More on exact bicoverings of 12 points

The minimum number of incomplete blocks required to cover, exactly lambda times, all t-element subsets from a set V of cardinality v (v > t) is denoted by y(lambda, t; v). The value of g(2, 2; v) is known for v = 3, 4,..., 11. It was previously known that 14 less than or equal to g(2, 2; 12) less than or equal to 16. We prove that g(2, 2; 12) greater than or equal to 15.

The immediate effects of atlanto-occipital joint manipulation and suboccipital muscle inhibition technique on active mouth opening and pressure pain sensitivity over latent myofascial trigger points in the masticatory muscles

DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial.OB JECTIVE: To investigate the immediate effects on pressure pain thresholds over latent trigger points (TrPs) in the masseter and temporalis muscles and active mouth opening following atlanto-occipital joint thrust manipulation or a soft tissue manual intervention targeted to the suboccipital muscles. BACKGROUND : Previous studies have described hypoalgesic effects of neck manipulative interventions over TrPs in the cervical musculature. There is a lack of studies analyzing these mechanisms over TrPs of muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve. METHODS: One hundred twenty-two volunteers, 31 men and 91 women, between the ages of 18 and 30 years, with latent TrPs in the masseter muscle, were randomly divided into 3 groups: a manipulative group who received an atlanto-occipital joint thrust, a soft tissue group who received an inhibition technique over the suboccipital muscles, and a control group who did not receive an intervention. Pressure pain thresholds over latent TrPs in the masseter and temporalis muscles, and active mouth opening were assessed pretreatment and 2 minutes posttreatment by a blinded assessor. Mixed-model analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the effects of interventions on each outcome, with group as the between-subjects variable and time as the within-subjects variable. The primary analysis was the group-by-time interaction. RESULTS: The 2-by-3 mixed-model ANOVA revealed a significant group-by-time interaction for changes in pressure pain thresholds over masseter (P<.01) and temporalis (P =.003) muscle latent TrPs and also for active mouth opening (P<.001) in favor of the manipulative and soft tissue groups. Between-group effect sizes were small. CONCLUSIONS: The application of an atlanto-occipital thrust manipulation or soft tissue technique targeted to the suboccipital muscles led to an immediate increase in pressure pain thresholds over latent TrPs in the masseter and temporalis muscles and an increase in maximum active mouth opening. Nevertheless, the effects of both interventions were small and future studies are required to elucidate the clinical relevance of these changes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : Therapy, level 1b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(5):310-317. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3257. KEYWORDSDS: cervical manipulation, muscle trigger points, neck, TMJ, upper cervical.

Branching points in the low-temperature dipolar hard sphere fluid

In this contribution, we investigate the low-temperature, low-density behaviour of dipolar hard-sphere (DHS) particles, i.e., hard spheres with dipoles embedded in their centre. We aim at describing the DHS fluid in terms of a network of chains and rings (the fundamental clusters) held together by branching points (defects) of different nature. We first introduce a systematic way of classifying inter-cluster connections according to their topology, and then employ this classification to analyse the geometric and thermodynamic properties of each class of defects, as extracted from state-of-the-art equilibrium Monte Carlo simulations. By computing the average density and energetic cost of each defect class, we find that the relevant contribution to inter-cluster interactions is indeed provided by (rare) three-way junctions and by four-way junctions arising from parallel or anti-parallel locally linear aggregates. All other (numerous) defects are either intra-cluster or associated to low cluster-cluster interaction energies, suggesting that these defects do not play a significant part in the thermodynamic description of the self-assembly processes of dipolar hard spheres. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

Self-assembly in chains, rings, and branches: a single component system with two critical points

Agências financiadoras: FCT - PEstOE/FIS/UI0618/2011; PTDC/FIS/098254/2008 ERC-PATCHYCOLLOIDS e MIUR-PRIN

