Cardiac Lesions in 30 Dogs Naturally Infected With Leishmania infantum chagasi

The hearts of 30 dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum chagasi were evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically. Myocardial lesions were detected in all dogs, including lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis (27/30), myonecrosis (24/30), increased interstitial collagen (22/30), lepromatous-type granulomatous myocarditis (7/30), fibrinoid vascular change (3/30), and vasculitis (1/30). The parasite was detected in the hearts of 20 of 30 dogs. The number of parasitized cells correlated with the intensity of the inflammation and with the number of granulomas. The results indicate that cardiac lesions are prevalent in dogs with naturally occurring leishmaniasis even in the absence of clinical signs of cardiac disease.

Detecção de marcadores de resistência a múltiplas drogas na pele de cães com infecção natural por Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi (Cunha e Chagas, 1937) Shaw, 2002, submetidos a diferentes protocolos de tratamento

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Leishmaniose Visceral canina: Clonagem e expressão das proteínas Lc24 e Lc36 de L. chagasi com potencial aplicação no diagnóstico e desenvolvimento de vacina

Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia Aplicadas à Farmácia - FCFAR

Identification of Leishmania infantum chagasi proteins in urine of patients with visceral leishmaniasis: a promising antigen discovery approach of vaccine candidates

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious lethal parasitic disease caused by Leishmania donovani in Asia and by Leishmania infantum chagasi in southern Europe and South America. VL is endemic in 47 countries with an annual incidence estimated to be 500 000 cases. This high incidence is due in part to the lack of an efficacious vaccine. Here, we introduce an innovative approach to directly identify parasite vaccine candidate antigens that are abundantly produced in vivo in humans with VL. We combined RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry and categorized three L. infantum chagasi proteins, presumably produced in spleen, liver and bone marrow lesions and excreted in the patients urine. Specifically, these proteins were the following: Li-isd1 (XP_001467866.1), Li-txn1 (XP_001466642.1) and Li-ntf2 (XP_001463738.1). Initial vaccine validation studies were performed with the rLi-ntf2 protein produced in Escherichia coli mixed with the adjuvant BpMPLA-SE. This formulation stimulated potent Th1 response in BALB/c mice. Compared to control animals, mice immunized with Li-ntf2+ BpMPLA-SE had a marked parasite burden reduction in spleens at 40 days post-challenge with virulent L. infantum chagasi. These results strongly support the proposed antigen discovery strategy of vaccine candidates to VL and opens novel possibilities for vaccine development to other serious infectious diseases.

A infecção por Leishmania infantum chagasi altera o metabolismo lipídico do hospedeiro

American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL), caused by Leishmania infantum chagasi (L.i.chagasi), stands as a public health problem in Brazil, with human and canine cases related in all states..Lipid metabolism can be modified in several status of infection. For example, experimental studies show that the cholesterol is necessary to internalization and replication of L.i.chagasi in macrophages through caveolar domains. Patients with AVL present low levels of cholesterol and a visible triglycerides increase. This work aimed to evaluate the lipid metabolism in several post-infection status by L.i.chagasi, including individuals with symptomatic infection (AVL), and asymptomatic. The levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and reactive C protein, were measured. Individuals with AVL were compared with individuals with assymptomatic infection and presented low levels of total cholesterol (128 ± 6.180 mg/dL vs. 158 ±5.733 mg/dL, p=0.0001), HDL (29 ± 1.746 mg/dL vs. 37 ± 1.647 mg/dL, p=0.0001), increased levels of triglycerides (149.5 mg/dL ± 12.72 vs. 78.00 ± 10.43 mg/dL, p=0.0095) and higher levels of reactive C protein (1.750± 0.4939 mg/dL vs. 0.40 ± 0.1707 mg/dL; p=0.0001). The expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, such as LXR-a, LXR-b, PPAR-a, PPAR-d, PPAR-g and APOE was evaluated by real time PCR. A reduction in the expression of those genes was found in the group of AVL patients corroborating the serum levels of the metabolites earlier quantified. Our findings suggest a modulation of metabolism of lipids, in the chronic phase of AVL, this could facilitate the survival of leishmania, due to the known reduction on the ability of macrophages in presenting antigens efficiently to the T cells due to the reduction in the cholesterol available, it results in a subversion of the host immunity.

