A general assessment of environmental and biological features of Windermere and their susceptibility to change

Bassenthwaite (Lake) is one of the larger Cumbrian lakes, certainly one of the most distinctive, and of considerable conservation and amenity value. Although its shores lack sizeable settlements, its main inflow receives sewage effluent from a major tourist centre (Keswick) and is subject to episodic floods. These influences, the growing development of leisure activities at the lake (e.g. sailing, time-share units), and recent road-construction, have led to past appraisals of ecological impacts and lake management. The lake has not been the subject of intense and long-term ecological study, but much scattered information exists that is relevant to future management decisions. In the present Report, commissioned by North West Water, such information - published and unpublished - is surveyed. Especial attention is given to evidence bearing on susceptibility to change, affecting the lake environment and its biota or species of conservation interest. Extensive use has been made of the results of a recent (1986-7) seasonal survey by the FBA.

Zooplankton patchiness

This review considers three general aspects of research on zooplankton patchiness: the detection of patchiness, the description of patchiness and the causes of patchiness.

A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS TO INHALABLE PARTICULATE MATTER POLLUTION IN METROPOLITAN BOSTON

In this paper, source apportionment techniques are employed to identify and quantify the major particle pollution source classes affecting a monitoring site in metropolitan Boston, MA. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of paniculate elemental data allows the estimation of mass contributions for five fine mass panicle source classes (soil, motor vehicle, coal related, oil and salt aerosols), and six coarse panicle source classes (soil, motor vehicle, refuse incineration, residual oil, salt and sulfate aerosols). Also derived are the elemental characteristics of those source aerosols and their contributions to the total recorded elemental concentrations (i.e. an elemental mass balance). These are estimated by applying a new approach to apportioning mass among various PCA source components: the calculation of Absolute Principal Component Scores, and the subsequent regression of daily mass and elemental concentrations on these scores.

A comprehensive description of the competencies required for the performance of an ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus blockade

We addressed four research questions, each relating to the training and assessment of the competencies associated with the performance of ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus blockade (USgABPB). These were: (i) What are the most important determinants of learning of USgABPB? (ii) What is USgABPB? What are the errors most likely to occur when trainees learn to perform this procedure? (iii) How should end-user input be applied to the development of a novel USgABPB simulator? (iv) Does structured simulation based training influence novice learning of the procedure positively? We demonstrated that the most important determinants of learning USgABPB are: (a) Access to a formal structured training programme. (b) Frequent exposure to clinical learning opportunity in an appropriate setting (c) A clinical learning opporunity requires an appropriate patient, trainee and teacher being present at the same time, in an appropriate environment. We carried out a comprehensive description of the procedure. We performed a formal task analysis of USgABPB, identifying (i) 256 specific tasks associated with the safe and effective performance of the procedure, and (ii) the 20 most critical errors likely to occur in this setting. We described a methodology for this and collected data based on detailed, sequential evaluation of prototypes by trainees in anaesthesia. We carried out a pilot randomised control trial assessing the effectiveness of a USgABPB simulator during its development. Our data did not enable us to draw a reliable conclusion to this question; the trail did provide important new learning (as a pilot) to inform future investigation of this question. We believe that the ultimate goal of designing effective simulation-based training and assessment of ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia is closer to realisation as a result of this work. It remains to be proven if this approach will have a positive impact on procedural performance, and more importantly improve patient outcomes.

Optimizing perioperative analgesia for patients undergoing operative fixation of hip fractures

This PhD thesis describes work carried out on investigation of various interventions with the aim to optimise the anaesthetic management of patients scheduled to undergo operative fixation of hip fractures. We analysed the perioperative effects of continuous femoral nerve block, single preoperative dose of i.v. dexamethasone, the intention to deposit local anaesthetic in different locations around the femoral nerve during ultrasound guided femoral nerve block, continuous spinal anaesthesia and peri-surgical site infiltration with local anaesthetic after surgical fixation of hip fractures. Continuous femoral nerve block provided more effective preoperative analgesia six hours after the insertion of the perineural catheter compared to a standard opiate-based regimen in patients undergoing operative fixation of fractured hip. A single low dose of preoperative dexamethasone in the intervention group decreased pain scores by 75% six hours after the surgery. Both interventions had no major effect on the functional recovery in the first year after the surgical fixation of fractured hip. The results of the ultrasound guided femoral nerve block trial showed no clinical advantage of intending to deposit local anaesthetic circumferentially during performing femoral nerve block. Using the Dixon and Massey’s “up- and-down” method, we demonstrated that intrathecal 0.26 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine provided adequate surgical anaesthesia within 15 minutes in 50% of patients undergoing operative fixation of hip fracture. Finally, we demonstrated that local anaesthetic infiltration had no effect on pain scores 12 hours after the surgical fixation of fractured neck of femur. In addition to this original body of work, a review article was published on femoral nerve block highlighting the use of ultrasound guidance. In conclusion, the results of this thesis offer an insight into interventions aimed at optimising perioperative analgesia in patients scheduled to undergo operative fixation of hip fractures.