Marcadores biológicos de tabagismo : determinação de cutoff points

VII - CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS Este estudo desenvolveu-se devido facto de tanto quanto nos é dado a conhecer não terem sido determinados cutoff points de diferenciação entre fumadores e não fumadores em Portugal. Segundo vários autores é importante que estes valores sejam determinados em cada país devido às suas particularidades de prevalência do tabagismo e exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco. Foram também estudadas as variáveis que estão associadas e que influenciam os níveis do COex, da COHb, da cotinina plasmática e da cotinina urinária. De forma a cumprir os objectivos definidos, utilizou-se uma amostra de 102 indivíduos (53 fumadores e 49 não fumadores), tendo sido o tipo de amostragem não probabilística de conveniência. A dimensão da amostra e o tipo de amostragem são duas das limitações do estudo, uma vez que esta amostra não é representativa da população fumadora e não fumadora portuguesa, o que impede de generalizar os resultados nela obtidos à totalidade da população. Outra limitação identificada é o facto de não se terem encontrado estudos nacionais de características semelhantes a esta investigação, o que faz com que não seja possível comparar os resultados obtidos com estudos que tivessem utilizado amostras idênticas. Por essa razão a discussão de resultados foi efectuada considerando estudos internacionais cujas suas amostras para além de serem de maior dimensão os seus indivíduos possuem características particulares (prevalência do tabagismo e exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco) que dificultam a comparação dos resultados. Nos estudos internacionais muitas vezes não são estudadas as variáveis caracterizadoras dos hábitos tabágicos, o que leva mais uma vez à impossibilidade de relacionar correctamente os nossos resultados com outros obtidos por diferentes autores. Devido ao interesse dos resultados obtidos, seria importante que este estudo, tivesse continuidade, mas com algumas modificações que foram impossíveis de realizar no contexto em que se desenvolveu esta investigação. De forma a generalizar os resultados seria ideal utilizar uma amostra representativa da população fumadora e não fumadora nacional, o que permitiria ficar a conhecer mais fidedignamente os cutoff points de diferenciação entre fumadores e não fumadores em Portugal. Esta informação seria de grande utilidade para caracterizar correctamente os hábitos tabágicos dos indivíduos, permitindo reconhecer em que casos é necessário intervir para cessar os hábitos tabágicos e ainda nas consultas de cessação tabágica para um apropriado follow-up dos sujeitos. Outro aspecto em que esta investigação poderia ser complementada, diz respeito às variáveis caracterizadoras dos hábitos tabágicos, isto porque de acordo com a análise de regressão linear multivariada, através do modelo proposto, uma grande percentagem da variabilidade dos marcadores biológicos de tabagismo ficou por explicar, assim sendo seria importante estudar também outras variáveis, e construir outro modelo que explicasse de forma ainda mais expressiva a variabilidade dos biomarcadores. Sugerem-se como outras variáveis a ser estudas aquelas que estão relacionadas com as características inalatórias de cada indivíduo (número, frequência, profundidade, duração e percentagem de cigarros consumido e desperdiçado). Também a exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco deveria ser melhor caracterizada, acrescentando às variáveis analisadas neste estudo, outras que caracterizassem de forma mais precisa o tipo de exposição a que os indivíduos podem estar sujeitos no seu dia a dia (domiciliária, laboral e ambiental). Idealmente deveriam conhecer-se o número de cigarros que são fumados na proximidade dos indivíduos, assim como saber quais as características dos espaços fechados sobretudo no que respeita às condições de ventilação. É importante que surjam trabalhos a nível nacional relacionados com os marcadores de tabagismo, porque o tabagismo representa um problema de saúde pública sobre o qual é necessário intervir. É importante caracterizar correctamente os biomarcadores de tabagismo de forma a determinar a real prevalência do tabagismo e avaliar medidas preventivas e políticas de saúde pública. Actualmente decorridos 3 anos da aprovação da Lei 32/2007 em que foram aprovadas as normas de protecção dos cidadãos da exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco, a avaliação dos marcadores biológicos pode desempenhar um papel preponderante para caracterizar o impacto da implicação da Lei, uma vez que estes reflectem a exposição activa e passiva ao fumo do tabaco.