Influência das condições de cultivo na produção de antígenos recombinantes de Leishmania i. chagasi utilizando Escherichia coli M15 cultivada em incubador rotativo e biorreator

Escherichia coli has been one of the most widely used hosts in recombinant protein production, in both laboratory and industrial scale since the advent of recombinant DNA technology. Despite the substantial progress of studies on the molecular biology and immunology of infections, there is currently no medication-based prophylaxis capable of preventing leishmaniasis. As such, there is a great need to identify specific antigens for the development of vaccines and diagnostic kits against visceral leishmaniasis. Thus, the primary goal of the present study is to assess the influence of cultivation conditions on the production of Leishmania chagasi antigens, carried out in a rotating incubator and bioreactor. To that end, several assays were conducted to evaluate the kinetic behavior of antigens (648, 503) of Leishmania. i. chagasi in two different compositions of media (2xTY, TB), with and without an inducer. In order to improve expression, assays were performed in a benchtop bioreactor using the best conditions obtained in a rotating incubator, in addition to assessing the influence of stirring speed. Results show that high complexity of the cultivation medium favored kinetic growth of clones (648, 503). However, in assays submitted to induction by IPTG, this elevated complexity did not promote the expression of recombinant proteins. Expression of antigens 648 and 503 exhibited behavior associated with growth and, in terms of location, proteins 648 and 503 are intracellularly stored. Lactose may be the most adequate inducer in protein expression, when considering factors, cost, toxicity and stability. Elevated stirring may increase cell growth in clone 53, although it may not result in high concentrations for the protein of interest. On the other hand, positive results were obtained for all recombinant clones (648, 503) tested, confirmed by the electrophoretic profile

Molecular detection of Leishmania sp. in cats (Felis catus) from Andradina Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil

The aim of this work was to molecularly detect Leishmania species in 52 cats from Andradina Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. The direct parasitological test was performed by using imprints of poplited lymph node, bone marrow and spleen to verify amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. The samples that were positive parasitological tests were subjected to molecular analysis (PCR) and sequencing. Infection was detected for 5.76% (3/52) of the examined cats and two had presence of amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. in lymph nodes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of kinetoplast minicircle DNA, indicated positive amplification for samples of spleen and lymph nodes and the sequencing resulted in 97% similarity with Leishmania (L) chagasi. This study proved the occurrence of infection with Leishmania (L) chagasi in felines from Andradina municipality, São Paulo State. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Short Report: Heterogeneity of Leishmania infantum chagasi Kinetoplast DNA in Teresina (Brazil)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Subclinical muscle injuries in dogs infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi

Although canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) has been extensively studied, muscular damage due to Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi infection remains to be fully established. The aim of this study was to describe the electromyographic and histological changes, as well as search for the presence of amastigote forms of Leishmania spp, CD3+ T-lymphocytes, macrophages and IgG in skeletal muscles of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Four muscles (triceps brachial, extensor carpi radialis, biceps femoris and gastrocnemius) from a total of 17 naturally infected and six healthy dogs were used in this study. Electromyographic alterations such as fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves and complex repetitive discharges were observed in, at least, three muscles from all infected dogs. Myocyte necrosis and degeneration were the most frequent muscular injury seen, followed by inflammatory reaction, fibrosis and variation in muscle fibers size. Immunohistochemistry in muscle samples revealed amastigote forms in 4/17 (23. 53%), IgG in 12/17 (70. 58%), CD3+ T-lymphocytes in 16/17 (94. 12%) and macrophages in 17/17 (100%) dogs. Statistically positive correlation was observed between: inflammatory infiltrate (p=0. 0305) and CD3+ immunoreaction (p=0. 0307) in relation to the number of amastigote forms; inflammatory infiltrate (p=0. 0101) and macrophage immunoreaction (p=0. 0127) in relation to the amount of CD3+; and inflammatory infiltrate (p=0. 0044) and degeneration/necrosis (p<0. 0001) in relation to the presence of macrophages. Our results suggest that different mechanisms contribute to the development of myocytotoxicity, including celular and humoral immune responses and direct muscular injury by the parasite. Nevertheless, the catabolic nature of the disease can probably interact with other factors, but cannot be incriminated as the only responsible for myositis.

CD95 (FAS) e CD178 (FASL) induzem apoptose em células CD4+ E CD8+ do sangue periférico e esplênicas em cães naturalmente infectados por Leishmania spp: Kathlenn Liezbeth Oliveira Silva. -

Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - FMVA

Quantificação de células T regulatórias no baço e sangue de cães naturalmente infectados com Leishmania spp

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Infecção por Leichmania chagasi em gatos provenientes de área endêmica para leishmaniose canina e humana

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Leishmania (L.) amazonensis inibe a maturação e a função ativadora das células de Langerhans da pele tratadas com TNF-α e anti-CD40 in vitro

