Jac. Ahrenberg ja historian perintö : Restaurointisuunnitelmat Viipurin ja Turun linnoihin 1800-luvun lopussa

Jac. Ahrenberg and Patrimony Restoration Plans for Viipuri and Turku Castles at the End of the 19th Century This dissertation examines the unrealized restoration plans for two castles in the Grand Duchy of Finland one located at Viipuri (Vyborg, nowadays in Russia), the other at Turku (in Swedish, Åbo) during the last decades of the 19th century. Both castles were used as prisons, barracks and warehouses. From the middle of the 19th century on, their restoration and transformation into museums and "national monuments" were demanded in the newspapers. The prison reform in the 1860s stimulated the documentation and debate concerning their future, but it was only at the beginning of the 1880s when their restoration became an official state-run project. The undertaking was carried out by Johan Jacob (Jac.) Ahrenberg (1847 1914), architect of the National Board of Public Buildings. By combining written sources with drawings and photographs, this dissertation examines the restoration projects, the two castles' significance and the ways in which they were investigated by scholars. The plans are analyzed in connection with restoration practices in France and Sweden and in the context of contemporary discussions concerning national art and patrimony. The thesis argues that these former castles of the Swedish crown were used to manifest the western roots of Finnish law and order, the lineage of power and the capacity of the nation to defend itself. However, because of their symbolism, their restoration became a politically delicate question concerning the role of the Swedish heritage in Finland's nation-building process. According to Jac. Ahrenberg's plans, the two castles were to be restored to their assumed appearance at the time of the Vasa dynasty. Consequently, the structures would have resembled castles in Sweden. It is suggested that one aim of the restoration plans was to transform the two buildings into monuments testifying to the common history of Sweden and Finland. They were meant to consolidate the Swedish basis of Finnish culture and autonomy and thus to secure them against the threatening implications of Russian imperialism. It seems that along with the changing ideals of architectural restoration and the need for an original Finnish architectural heritage, the political connotations associated with the castles were one reason why Jac. Ahrenberg's restoration plans were never realized.

Effect of analytical conditions in wavelength dispersive electron microprobe analysis on the measurement of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios in otoliths of anadromous salmonids

The use of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios in otoliths is becoming a standard method to describe life history type and the chronology of migrations between freshwater and seawater habitats in teleosts (e.g. Kalish, 1990; Radtke et al., 1990; Secor, 1992; Rieman et al., 1994; Radtke, 1995; Limburg, 1995; Tzeng et al. 1997; Volk et al., 2000; Zimmerman, 2000; Zimmerman and Reeves, 2000, 2002). This method provides critical information concerning the relationship and ecology of species exhibiting phenotypic variation in migratory behavior (Kalish, 1990; Secor, 1999). Methods and procedures, however, vary among laboratories because a standard method or protocol for measurement of Sr in otoliths does not exist. In this note, we examine the variations in analytical conditions in an effort to increase precision of Sr/Ca measurements. From these findings we argue that precision can be maximized with higher beam current (although there is specimen damage) than previously recommended by Gunn et al. (1992).

Isotopic assessment of sources and processes affecting sulfate and nitrate in surface water and groundwater of Luxembourg

Surface water and deep and shallow groundwater samples were taken from selected parts of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg to determine the isotopic composition of nitrate and sulfate, in order to identify sources and/or processes affecting these solutes. Deep groundwater had sulfate concentrations between 20 and 40 mg/L, d34Ssulfate values between -3.0 and -20.0‰, and d18Osulfate values between +1.5 and +5.0‰; nitrate was characterized by concentrations varying between

The loss of Normandy and the invention of Terre Normannorum, 1204

The conquest of Normandy by Philip Augustus of France effectively ended the ‘Anglo-Norman’ realm created in 1066, forcing cross-Channel landholders to choose between their English and their Norman estates. The best source for the resulting tenurial upheaval in England is the Rotulus de valore terrarum Normannorum, a list of seized properties and their former holders, and this article seeks to expand our understanding of the impact of the loss of Normandy through a detailed analysis of this document. First, it demonstrates that the compilation of the roll can be divided into two distinct stages, the first containing valuations taken before royal justices in June 1204 and enrolled before the end of July, and the second consisting of returns to orders for the valuation of particular properties issued during the summer and autumn, as part of the process by which these estates were committed to new holders. Second, study of the roll and other documentary sources permits a better understanding of the order for the seizure of the lands of those who had remained in Normandy, the text of which does not survive. This establishes that this royal order was issued in late May 1204 and, further, that it enjoined the temporary seizure rather than the permanent confiscation of these lands. Moreover, the seizure was not retrospective and covers a specific window of time in 1204. On the one hand, this means that the roll is far from a comprehensive record of terre Normannorum. On the other hand, it is possible to correlate the identities of those Anglo-Norman landholders whose English estates were seized with the military progress of the French king through the duchy in May and June and thus shed new light on the campaign of 1204. Third, the article considers the initial management of the seized estates and highlights the fact that, when making arrangements for the these lands, John was primarily concerned to maintain his freedom of manoeuvre, since he was not prepared to accept that Normandy had been lost for good.