Crowdsourcing innovation: a strategy to leverage enterprise innovation

Innovation is recognized by academics and practitioners as an essential competitive enabler for any company to survive, to remain competitive and to grow. Investments in tasks of R&D have not always brought the expected results. But that doesn't mean that the outcomes would not be useful to other companies of the same business area or even from another area. Thus, there is much knowledge already available in the market that can be helpful to some and profitable to others. So, the ideas and expertise can be found outside a company's boundaries and also exported from within. Information, knowledge, experience, wisdom is already available in the millions of the human beings of this planet, the challenge is to use them through a network to produce new ideas and tips that can be useful to a company with less costs. This was the reason for the emergence of the area of crowdsourcing innovation. Crowdsourcing innovation is a way of using the Web 2.0 tools to generate new ideas through the heterogeneous knowledge available in the global network of individuals highly qualified and with easy access to information and technology. So, a crowdsourcing innovation broker is an organization that mediates the communication and relationship between the seekers - companies that aspire to solve some problem or to take advantage of any business opportunity - with a crowd that is prone to give ideas based on their knowledge, experience and wisdom. This paper makes a literature review on models of open innovation, crowdsourcing innovation, and technology and knowledge intermediaries, and discusses this new phenomenon as a way to leverage the innovation capacity of enterprises. Finally, the paper outlines a research design agendafor explaining crowdsourcing innovation brokering phenomenon, exploiting its players, main functions, value creation process, and knowledge creation in order to define a knowledge metamodel of such intermediaries.

Green innovation: How firms leverage capabilities, resources and complementary assets

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

The determinants of variation in firm leverage across European countries

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Is the Basel III Leverage Ratio countercyclical? A study for Portuguese banks

This work analyses how the leverage ratio behaves through the cycle, vis-à-vis other capital ratios. For a sample of the largest Portuguese banks, the Basel III leverage ratio is indeed countercyclical. This result is relevant from a regulatory perspective, since the introduction of a limit on the leverage ratio will function as a restriction in the banks’ balance sheet size, reducing the economic costs associated with the excessive growth of leverage in periods of economic expansion followed by aggressive deleveraging in the downturn. However, one cannot exclude that restrictions on banks’ leverage incentivize its transference to less regulated intermediaries.

Lag-user method: Using laggards to leverage user innovation

Laggards are the last users to adopt a product. Prior literature on user-led innovation ignores laggards’ impact on innovation. In this paper, we develop the Lag-User Method, through which laggards can generate new ideas. Through six studies with 62 teams in three countries, we apply the method to different technologies and services and present our findings to executives to get managerial insights. Findings reveal that laggards who generate new ideas (lag-users) have different perceptions of user-friendly products and different unfulfilled needs. They prefer simple products. We propose that by involving lag-users in NPD, firms can improve the effectiveness of NPD.

Leverage instability and persistence: Evidence from the United States and Europe

We find that leverage behavior both in level and time-series variation is very similar between the United States and Europe throughout the 1990-2013 period. Leverage regimes are simultaneously unstable and persistent for both regions. We define instability as the extent to which firms largely deviate from their long-term leverage mean, while persistence as the extent to which today’s leverage influences its future levels. We then show that this simultaneous evidence imply a mean-reversion behavior of leverage and discuss some of its implications for future research on this field.

CEO overconfidence and leverage ratio: Evidence from the founder members of Mila

The study investigates the impact of the managerial overconfidence bias on the capital structure of a sample of 78 firms from Chile, Peru and Colombia, during the years 1996-2014. We infer that there is a positive relation between the leverage ratio and a) the overconfidence; b) the experience and c) the male gender of the executive. Overconfidence is measured according to the status of the CEO (entrepreneur or not-entrepreneur) and the hypotheses are tested through dynamic panel data model. The empirical results show a highly significant positive correlation between overconfidence and leverage ratio and between gender and leverage ratio while, in contrast, the relation between experience and leverage ratio is negative.

The financial leverage of large Portuguese Firms in the European context

The Financial Leverage of Large Portuguese Firms in the European Context This paper studies the leverage, cost of debt servicing ability and structure of debt maturity of large Portuguese firms, over the pre-crisis (2006-2009) and post-crisis (2010-2013) periods through a comparative analysis with other European peers. We document that large Portuguese firms have been reducing their leverage since the end of 2009. We find that this decrease in leverage is not a consequence higher Equity levels but rather a result of asset’s downsizing. We also document that Portuguese firms are still more leveraged than their European peers, even though this difference has decreased over time. High corporate debt levels are transversal across industries.