Leishmania amazonensis é um dos principais agentes etiológicos em um amplo espectro de formas clínicas da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana. De modo geral, a resistência frente às leishmanioses decorre do desenvolvimento de uma resposta imune celular eficiente, porém muitos estudos têm demonstrado que citocinas específicas ou combinações de citocinas podem ser fatores de resistência ou suscetibilidade à infecção por L. amazonensis. Estudos recentes sugerem a participação das células de Langerhans (LCs) nas resposta anti-Leishmania, porém os mecanismos envolvidos durante esta interação são ainda pouco estudados. Objetivos: Estudar o papel do TNF-α e anti-CD40 nas interações in vitro entre as LCs e L. amazonensis, observando o perfil de citocinas produzidas e a expressão de moléculas de superfície, bem como verificar a capacidade destas células em ativar a produção de IFN-γ e IL-4 por células do linfonodo. Metodologia: As LCs foram isoladas da epiderme de camundongos BALB/c e incubadas com promastigotas de L. amazonensis, TNF-α e/ou anti- CD40. Após 24h, as LCs foram co-cultivadas com células obtidas de linfonodos por 72h. As citocinas IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ e IL-4 foram dosadas por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e as moléculas de superfície foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo. Resultados: Os níveis de IL- 6 e IL-12p70 produzidos pela LCs foram significativamente reduzidos após interação com L. amazonensis, mesmo após o tratamento das LCs com TNF-α ou anti-CD40. Em relação às moléculas de superfície, não houve diferença na expressão de CD207 em nenhum dos grupos, porém a presença de L. amazonensis promoveu uma redução significativa na expressão de CD40 nas LCs tratadas com TNF-α ou anti-CD40, e aumentou a expressão de CD86 em todos os grupos. Na presença de L. amazonensis, as células do linfonodo apresentaram uma produção diminuída de IFN-γ e não houve alteração na produção de IL-4. Quando cocultivadas com LCs estimuladas previamente com L. amazonensis, a produção de IFN-γ também foi reduzida, mesmo na presença dos estímulos TNF-α e/ou anti-CD40. Não foram observadas alterações significativas na produção de IL-4 pelas células do linfonodo cocultivadas nas mesmas condições experimentais. Conclusão: L. (L.) amazonensis exerce um efeito imunomodulador sobre a resposta imune mediada por LCs, inibindo a produção de IL-6 e IL-12p70 e expressão de CD40, além de impedir a ativação da produção de IFN-γ por células do linfonodo co-cultivadas com LCs, mesmo após tratamento com TNF-α e anticorpo anti-CD40.

Prevalência da co-infecção por Leishmania sp. em pacientes portadores de HIV/AIDS atendidos pelo programa municipal de DST/AIDS no Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento (CTA) de Imperatriz-Maranhão

A co-infecção Leishmania-HIV-Aids é um sério problema de saúde pública em quase todo o mundo. No entanto, os casos de co-infecção ainda são subestimados, uma vez que, a leishmaniose não se constitui doença definidora de Aids. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal de Dezembro de 2011 a Fevereiro de 2012, com o objetivo de investigar a prevalência da co-infecção HIV/Leishmania em pacientes atendidos pelo programa municipal de DST/aids no Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento (CTA) de Imperatriz-MA. A população de estudo foi constituída por 199 indivíduos. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de um questionário para a obtenção de dados demográficos, socioeconômicos e epidemiológicos, bem como foi realizado exame de coleta de material biológico (sangue) de todos os pacientes para detecção da infecção por Leishmania sp., por meio de exames laboratoriais (contagem de CD4 e CD8) e pesquisa da PCR. Entre os pacientes observou-se similaridade entre a frequência dos gêneros, 49,2% masculino e 50,8% feminino, com média de idade de 40 anos. Foi observado que 61,8% possuem baixo nível de instrução e 69,3% possuem renda mensal de até um salário mínimo. 2,01% (4/199) dos pacientes analisados apresentaram co-infecção Leishmania/HIV. Sendo, destes, 3 que apresentaram infecção mista por Leishmania (V.) sp e Leishmania (L.) amazonensis, causadores de LTA e um paciente infectado por Leishmania (L.) chagasi, causador de LV. Na comparação dos fatores de risco, comorbidades e complicações entre os pacientes analisados observou-se que a malária foi o único fator que se mostrou significante em torno de 10,05%. Esse foi o primeiro estudo que investiga a coinfecção HIV Leishmaniana cidade de Imperatriz, Maranhão e a identificação de pacientes coinfectados foi de fundamental importância para o serviço que a partir de então poderá realizar o acompanhamento destes pacientes. Este estudo permitiu conhecer a magnitude da prevalência da co-infecção Leishmania/HIV. Assim, sugerimos que o teste anti-Leishmaniaseja realizado em todos os indivíduos com HIV/Aids, e que sejam incrementadas políticas públicas voltadas para essa problemática.

Serological cross-reactivity of Trypanosoma cruzi, Ehrlichia canis, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Babesia canis to Leishmania infantum chagasi tests in dogs

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the serological cross-reactivity between Leishmania sp. and other canine pathogens. Methods: Positive serum samples for Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Trypanosoma cruzi were tested using three serological methods enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and Kalazar Detect™, for canine visceral leishmaniasis. Results: Of the 57 dog samples tested, 24 (42.1%) tested positive using one of the three serological methods: 10/57 (17.5%) for ELISA, 11/57 (19.3%) for IFAT and 3/57 (5.3%) for Kalazar Detect™. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that the presence of other infectious agents may lead to cross-reactivity on leishmaniasis serological tests.