Training in and assessment of the procedural skills required to perform peripheral nerve blockade

The training and ongoing education of medical practitioners has undergone major changes in an incremental fashion over the past 15 years. These changes have been driven by patient safety, educational, economic and legislative/regulatory factors. In the near future, training in procedural skills will undergo a paradigm shift to proficiency based progression with associated requirements for competence-based programmes, valid, reliable assessment tools and simulation technology. Before training begins, the learning outcomes require clear definition; any form of assessment applied should include measurement of these outcomes. Currently training in a procedural skill often takes place on an ad hoc basis. The number of attempts necessary to attain a defined degree of proficiency varies from procedure to procedure. Convincing evidence exists that simulation training helps trainees to acquire skills more efficiently rather than relying on opportunities in their clinical practice. Simulation provides a safe, stress free environment for trainees for skill acquisition, generalization and transfer via deliberate practice. The work described in this thesis contributes to a greater understanding of how medical procedures can be performed more safely and effectively through education. The effect of feedback, provided to novices in a standardized setting on a bench model, based on knowledge of performance was associated with an increase in the speed of skill acquisition and a decrease in error rate during initial learning. The timing of feedback was also associated with effective learning of skill. A marked attrition of skills (independent of the type of feedback provided) was demonstrable 24 hrs after they have first been learned. Using the principles of feedback as described above, when studying the effect of an intense training program on novices of varied years of experience in anaesthesia (i.e. the present training programmes / courses of an intense training day for one or more procedures). There was a marked attrition of skill at 24 hours with a significant correlation with increasing years of experience; there also appeared to be an inverse relationship between years of experience in anaesthesia and performance. The greater the number of years of practice experience, the longer it required a learner to acquire a new skill. The findings of the studies described in this thesis may have important implications for the trainers, trainees and training bodies in the design and implementation of training courses and the formats of delivery of changing curricula. Both curricula and training modalities will need to take account of characteristics of individual learners and the dynamic nature of procedural healthcare.

Walking Exercise for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: To systematically review the evidence examining effects of walking interventions on pain and self-reported function in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain.
Data Sources: Six electronic databases (Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, PEDro, Sport Discus and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched from January 1980 up to March 2014.
Study Selection: Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials in adults with chronic low back pain, osteoarthritis or fibromyalgia comparing walking interventions to a non-exercise or non-walking exercise control group.
Data Extraction: Data were independently extracted using a standardized form. Methodological quality was assessed using the United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) system.
Data Synthesis: Twenty-six studies (2384 participants) were included and suitable data from 17 were pooled for meta-analysis with a random effects model used to calculate between group mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. Data were analyzed according to length of follow-up (short-term: ≤8 weeks post randomization; medium-term: >2 months - 12 months; long-term: > 12 months). Interventions were associated with small to moderate improvements in pain at short (mean difference (MD) -5.31, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) -8.06 to -2.56) and medium-term follow-up (MD -7.92, 95% CI -12.37 to -3.48). Improvements in function were observed at short (MD -6.47, 95% CI -12.00 to -0.95), medium (MD -9.31, 95% CI -14.00 to -4.61) and long-term follow-up (MD -5.22, 95% CI 7.21 to -3.23).
Conclusions: Evidence of fair methodological quality suggests that walking is associated with significant improvements in outcome compared to control interventions but longer-term effectiveness is uncertain. Using the USPSTF system, walking can be recommended as an effective form of exercise or activity for individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain but should be supplemented with strategies aimed at maintaining participation. Further work is also required examining effects on important health related outcomes in this population in robustly designed studies.

Failure of a numerical quality assessment scale to identify potential risk of bias in a systematic review: a comparison study

BACKGROUND: Assessing methodological quality of primary studies is an essential component of systematic reviews. Following a systematic review which used a domain based system [United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF)] to assess methodological quality, a commonly used numerical rating scale (Downs and Black) was also used to evaluate the included studies and comparisons were made between quality ratings assigned using the two different methods. Both tools were used to assess the 20 randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials examining an exercise intervention for chronic musculoskeletal pain which were included in the review. Inter-rater reliability and levels of agreement were determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Influence of quality on pooled effect size was examined by calculating the between group standardized mean difference (SMD).

RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability indicated at least substantial levels of agreement for the USPSTF system (ICC 0.85; 95% CI 0.66, 0.94) and Downs and Black scale (ICC 0.94; 95% CI 0.84, 0.97). Overall level of agreement between tools (ICC 0.80; 95% CI 0.57, 0.92) was also good. However, the USPSTF system identified a number of studies (n = 3/20) as "poor" due to potential risks of bias. Analysis revealed substantially greater pooled effect sizes in these studies (SMD -2.51; 95% CI -4.21, -0.82) compared to those rated as "fair" (SMD -0.45; 95% CI -0.65, -0.25) or "good" (SMD -0.38; 95% CI -0.69, -0.08).

CONCLUSIONS: In this example, use of a numerical rating scale failed to identify studies at increased risk of bias, and could have potentially led to imprecise estimates of treatment effect. Although based on a small number of included studies within an existing systematic review, we found the domain based system provided a more structured framework by which qualitative decisions concerning overall quality could be made, and was useful for detecting potential sources of bias in the available evidence.

A Meta-Analysis of Trabecular Bone Score in Fracture Risk Prediction and Its Relationship to FRAX.

Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a gray-level textural index of bone microarchitecture derived from lumbar spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images. TBS is a bone mineral density (BMD)-independent predictor of fracture risk. The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine whether TBS predicted fracture risk independently of FRAX probability and to examine their combined performance by adjusting the FRAX probability for TBS. We utilized individual-level data from 17,809 men and women in 14 prospective population-based cohorts. Baseline evaluation included TBS and the FRAX risk variables, and outcomes during follow-up (mean 6.7 years) comprised major osteoporotic fractures. The association between TBS, FRAX probabilities, and the risk of fracture was examined using an extension of the Poisson regression model in each cohort and for each sex and expressed as the gradient of risk (GR; hazard ratio per 1 SD change in risk variable in direction of increased risk). FRAX probabilities were adjusted for TBS using an adjustment factor derived from an independent cohort (the Manitoba Bone Density Cohort). Overall, the GR of TBS for major osteoporotic fracture was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-1.53) when adjusted for age and time since baseline and was similar in men and women (p > 0.10). When additionally adjusted for FRAX 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture, TBS remained a significant, independent predictor for fracture (GR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.24-1.41). The adjustment of FRAX probability for TBS resulted in a small increase in the GR (1.76, 95% CI 1.65-1.87 versus 1.70, 95% CI 1.60-1.81). A smaller change in GR for hip fracture was observed (FRAX hip fracture probability GR 2.25 vs. 2.22). TBS is a significant predictor of fracture risk independently of FRAX. The findings support the use of TBS as a potential adjustment for FRAX probability, though the impact of the adjustment remains to be determined in the context of clinical assessment guidelines. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Recueil de lettres et de pièces originales, et de copies de pièces indiquées comme telles dans le d��pouillement qui suit.