Absence of cross-reactivity to myeloperoxidase of anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases

Background: Thyroperoxidase is the major antigen of the thyroid microsomal antibodies (TMA) detected in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Its amino acid sequence has 44% homology with myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme present in the primary granules of neutrophils and one of the major antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) antigens. The objective of the present study was to investigate the presence of cross-reactivity to MPO of TMA. Methods: We studied sera from 51 patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases, all of them TMA-positive. The presence of ANCA was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence and by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: ANCA were positive in 3.9% of the TMA-positive sera and none of them reacted with MPO. In contrast, the ANCA-positive sera revealed antielastase activity. None of the ANCA-positive cases presented clinical signs of vasculitis. However, these 2 patients had been on prolonged treatment with propylthiouracil. Conclusions: We conclude that there is no cross-reactivity to MPO of TMA in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases, possibly because of difference in the spatial configuration of the immunodominant region. The presence of ANCA in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases without evidence of vasculitis might result from propylthiouracil-induced polyclonal activation.

Cataract Remains an Important Cause of Blindness in Campinas, Brazil

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of blindness in the elderly population of Campinas, Brazil, and to describe the coverage and quality of cataract surgery services in the area. Methods: A brief assessment of cataract surgery services (using the RACSS (Rapid Assessment of Cataract Surgical Services Method) was conducted using random cluster sampling, with a sample composed of 60 clusters of 40 people aged 50 years or older. Visual acuity (VA) was measured and the lens status observed by direct visual ophthalmoscopy. From the selected sample of 2,400 subjects, 92.67% were examined. Results: Blindness (VA 3/60 with available correction) was found in 1.98 % (2.03 % among male subjects, and 1.94 % among female subjects). The prevalence of blindness varied with age, from 0.2%, in the group from 50 to 54 years, to 7.2% in those above 80. Cataract was the main cause of blindness (40.2%) followed by suspected posterior segment disorders (18.2%), diabetic retinopathy (15.9%), and glaucoma (11.4%). The cataract surgical coverage was of 93% (VA 3/60) and 82.18% when the criterion was VA 6/60 in the best eye. The main reasons the subjects did not receive surgical treatment were: fear of undergoing surgery, 11.1%; lack of awareness about the condition, 16.7%; waiting for maturity, 16.7%; and contraindication to surgery, 44.4%. Conclusion: Cataract is the major cause of blindness in Campinas. Education on eye diseases, their prevention and treatment must become part of the city's public healthcare policies.

Genus: Strelitzia

This review aimed to show the importance of Strelitzia in Floriculture. The genus named after the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, birthplace of Queen Charlotte of United Kingdom. A commom name of the genus is bird of paradise flower, because of a supposed resemblance of its flowers to the bird of paradise. In this context, it is currently a growing interest in exotic cultures, with tropical characteristics, such as species of the family Strelitziaceae. Thus, it was observed that the production of agricultural activity, Strelitzia is one of increasing social and economic importance in the world.

Un protagonista del commercio librario nell'Italia dei lumi: Moïsè Beniamino Foà (1730-1821)

Nell’alveo delle indagini sulla storia del commercio librario nell’Italia del Settecento, attente a individuare i legami fra circolazione del libro, diffusione delle idee illuministe e riforme politiche nella seconda metà del secolo, la ricerca ha l’obiettivo di offrire un quadro articolato della fisionomia di un mercante del libro attivo nel periodo più intenso del riformismo estense nel ducato di Modena: Moïsè Beniamino Foà (1730-1821). Il primo capitolo della tesi riguarda le cariche ufficiali che questi ricoprì al servizio delle istituzioni culturali promosse da Francesco III d’Este, le vicende che lo implicarono nelle maglie della censura e il suo impegno civile e politico a favore dei processi di emancipazione degli ebrei in età giacobina e napoleonica. Il secondo tenta di interpretare la genesi della sua fortuna economica attraverso l’esame del testamento e dell’inventario dell’asse ereditario: nel panorama di precarietà dei mestieri del libro dal secolo dei lumi ai primi decenni della Restaurazione, pare arduo individuare un libraio comparabile a Foà per solidità e capacità di investimento. All’analisi della clientela del mercante è dedicato il terzo capitolo, che si sviluppa seguendo il filo dei rapporti diplomatici intessuti da Francesco III con le corti italiane nell’orbita dell’influenza politica e culturale asburgica. Si descrivono, quindi, i viaggi europei e la rete dei contatti commerciali che garantirono la ricchezza dell’offerta rispecchiata dai numerosi cataloghi librari pubblicati nel corso di oltre un cinquantennio. Di questi si offre una descrizione bibliografica e quantitativa con un affondo sulla diffusione del libro scientifico. Con la fisionomia del mercante viaggiatore, Foà coniugava quella dell’erudito bibliofilo: la ricerca si conclude con la presentazione della sua biblioteca e dei suoi rapporti con i filologi dell’epoca.

