilibre de l’environnement. Profitant de la crise des années 1980 et 1990 en Afrique, le FMI et la Banque mondiale ont exercé une pression sur les États africains pour qu’ils revoient, en conformité avec la Conférence de Rio (1992), leurs politiques en matière de gestion et de conservation des ressources forestières. Dans le bassin du Congo, le Cameroun a été le tout premier pays à réviser, en 1994, ses lois forestières par le biais d’une décentralisation de la fiscalité forestière : les taxes perçues furent réparties entre l’État, les collectivités territoriales décentralisées et les populations villageoises riveraines. Les fonds transférés aux communes et aux populations riveraines devaient servir au développement local en contribuant notamment à l’amélioration des conditions générales de vie des populations à travers la réalisation d’œuvres sociales, l’adduction d’eau, la construction et l’entretien des routes, des écoles, des cases de santé, etc. Dans les faits, l’impact de la fiscalité forestière décentralisée reste à ce jour encore peu visible sur la dynamique du développement local des communes. Notre projet de recherche doctorale prend place dans le domaine d’une anthropologie du développement centrée sur l’étude des solutions que les populations locales apportent aux problèmes auxquels elles sont confrontées dans leur vie de tous les jours. L’analyse des impacts que les politiques de développement économique exercent sur les populations villageoises d’Afrique est ici à l’avant-plan, pas seulement au sens d’une critique des politiques étatiques en matière d’exploitation forestière, mais aussi au sens d’une meilleure compréhension des conditions de mise en œuvre de ces politiques et de l’impact de celles-ci sur les populations villageoises, tant sur le plan des avantages financiers directs que des transformations écologiques que les activités forestières introduisent dans les pratiques agricoles des villageois. Sur le plan méthodologique, il faut noter que ce fut très difficile d’obtenir les informations nécessaires, notre sujet d’étude se révélant être très sensible quant à sa portée politique. Nous avons néanmoins pu recueillir un solide ensemble de données par le biais d’une démarche de proximité de type qualitatif qui a été conduite dans deux communes forestières qui représentent deux réalités différentes en matière de gestion des RFA. La collecte des données a été faite, de manière intensive, dans sept villages qui répondaient à nos critères : nous avons ainsi pu étudier, de manière approfondie, la situation des groupes sociaux les plus défavorisés qui sont exclus dans le partage des revenus forestiers. Pour construire notre cadre théorique, nous avons combiné des éléments empruntés aux théories environnementales, à l’anthropologie économique et à l’analyse des modes de gestion. Il faut noter, par ailleurs, que l’anthropologue n’est ni un aménagiste, ni un environnementaliste, ni un spécialiste des études managériales. Nous avons conduit notre étude comparative dans les communes concernées en nous fixant pour objectif de comprendre les mécanismes de gestion des RFA mis en place par les leaders locaux et d’évaluer leur impact sur l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations villageoises et sur leur écosystème. Notre préoccupation était de savoir si les RFA constituent des vecteurs de développement socioéconomique pour des populations vivant dans et de la forêt.

Mineração, finanças públicas e desenvolvimento local no município de Barcarena - Pará

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo discutir de que forma a implantação dos projetos de beneficiamento mineral (Albrás, Alunorte, Pará Pigmentos e Imerys Rio Capim Caulim) tem impactado as finanças públicas de Barcarena, e como a prefeitura tem alocado esses recursos para a potencialização do desenvolvimento local. A alocação destes recursos teve como referência as obras físicas, contidas no Plano Plurianual de Barcarena (2002-2005) elaborado pela equipe da primeira gestão do prefeito Laurival Magno Cunha (2001-2004). A pesquisa esta estruturada em dois marcos temporais. No primeiro procuro analisar o município antes da implantação dos projetos minerais, ou seja, as décadas de 1970 e 1980, onde a dinâmica municipal é analisada a partir de dados populacionais, econômicos e das finanças públicas. No segundo marco temporal, procuro investigar o município apos à implantação dos projetos minerais. Neste sentido, estes projetos são estudados a partir da contribuição dos mesmos para a geração de empregos, investimentos realizados em projetos de cidadania e meio ambiente além dos impostos recolhidos por estas empresas. Em seguida, são analisadas a alocação das receitas e as obras físicas contidas no PPA (2002-2005) verificadas através de trabalho de campo se foram ou não realizadas. No trabalho de campo, realizou-se entrevistas com seis representantes dos movimentos sociais, quatro representantes do poder público local, além das empresas estudas. Finalmente é discutido o desenvolvimento local a apartir da visão e lutas dos movimentos sociais de Barcarena onde a participação ou não destes na gestão das obras físicas municipais durante a gestão 2001-2004 figura como ponto principal de investigação da pesquisa.