Contient : 1 Lettre du roi « FRANÇOYS [Ier]... à mon cousin le mareschal de Montmorency,... Escript à Sainct Germain en Laye, le XXVIIe jour de jung » ; 2 Lettre du roi « FRANÇOYS [Ier]... à mon cousin le sire de Montmorency, connestable de France... Escript à Bourg en Bresse, le IIe jour d'octobre, l'an M.V.C.XXI » ; 3 Lettre de « LEONOR [D'AUTRICHE]... à messrs les grand maistre de France et arcevesque de Bourges... De Victorie, le XXIIIIe d'avril » ; 4 Lettre du roi « FRANÇOYS [Ier]... à mon cousin le mareschal de Chabannes,... Escript à Bloys, le XIIIIme jour de may » ; 5 Lettre de « LOYSE [DE SAVOIE]... à monseigneur de Montmorency,... Escript à Paris, le IIIIme jour d'octobre » ; 6 Lettre de « RENEE DE FRANCE [duchesse de Ferrare]... à la royne ma dame et seur » ; 7 Lettre de « MARGUERITE [D'AUTRICHE]... à mon cousin le grant maistre de France... De Malines, ce XXVIIIe de juillet anno [M.D.]XXX » ; 8 Lettre de « DE LALAING,... Sr D'OCTRASTE,... à... monseigneur le grant maistre... De Malines, le penultiesme jour de juillet, l'an [M.D.]XXX » ; 9 Lettre de « CLAUDE [DE LORRAINE, duc] DE GUYSE,... à monseigneur le grant maistre... D'Esclarron, le XXIX jour d'apvril » ; 10 Lettre de « LOYSE [DE SAVOIE]... à monseigneur d'Alby,... Escript à Sainct Germain en Laye, ce XXIXe jour d'aoust » ; 11 Lettre de « l'admiral [PHILIPPES CHABOT, Sr DE] BRYON,... à monseigneur... le grant maistre... Escript à Angoulesme, le XXVe jour de may mil.V.C.XXX » ; 12 Lettre de « GABRIEL DE GRAMONT, evesque de Tarbe... à monseigneur... le grant maistre et mareschal de France... A Boullongne, le XXXe jour de mars, l'an mil cinq cens et trente » ; 13 Lettre, en italien, du « marquis DE MENTOUE », FREDERIC II, à « monseigneur [de Montmore]nsi, marescal [de Fran]cia... Mantue, ultimo maii M.D.XXV » ; 14 Lettre d'«ANTHOYNE DE LORRAINE,... à monseigneur le grant maistre... Escript à Luneville, le XXVIe jour de novembre » ; 15 Lettre, en italien, d'HERCULE D'EST, fils du duc de Ferrare, « duca DE CHARTRES,... à monseigneur lo gran maestro... Datum in Ferrariis, a XV de giugno 1529 » ; 16 « La Capitulation qui a esté faicte avec mon seigneur le conte de Roguendolff, chevalier de l'ordre du roy, pour la levée qu'il va faire presentement en Allemaigne... Du VIIIme jour d'avril 1562, apres Pasques ». Copie ; 17 Lettre du roi « FRANÇOYS [Ier]... au cappitaine Bouzy,... Escript à St Germain en Laye, le IXme jour de juing » ; 18 Lettre du roi « FRANÇOYS [Ier]... à monseigneur Du Fresnoy, cappitaine de Therouanne... Escript à Sainct Germain en Laye, le IXe jour de juing » ; 19 Lettre du roi « FRANÇOYS [Ier]... à mon cousin le mareschal de Montmorancy,... Escript à Sainct Germain en Laye, le XXIIe jour d'avril » ; 20 Lettre du roi « FRANÇOYS [Ier]... à Labarre... Escript à Sainct Germain en Laye, le IXme jour de juing » ; 21 Lettre du roi « FRANÇOYS [Ier]... à monseigneur de Torcy,... Escript à Sainct Germain en Laye, le IXme jour de juing » ; 22 Lettre du roi « FRANÇOYS [Ier]... à mon cousin le grant maistre... Escript à St Germain en Laye, ce XXVme jour de mars » ; 23 Lettre du roi « FRANÇOYS [Ier]... à mon cousin le mareschal de Monmorancy,... Escript à Lyon, ce VIe jour de septembre » ; 24 Lettre de « P. DE VILLERS L'YLE ADAM,... maistre de Rhodes... à monseigneur le mareschal de