The transformation of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

This article focuses on the design process for the transformation of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam (1885, by P.J.H. Cuypers), with special attention for the evolution of the design by Cruz y Ortiz arquitectos and the associated history of ideas. How did opinions on the intervention evolve from the concept for a masterplan in 1996 to the realized project? To what extent were all those diverse ambitions regarding the city, the monument and the museum realized? What was the role of the designers, not only referring to Cruz y Ortiz, but also to Van Hoogevest Architecten (restoration) and Wilmotte & Associés (interior)? How did the design evolve in a complex and ambitious context involving a great many interested parties, and what effect did this have on the design process from the first sketches to the ultimately realized renovation?

Mekîrat Yôsēf

[Baermann von Limburg]

Die deutsche Verfassungs-Frage

Boberach: Im Rahmen der noch bestehenden Verfassung des Deutschen Bundes soll der Bundestag durch eine exekutive Zentralgewalt, Staatenhaus und Volkshaus, welches zunächst durch die Deutsche Nationalversammlung verkörpert ist, ersetzt werden. Die Reichsverfassung soll unter Berücksichtigung der Interessen der Einzelstaaten und Verzicht auf streitige Bestimmungen schnell verabschiedet werden. Das Bundesverhältnis mit Österreich und Limburg soll bei engerem Reichsverband der anderen deutschen Staaten fortbestehen. Ein Direktorium wird dem Erbkaisertum vorgezogen, weil dieses den Bundesstaat beeinträchtigt; ihm sollen Österreich, Preußen und ein von Bayern vorzuschlagender Fürst angehören. - Wentzke: Mahnt zur schnellen Fertigstellung der Verfassung unter Berücksichtigung der Interessen der Einzelstaaten. Verlangt an Stelle des Bundestages im Rahmen der noch bestehenden Bundesverfassung "eine ausübende Zentralgewalt, ein Staatenhaus und ein Volkshaus"; das letztere ist vorläufig durch die Nationalversammlung verkörpert. Verlangt Bestimmungen darüber, daß Österreich und Limburg zunächst im Bundesverhältnis bleiben, während die übrigen Staaten einen engeren Reichsverband bilden. Für ein Direktorium von 3 oder 5 Köpfen (wenn eine Einzelspitze, dann Erblichkeit). Warnt aber vor einem einheitlichen monarchischen Oberhaupt, wodurch der Bundesstaat zum Einheitsstaat würde. Die Vertretung der monarchischen Rechte des Einzelstaats in der Zentralgewalt muß bestehen bleiben. Im obersten Reichsrat Österreich und Preußen, der Herrscher selbst oder der Thronfolger, dazu ein aus drei von Baiern [sic!] vorgeschlagenen Herrschern gewählter Fürst. Der Vorsitz wechselt zwischen Österreich und Preußen. Österreich jedoch nur Beisitzer und ohne Vertretung im Volkshaus, bis es in den engeren Reichsverband eintreten kann. Warnt vor Übertreibung des Prinzips der Einheit, die einen Rückschlag der Sonderbestrebungen herbeiführen würde. - Rät, vorläufig, nur den notwendigsten Teil der Verfassung zu vollenden, die streitigen Abschnitte aber später mit der definitiven Zentralgewalt und dem Staatenhause zu vereinbaren

How Teresa and Maria Margaretha migrated to Nordstrand: Translation of Relics and Transformation of a German Island into a Catholic Dutch enclave in the 17th century

When on 26 May 1662 the founding first stone was laid for a new church on the island Nordstrand at the coast of Schleswig, relics of Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) and of the Dutch Carmelite abbess Maria Margaretha ab Angelis (1605-1658) were inserted. This church was built for Dutch dyke builders who were called to reconstruct the island after its destruction by flood in 1634; coming from a Catholic background and from the Dutch Republic which was at war with Spain at that time, the dyke builders and their families were guaranteed religious freedom in the Lutheran duchy of Holstein. In this paper, the reasons for the choice for the Spanish mystic Teresa of Avila and for the Dutch Carmelite abbess Maria Margaretha are discussed. The latter patroness was never beatified but had died in the smell of holiness; after her death several miracles were ascribed to her. It is understandable that migrants brought relics of their appreciated holy persons who would remind them of their homeland. The paper will first shortly introduce the two patronesses of the church. In the second part, the reasons for this choice will be discussed. Behind this translation of relics not only spiritual reasons played a role. The function of the translation of the saints was first to keep up geographical and political connections with the old country (both Spain and the Netherlands), secondly to perpetuate personal-familial relationships (esp. with Maria Margaretha), thirdly to strengthen the confessional identity in a non-Catholic environment. Fourthly the transfer brought a certain model of Christian life and reform to the new place of living, which in the second part of the 17th century became marked as “Jansenist”. The paper shows the transformation of the island into an enclave of Dutch Catholic culture.

Bildnuß des Hoch und Wohlgebohrnen Herrn Herrn Herman Otto Grafens von Styrumb : ... welcher den 13. Februarii Anno 1678 von Neustadt bis auf Wienn 8 teutsche Meilen i[n]nerhalb 7 Viertelstunden ... geritten ...

Text in d. Platte graviert