Development of oil spill detection techniques for satellite optical sensors and their application to monitor oil spill discharge in Mediterranean sea

Satellite remote sensing has proved to be an effective support in timely detection and monitoring of marine oil pollution, mainly due to illegal ship discharges. In this context, we have developed a new methodology and technique for optical oil spill detection, which make use of MODIS L2 and MERIS L1B satellite top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance imagery, for the first time in a highly automated way. The main idea was combining wide swaths and short revisit times of optical sensors with SAR observations, generally used in oil spill monitoring. This arises from the necessity to overcome the SAR reduced coverage and long revisit time of the monitoring area. This can be done now, given the MODIS and MERIS higher spatial resolution with respect to older sensors (250-300 m vs. 1 km), which consents the identification of smaller spills deriving from illicit discharge at sea. The procedure to obtain identifiable spills in optical reflectance images involves removal of oceanic and atmospheric natural variability, in order to enhance oil-water contrast; image clustering, which purpose is to segment the oil spill eventually presents in the image; finally, the application of a set of criteria for the elimination of those features which look like spills (look-alikes). The final result is a classification of oil spill candidate regions by means of a score based on the above criteria.

Oil slicks and hydrocarbons in sea water

Surface and upper-layer pollution of seas and oceans by crude oil and refinery products is under study by investigators in many countries. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) have prepared an international experimental project that is to be carried out within the framework of the Integrated Global Oceanic Station System (IGOSS). The purpose of the project is to prepare a picture of distribution and dynamics of oil pollution. Parameters to be observed include: oil patches (slicks), floating lumps of tar on the surface, and hydrocarbons emulsified and dissolved in water. Cruise 22 of R/V Akademik Kurchatov took the ship through regions being the most suitable for pollution studies. They were conducted from March through June 1976. On the cruise, oil slicks were observed visually by a procedure recommended by the international program. Areas of the slicks were determined from speed of the ship and time required to cross them. Surface samples were taken along the path of the ship for determination of concentrations of dissolved and emulsified hydrocarbons in water. In addition, samples were taken from deep water by a 7-liter vinyl water bottle at 17 stations. Hydrocarbons present in the samples were extracted immediately with carbon tetrachloride. Final determination of hydrocarbons was made by infrared spectrophotometry. This method is currently accepted in the Soviet Union in an arbitration capacity for determination of petroleum products dissolved and emulsified in sea water. Infrared spectrophotometry is used to determine hydrocarbons containing methyl and methylene groups, but they are not identified as to origin.

Oil/water separation : state-of-the-art /

Mode of access: Internet.

Development of a streaming-fiber oil spill control system, Stage II /

Final report, issued December 1976.

Oil-in-water content monitor developmental program summary /

Supersedes report no. CG-D-188-75 (Dec. 1975)--with the same title.

Fate and effect of oil in the aquatic environment, Gulf Coast region /

Mode of access: Internet.

A study to conduct experiments concerning turbulent dispersion of oil slicks /

Final report; April 1978.

Combustion, an oil spill mitigation tool /

"UC-11."

Does my business need generator identification numbers and manifests?

Because you generate waste, it is your responsibility to determine how to properly manage and dispose of your waste. This fact sheet discusses special waste, who must obtain a generator identification number, and who must use uniform hazardous waste manifests, which are required for both nonhazardous and hazardous special waste. ... Depending on the types of waste you generate, you may need a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and/or Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Illinois EPA) generator identification number. The first step in determining whether you need an identification number is to identify the types and amounts of waste you generate.

Does my business need generator identification numbers and manifests?

Overview: Information presented in this publication is intended to provide a general understanding of the statutory and regulatory requirements governing generator identification numbers and manifests. This information is not intended to replace, limit, or expand upon the complete statutory and regulatory requirements found in the Illinois Environmental Protection Act and Title 35 of the Illinois Administrative Code of Regulations.

Manejo y reducción de desperidicios de lavadores de repuestos.

Overview: Information presented in this publication is intended to provide a general understanding of the statutory and regulatory requirements governing generator identification numbers and manifests. This information is not intended to replace, limit, or expand upon the complete statutory and regulatory requirements found in the Illinois Environmental Protection Act and Title 35 of the Illinois Administrative Code of Regulations.

Exxon oil spill : hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session ....

"S. hrg. 101-278"--Pt. 2.

Superfund : contractors are being too liberally indemnified by the government : report to the Congress /

"B-231219"--P. [1].

Federal liabilities under hazardous waste laws.

Item 1005-C

Superfund oversight : hearing before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, first session.

"February 23, 1983"--Pt. 1.