Montmorency, mon nepveu... De Cyvette Vielhe... aoust 1523 » ; 25 Lettre, en italien, du « cardinale CORNELIO,... al' illustrissimo signor... gran mastro... Da Venetia, alli XIIII di giugno M.D.XXVIII° » ; 26 Lettre de FRANÇOIS DE MONTMORENCI, Sr DE « LA ROCHEPOT,... à... monseigneur le grant maistre... De Mello, se Vme jour de mars » ; 27 Lettre d'«ANDREA DORIA,... à monseigneur le grant maistre... De Gennes, ce IIIIe mars » ; 28 Lettre, en italien, de « lo capitaneo GIOVANNI LOISE, Albanese, homo del Sor conte Guido Rangone,... allo illustrissimo... monsegnor grant mestre... Da Paris, alli VI decembre 1536 » ; 29 Lettre de « MONTMORENCY,... à monseigneur de Humyeres, chevalier de l'ordre et lieutenant general du roy en Piemont... De Coucy, le XXIIIe jour de may » ; 30 Lettre de « CLAUDE [DE LORRAINE, duc] DE GUYSE,... à monseigneur le grant maistre... Du camp devant Beaulieu, le IIIIe d'aoust » ; 31 Lettre de « BOUNYVET,... à monseigneur de La Rochepot,... A Lyon, le XXIIe jour de juillet » ; 32 « Double du traicté faict entre messrs les mareschal de Montejehan et marquis del Gouast touchant la tresve... Faict à Montcallier, le XXIme jour de febvrier, l'an mil V.C.XXXVII » ; 33 Lettre, en italien, d'«HERCULES ESTENSIS, [duc] DE CHARTRES,... à monseigneur lo gran maestro... De Alessandria, a ultimo octobre 1528 » ; 34 Lettre, en italien, d'«HANNIBAL GONZAGA,... al' illustrissimo... monsignor gran maestro... Da Chero, lo XVI di feb° M.D.XXXVII » ; 35 Lettre, en italien, de « FR., episcopus laudensis... al mio carissimo fratello il S. Gaspar Sormano,... Murani, 29 7bre 1529 » ; 36 Lettre, en italien, de « GIOVANNE CLEMENTE STANGHA,... al 'illustrissimo gran mastro de Francia et marchial de Memoransi,... Datum in Barletta, a di VIII februarii 1529 » ; 37 Lettre de RENE, « batar de Savoye... à monseigneur le mareschal de Montmorency,... De Lyon, ce XIme de novembre » ; 38 Lettre, en italien, de « JOACHIN [DE VAUX]... al' illustrissimo... Sor gran maestro de Francia... Da Londra, XXII marcio M.D.XXX » ; 39 Lettre d'«HUMYERES,... à monseigneur de Montmorancy, grant maistre et mareschal de France... De Mouchy, ce IIe jour de janvier » ; 40 Lettre de « CLAUDE DE TANDE,... à monseigneur le grant moestre... De Marseille, ce XXme jour d'avril » ; 41 Lettre de « GEORGE D'ARMAGNAC, evesque de Roudez... à monseigneur... de Humieres, lieutenant general du roy en Piedmont... A Venise, le derrenyer de juillet 1537 » ; 42 Lettre de « l'admiral [PHILIPPE CHABOT, Sr DE] BRYON,... à monseigneur... le grant maistre... Escript à Lezay, le XIXe jour d'avril mil V.C.XXX » ; 43 Lettre, en italien, de « J. FREGOSO,... al' illustrissimo... monsignore il gran meistro... In Lione, l'ultimo di juglio M.D.XXVI » ; 44 Lettre, en italien, de « GUIDO RANGONE,... Di Venetia, alli XXIII de martio 1530 » ; 45 Lettre, en italien, d'«ANTONIO DORIA,... allo illustrissimo... monsor il gran mestro... Di galera nel porto de Bachone, a di XIII di agosto de M.D.XXIII » ; 46 Lettre, en italien, de « DE CARPI,... au roy [François Ier]... De Rome, ce XXIXe jour de novembre M.V.C.XXVI » ; 47 Lettre de « MONTMORENCY,... à monseigneur mon cousin, monseigneur le grant maistre... De Montingny, ce VIIIe de janvier XV.C.XXVII » ; 48 Lettre, en italien, de « R. PIO CL. DI FAENZA,... al' illustrissimo... signor... grammastro