Posibilidad y límite de las movilizaciones contra las retenciones móviles : Interpretaciones desde una realidad local sobre "el conflicto del campo"

El rótulo "conflicto del campo" alude a un conjunto de acontecimientos complejos protagonizados por diversos actores durante el primer semestre del año 2008. El trasfondo fue la resolución número 125 del Ministerio de Economía de la Nación, que establecía retenciones móviles a la exportación de soja, maíz, trigo y girasol. Parte fundamental de este fenómeno fueron las muchas personas que organizaron cortes de rutas y campamentos en ciudades y pueblos del interior del país. Estos grupos fueron quienes efectivamente llevaron adelante la protesta y dieron fuerza y capacidad de negociación a las corporaciones agropecuarias nucleadas en la "mesa de enlace". Por esta razón, se cree necesario analizar los factores que hicieron posible la emergencia de estos pequeños, pero numerosos focos de protesta. Para ello, se analizará la influencia del entorno inmediato de los productores rurales sobre la dinámica del reclamo a nivel local en un escenario específico, teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva de los distintos actores que, voluntariamente o no, se vieron involucrados en los hechos

Posibilidad y límite de las movilizaciones contra las retenciones móviles : Interpretaciones desde una realidad local sobre "el conflicto del campo"

El rótulo "conflicto del campo" alude a un conjunto de acontecimientos complejos protagonizados por diversos actores durante el primer semestre del año 2008. El trasfondo fue la resolución número 125 del Ministerio de Economía de la Nación, que establecía retenciones móviles a la exportación de soja, maíz, trigo y girasol. Parte fundamental de este fenómeno fueron las muchas personas que organizaron cortes de rutas y campamentos en ciudades y pueblos del interior del país. Estos grupos fueron quienes efectivamente llevaron adelante la protesta y dieron fuerza y capacidad de negociación a las corporaciones agropecuarias nucleadas en la "mesa de enlace". Por esta razón, se cree necesario analizar los factores que hicieron posible la emergencia de estos pequeños, pero numerosos focos de protesta. Para ello, se analizará la influencia del entorno inmediato de los productores rurales sobre la dinámica del reclamo a nivel local en un escenario específico, teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva de los distintos actores que, voluntariamente o no, se vieron involucrados en los hechos

Posibilidad y límite de las movilizaciones contra las retenciones móviles : Interpretaciones desde una realidad local sobre "el conflicto del campo"

El rótulo "conflicto del campo" alude a un conjunto de acontecimientos complejos protagonizados por diversos actores durante el primer semestre del año 2008. El trasfondo fue la resolución número 125 del Ministerio de Economía de la Nación, que establecía retenciones móviles a la exportación de soja, maíz, trigo y girasol. Parte fundamental de este fenómeno fueron las muchas personas que organizaron cortes de rutas y campamentos en ciudades y pueblos del interior del país. Estos grupos fueron quienes efectivamente llevaron adelante la protesta y dieron fuerza y capacidad de negociación a las corporaciones agropecuarias nucleadas en la "mesa de enlace". Por esta razón, se cree necesario analizar los factores que hicieron posible la emergencia de estos pequeños, pero numerosos focos de protesta. Para ello, se analizará la influencia del entorno inmediato de los productores rurales sobre la dinámica del reclamo a nivel local en un escenario específico, teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva de los distintos actores que, voluntariamente o no, se vieron involucrados en los hechos

Guide to reporting highway statistics: procedures for the compilation, analysis and reporting of: state motor-fuel, motor-vehicle, driver-license and motor-carrier data; highway finance data of state and local governments.

Mode of access: Internet.

Aggregates of Polls, Property and Taxes as Assessed

1914-1940 In 2 Parts; Pt.1, as Assessed Jan1 (1914-34, Apr.1); Pt.2, as Assessed In Dec. (with Title: Aggregates of Property and Taxes)

Local government revenue from oil and gas production

Oil and gas production generates substantial revenue for state and local governments. This report examines revenue from oil and gas production flowing to local governments through four mechanisms: (i) state taxes or fees on oil and gas production; (ii) local property taxes on oil and gas property; (iii) leasing of state-owned land; and (iv) leasing of federally owned land. We examine every major oil- and gas-producing state and find that the share of oil and gas production value allocated to and collected by local governments ranges widely, from 0.5 percent to more than 9 percent due to numerous policy differences among states. School districts and trust funds endowing future school operations tend to see the highest share of revenue, followed by counties. Municipalities and other local governments with more limited geographic boundaries tend to receive smaller shares of oil and gas driven revenue. Some states utilize grant programs to allocate revenue to where impacts from the industry are greatest. Others send most revenue to state operating or trust funds, with little revenue earmarked specifically for local governments.

Local fiscal effects of oil and gas development in eight states

Oil and gas production in the United States has increased dramatically in the past 10 years. This growth has important implications for local governments, which often see new revenues from a variety of sources: property taxes on oil and gas property, sales taxes driven by the oil and gas workforce, allocations of state revenues from severance taxes or state and federal leases, leases on local government land, and contributions from oil and gas companies to support local services. At the same time, local governments tend to experience a range of new costs such as road damage caused by heavy industry truck traffic, increased demand for emergency services and law enforcement, and challenges with workforce retention. This report examines county and municipal fiscal effects in 14 oil- and gas-producing regions of eight states: AK, CA, KS, OH, OK, NM, UT, and WV. We find that for most local governments, oil and gas development—whether new or longstanding—has a positive effect on local public finances. However, effects can vary substantially due to a variety of local factors and policy issues. For some local governments, particularly those in rural regions experiencing large increases in development, revenues have not kept pace with rapidly increased costs and demand for services, particularly on road repair.