di Francia... Da Roma, a li XXVII di genaro del M.D.XXX » ; 49 Lettre, en italien, de « GREGORIO CASALE,... allo illustrissimo... mons. lo gran mastro di Francia... In Bologna, alli 12 di marzo 1530 » ; 50 Lettre de « MONTMORENCY,... à monseigneur de La Poumeraye, premier president des comptes en Bretaigne... De Chantilly, le XIIIIe jour de mars 1541 » ; 51 Lettre, en italien, de « JOACHIN [DE VAUX]... al' illustrissimo... Sr gran maestro de Francia... Da Ferrara, el XIII di marzo M.D.XXVIIII » ; 52 Extrait d'un « estat de la maison de monseigneur le duc d'Angoulesme et de mesdames ses seurs... faict le XVme jour de mars, l'an mil cinq cens vingt neuf » ; 53 Lettre, en italien, de « GUIDO RANGONE,... al' illustrissimo... signor... monsignor gran maestro... Di Sorges, l'ultimo di novembre 1536 » ; 54 Lettre, en espagnol, adressée « al muy illustre seññor... gran maestre... De Perpiñan, a XVIIe de dezembre de 1537 » ; 55 Lettre de « PHILIBERTE DE LUXAMBOURG [princesse D'ORANGE]... au roy [François Ier]... De Lons le Saulnier, le XIIIIe jour de decembre 1530 » ; 56 Lettre, en italien, de « CARGUIN DE BOZELO,... all' illustrissimo... Sr de Momoransi,... marscial di Franza... De Pinaruolo, alli due de novembre M.D.XXXVI » ; 57 Lettre, en italien, de « J. FREGOSO,... allo illustrissimo... monsre il gran meistro... In Lione, il di 25 de juglio M.D.XXVI » ; 58 Lettre, en italien, de « MANFREDO DA CORREGIO,... al' illustrissimo... signore Momoransi,... De Corregio, alli III de ginaro 1525 » ; 59 Lettre, en italien, de « J. FREGOSO,... allo illustrissimo... signore il gran meistro... In Marseglia, l'ottavo di augosto M.D.XXVI » ; 60 Lettre, en italien, de « GASPAR SORMANO,... al' illustrissimo... el signor gran maestro di Francia... Da Ferrara, alli 14 di maggio 1529 » ; 61 Lettre, en italien, de « GUIDO RANGONE,... al' illustrissimo... monsignore il gran maestro di Franza... Di Piacenza, il giorno XXV di ottobrio M.D.XXVII » ; 62 Lettre, en latin, des « balivus et consules terre Vallesii... illustrissimo domino magno magistro Francie... Die XXVI mensis octobris M.° V.C.XXVI » ; 63 Lettre, en italien, de « GALEATIO VESCONTE,... allo illustrissimo monsegnor el maestre de Franza... De Lione, a li 20 de julio 1530 » ; 64 Lettre, avec chiffre, de « CLAU [DE] DODIEU DE VELLY,... à monseigneur... le grand maistre... A Fleurence, ce XXVIIme jour de decembre M.V.C.XXVIII » ; 65 Lettre, en italien, d'«HANIBALLE GONZAGA, conte... allo illustrissimo... monseigneur grammaestro di Franza... Da Novelara, alli XIIII di juglio M.D.XXVIII » ; 66 Lettre, en italien, d'«ANTONIO RINCON,... a monsignor de Momoranci, gran maestre di Franza... Da Casxovia, XXII de settembre 1527 » ; 67 Lettre, en italien, d'«ANDREA DORIA,... allo illustrissimo... monseigneur le gran maestro di Fransa... Di Genoa, alli XXI di agosto M.D.XXVII » ; 68 Lettre de « LOYS DE PRAET,... à monseigneur... le grant maistre de France... De Fontarrabye, le XIXe de may » ; 69 Lettre, en latin, des « scultetus et consules urbis Bernensis... domino de Memorence, generali locumtenenti et capitaneo regio... Ex urbe nostra Bernensi, quinta februarii, anno etc. XXIIII° » ; 70 Lettre, en italien, d'«el vescovo di Como... allo illustrissimo... monsignore il gran maestro... Di Angolemo, alli XII di maggio M.D.XXX »

Recueil de lettres et de pièces originales, et de copies de pièces indiquées comme telles dans le d��pouillement qui suit.

Contient : 1 Lettre de « F[RANÇOIS, cardinal] DE TOURNON, archevesque de Bourges... à monseigneur de Villandry,... A Bayonne, ce XIIe d'avril » ; 2 Lettre de « RENEE DE FRANCE,... au roy... De Ferrare » ; 3 Lettre, en italien, de « monseigneur DE PISTOYE » au roi François Ier. « Romae, die XVIII julii 1530 » ; 4 Lettre de « CHARLES [DE BOURBON, duc] DE VENDOSME,... au roy... De Marle, le VIme jour d'aoust » ; 5 Lettre, en italien, de FREDERIC II, marquis DE MANTOUE, à François Ier. « A Marmirolo, XXIIII augusti M.D.XXVIII » ; 6 Lettre du « cardinale RIDOLPHI,... au roy... De Rome, ce premier jour de mars 1539 » ; 7 Lettre, en italien, de « THEODORO TRIVULTIO,... al re... De Alexandria, allo primo d'aprile M.D.XXVIIII » ; 8 Lettre, en italien, de « THEODORO TRIVULTIO,... al re... De Genova, in Castelletto, alli VIIII junio M.D.XXVIII » ; 9 Lettre, en italien, de « THEODORO TRIVULTIO,... al re... Del Castelletto de Genova, alli XXVIII agosto 1528 » ; 10 Lettre, en italien, de « THEODORO TRIVULTIO,... al re... Da Venecia, alli XX julio M.D.XXVIIII » ; 11 Lettre, en italien, de « THEODORO TRIVULTIO,... al re... Del Casteletto de Genoa, alli XXVII de agosto M.D.XXVIII » ; 12 Lettre de « THEODORO TRIVULTIO,... au roy... A Lyon, le XVIIIe jour de septembre 1528 » ; 13 Lettre de « MONTEJEHAN,... au roy... A Montcallier, ce deuxme jour de juillet, l'an mil cinq cens trente huit » ; 14 « Estat des compagnies de gens de guerre des ordonnances du roy estans en son service durant l'année mil cinq cens trente et neuf » ; 15 Lettre de « HUMYERES,... à monseigneur de Montmorancy,... A Peronne, ce Ve jour de novembre » ; 16 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS DE SALUCES,... au roy... De Saluces, ce XXIe d'octobre 1532 » ; 17 Lettre, en italien, de « GUIDO RANGONE,... al re... D'Alessandria, il penultimo di marzo 1529 » ; 18 Lettre, en italien, de « GUIDO RANGONE,... al re... Di Viterbo, a li 25 di sept. 1528 » ; 19 Lettre de « la marquise DE SALUCES, MARGUERITE DE FOYX,... au roy... De Carmaignolle, le XIIIe de juillet » ; 20 Lettre de « GUIDO RANGONE,... al re... Di Viterbo, a li 25 di sept. 1528 » ; 21 Lettre de « GEORGE D'ARMAIGNAC, evesque de Rodez... au roy... A Venise, le XIIIe octobre 1528 » ; 22 « Offres » faites au roi par le « greffier Du Val » et le « maistre de la monnoye de Lyon » ; 23 Lettre de « J[EAN], cardinal DU BELLAY », et de « CHARLES, evesque de Mascon... au roy... A Rome, le XXIIe jour de febvrier 1535 » ; 24 Lettre de « MONLUC,... au roy... De Capo de Monte, ce XVe juillet mil V.C.XXXVIII » ; 25 Lettre, en italien, de « GALEOTTO PICO,... conte DE LA MYRANDOLLE,... a mons, il gran maestro di Francia... Della Mirandola, a XX di aprile V.C.XXXV » ; 26 Lettre de « PIERRE CASTELNAU DE CLERMOND,... au roy... De Narbonne, le XIIIe de jullet » ; 27 Lettre de « CAMILLO URSINO,... al re... Da Ferrara, XV martii M.D.XXVIIII » ; 28 Lettre de « MONTEJEHAN,... au roy... A Montcallier, le XIIIe may... 1538 » ; 29 « Double du second memoire » donné par François Ier « à monseigneur l'evesque de Bayonne », contenant ce qu'il doit dire « au roy d'Angleterre » ; 30 « Extraict de plusieurs lectres » de « GASPARD SORMANO, RANCE, LEONNARD, VISCONTE, DE VAULX,... apportées d'Ytalye tant par le gentilhomme venu de la part de monseigneur le mareschal de Trevolce que par les courriers venuz de Venyse à l'ambassade de la seigneurie estant icy... arrivées à La Fere le premier jour et second du moys d'aoust V.C.XXIX pour montrer au roy et sçavoir sa volonté sur ce subject » ; 31 Instruction de FRANÇOIS Ier « aux ambassadeurs estans à Rome » avec « les ambassadeurs d'Angleterre... A Sainct Germain en Laye, decembre mil V.C.XXVIII ». Copie ; 32 Lettre de « TURENNE,... au roy... De Venise, se XXVIIIme jour d'oust mil V.C.XXVIII » ; 33 Instructions de FRANÇOIS Ier « pour monseigneur de Bayf,... A Fontainebleau, le XVe jour de juing mil V.C. quarante » ; 34 Lettre de l'«evesque d'Alby... au roy... A St Joyn, le VIIme jour de septembre » ; 35 Lettre de ROBERT CENALIS, « evesque d'Avranches... au roy... A Veronne, le XVIIIme jour de mars 1538 » ; 36 Lettre, en italien, du « cardinal di Mantova... al magnifico M. Pauolo Porto,... Di Bologna, il XXII di marzo... M.D.XXX » ; 37 Lettre de « CHARLES, evesque de Mascon... au roy... A Romme, le XIe jour d'aoust 1534 » ; 38 « Instruction à Nicolas Canyvet, secretaire de monseigneur le duc d'Albanye, de ce qu'il aura à dire et exposer de la part du roy [François Ier] au roy d'Escosse... Mil V.C.XXXIIII » ; 39 Lettre de « TURENNE,... au roy... De Venize, se XXIIe d'oust mil V.C.XXVIII » ; 40 Lettre de « MOY, JOACHIN DE MATIGNON, CARBONNET,... au roy... A Cherbourg, le XXVIe jour de juillet » ; 41 « Memoire de ce qu'est necessaire pour la ville et place de Cherbourg... au roy » ; 42 Lettres patentes de FRANÇOIS Ier concernant « dame Jacqueline de L'Estrac, vefve de feu Anthoine, baron et seigneur de Mailly ». Copie ; 43 Lettres patentes de FRANÇOIS Ier, dans lesquelles il accorde à « René de Mailly, baron et seigneur dudit Mailly, la somme de quatre mil cinq cens livres tournoys ». Copie ; 44 Lettre de « MONTCHENU,... au roy... De Langres, ce XXe d'apvril... mil V.C.XXIX » ; 45 Lettre de « DODIEU,... à messrs de Chastillon et de Montbonnauld,... A Fleurence, ce VIe jour de avril M.V.C.XXIX » ; 46 Lettre du « president des comptes de Provence, JOACHIN,... au roy... A Romme, ce XVIIIe jour d'octobre M.D.XXVIII » ; 47 « Double de lettres », en latin, « escriptes au pape par monseigneur d'Avranches,... Venetiis, IIII° calend. septemb » ; 48 Lettre de « HELLIN,... à monseigneur le legat... A Vallencyennes, ce XIIe jour de novembre » ; 49 Lettre de « GUILLAUME DUBELLAY,... à monseigneur le grand maistre... De Paris, ce XIIe de juing » ; 50 « Pour le Recouvrement des deniers des finances du roy, tant de son domaine que de ses aydes et tailles, de ceste presente année, commencée le premier jour de janvier mil cinq cens trente et deux, et finissant le dernier jour de decembre mil cinq cens trente et troys, a commis et deputez... les personnages tant de robbe courte que de robbe longue qui s'ensuivent »

Cloning, sequencing and characterization of a chitin synthase gene fragment from the fungus Phascolomyces articulosus /

Phascolomyces articulosus genomic DNA was isolated from 48 h old hyphae and was used for amplification of a chitin synthase fragment by the polymerase chain reaction method. The primers used in the amplification corresponded to two widely conserved amino acid regions found in chitin synthases of many fimgi. Amphfication resulted in four bands (820, 900, 1000 and 1500 bp, approximately) as visualized in a 1.2% agarose gel. The lowest band (820 bp) was selected as a candidate for chitin synthase because most amplified regions from other fimgi so far exhibited similar sizes (600-750 bp). The selected fragment was extracted from the gel and cloned in the Hinc n site of pUC19. The derived plasmid and insert were designated ^\5C\9'PaCHS and PaCHS respectively. The plasmid pUC19-PaC/fS was digested by several restriction enzymes and was found to contain BamHl and HincU sites. Sequencing of PaCHS revealed two intron sequences and a total open reading frame of 200 amino acids. The derived polypeptide was compared with other related sequences from the EMBL database (Heidelberg, Germany) and was matched to 36 other fiilly or partially sequenced fimgal chitin synthase genes. The closest resemblance was with two genes (74.5% and 73.1% identity) from Rhizopus oligosporus. Southern hybridization with the cloned fragment as a probe to the PCR reaction showed a strong signal at the fragment selected for cloning and weaker signals at the other two fragments. Southern hybridization with partially digested Phascolomyces articulosus genomic DNA showed a single band. The amino acid sequence was compared with sequences from other chitin synthase gene classes using the CLUSTALW program. The chitin synthase fragment from Phascolomyces articulosus was initially grouped in class n along with chitin synthase fragments from Rhizopus oligosporus and Phycomyces blakesleeanus which also belong to the same class, Zygomycetes. Bootstrap analysis using the neighbor-joining method available by CLUSTALW verified such classification. Comparison of PaCHS revealed conservation of intron positions that are characteristic of chitin synthase gene fragments of zygomycetous fungi.

Robert Campbell, Pelham Township Land Documents, 1879-1894 (not inclusive)

Robert Campbell was the son of Robert Campbell and Jannette Miller, born about 1836 in Pelham North Township. He married Elizabeth Ann Ingram on Saturday, September 7, 1878 in Pelham Township, and they had 2 sons: Robert Carson Campbell and George D. Campbell. He died on February 27, 1908 in Malahide Township, Norfolk County, Ontario.

Cultura e innovación en empresas con relaciones de cooperación inter organizacional

Un gran número de empresas están inmersas actualmente en espacios de mercado conocidos y saturados de competidores. La innovación constituye una de las principales alternativas de las empresas para encontrar su posicionamiento estratégico y adaptarse a los cambios del entorno (Kim & Mauborgne, 2005). Igualmente, Demirci (2013) asegura que la cultura es un factor clave en la innovación, dado que está fuertemente asociada con los valores, actitudes, comportamientos y prácticas organizacionales. Esta investigación abarca el estudio de la cultura organizacional y la innovación en el marco de estrategias de cooperación inter-organizacional donde se plantea que el grado de cooperación que existe entre las empresas tiene un efecto sobre los valores culturales y la incorporación de innovaciones en cada organización. Para esto se llevó a cabo una investigación cuantitativa con un alcance de tipo descriptivo y de carácter no experimental y trans seccional, cuya unidad de análisis fueron 20 empresas de la red ParqueSoft Manizales. Para la medición de las variables de innovación se aplicó un instrumento basado en el Manual de Oslo de la OECD y Eurostat (2005) el cual contempla la innovación de producto, proceso, mercadotecnia y organización. A nivel de los valores culturales, la medición se realizó a través de un cuestionario inspirado en el modelo de Hofstede (1980). Los resultados obtenidos permiten demostrar que existe un grado de relación entre la cooperación y los valores culturales ‘distancia al poder’ y ‘tolerancia a la incertidumbre´, sin poder determinar la relación con la generación de innovación de producto, proceso, mercadotecnia y organización, así como con las otras dimensiones del modelo de valores de Hofstede.