塔里木盆地寒武－奥陶系白云岩类型、成因机理及其孔隙性研究

Cambrian-Ordovician dolostones in Tarim Basin are hydrocarbon reservoir rocks of vital importance. Under the guidance of the theories of sedimentology and the sedimentology of carbonate reservoir, based on the first-hand qualitative and quantitative data especially, combined with micro-study, geochemical and reservoir capacity analysis, and precursor research, the origin and reservoir characteristics of the dolostones were discussed. Based on detailed petrographic investigations, four types of dolostone have been recognized, which are, respecitively, mud-silt-sized dolostones, algal laminated dolostones (ALD), prophyritic dolostone, and neomorphic dolostone. Mud-silt-sized dolostones always presents as laminas together with evaporated signatures, its REE patterns and ΣREE are all close to that of the finely crystalline limestone. This kind of dolomite probably experienced relatively low fluid-rock ratio during diagenesis was formed in hypersaline and oxidizing environment and involved fast dolomitization process. It was dolomitized by evaporated seawater in sabkha environment.The main primary fabrics of algal lamination in algal laminated dolomite (ALD) can still be identified and its ΣREE (21.37) is very close to that of algae. This reveals that ALD was dolomitized during early diagenesis and algae possibly played an important role. The ALD was formed under mediation of organic matter and Mg2+ were supplied by magnesium concentrated algal laminites and sea water. Prophyritic dolostones presents mainly as patchy occurrence and yield the lowest δ13C and Z value. Its ΣREE is much less than that of the finely crystalline limestone. These characteristics reveal that the cloudy cores were dolomitized in shallow early diagenetic environments by pore fluids riched in Mg2+. Whereas the clear rims were likely formed in subsequent burial into deeper subsurface environments, and the Mg2+ needed for further dolomitization possibly was supplied by the transformations of clay minerals. Neomorphic dolostones consist of coarse, turbid crystals and exhibits sucrosic and mosaic textures. It has highest Fe2+ contents and average homogeneous temperature (110.2℃). Collectively, these characteristics demonstrate that the neomorphic dolostones was likely formed by recrystallization of pre-existing dolomites during deep burial. The ΣREE of the four types of dolostone distinctly differentiates from each other. However, their REE patterns are all enriched in LREE, depleted in HREE and have Eu negative anomalies. Its ΣREE 13.64 ppm, less than 1/4 of finely crystalline limestone, and ranks the lowest in the 4 types.These characteristics are comparable to those of finely crystalline limestone, and are mainly infuenced by the sea water. These four types of dolostone show similar REE mobility behaviour and no significant fractionation, althouth they have been subjected to evidently different diageneses. Seven main pore types are identified in the dolostones , which are fenestral, moldic, intercrystal, dissolved，breccia, dissolved breccia and stylolite pores. Fenestral pores are primary and the others are secondary. The dissolved pores and intercrystal pores are the most important reservoir spaces and followed by breccias and dissolved breccia pores, and the moldic and fenestral pores are less important. Stylolites can enhance permeability of reservoir rocks in one hand, for the other hand, the capacity of reservoir and permeability are enhanced and then better reservoir rocks can be formed when they are combined with patchy dolostones. The relationship between porosity and the type of dolostones is that the dissolved neomorphic dolostones have the highest porosity of 3.65%, than followed by dissolved Mud-silt-sized dolostones of 3.35%. The mud-silt-sized dolostones without dissolution have the lowest porosity of 0.90%. Moreover, the porosity of prophyritic dolostones and the neomorphic dolostones without dissolution are lower, respectively 1.675% and 1.41%. Although algal laminated dolostones consist of euhedral crystals and riched in intercrystal pores, its porosity just yields 1.20%. The relationship between permeability and the type of dolostones is that that algal laminated dolostones have the highest permeability of 0.462mD and followed by 0.065mD of prophyritic dolostones. Dissolution have no significant influence on the permeability of neomorphic dolostones and this presented by the permeability of dissolved and non-dissolved are very close, respectively 0.043mD and 0.062mD. No matter dissolved or not, mud-silt-sized dolostones are much less permeable. The permeability of non-dissolved and dissolved are 0.051mD and 0.016mD. Collectively, in the study area, neomorphic dolostones can form high quality reservoir.

Impact of using different radiation therapy techniques in breat cancer: contralateral breast dose

RESUMO: O cancro de mama e o mais frequente diagnoticado a indiv duos do sexo feminino. O conhecimento cientifico e a tecnologia tem permitido a cria ção de muitas e diferentes estrat egias para tratar esta patologia. A Radioterapia (RT) est a entre as diretrizes atuais para a maioria dos tratamentos de cancro de mama. No entanto, a radia ção e como uma arma de dois canos: apesar de tratar, pode ser indutora de neoplasias secund arias. A mama contralateral (CLB) e um orgão susceptivel de absorver doses com o tratamento da outra mama, potenciando o risco de desenvolver um tumor secund ario. Nos departamentos de radioterapia tem sido implementadas novas tecnicas relacionadas com a radia ção, com complexas estrat egias de administra ção da dose e resultados promissores. No entanto, algumas questões precisam de ser devidamente colocadas, tais como: E seguro avançar para tecnicas complexas para obter melhores indices de conformidade nos volumes alvo, em radioterapia de mama? O que acontece aos volumes alvo e aos tecidos saudaveis adjacentes? Quão exata e a administração de dose? Quais são as limitações e vantagens das técnicas e algoritmos atualmente usados? A resposta a estas questões e conseguida recorrendo a m etodos de Monte Carlo para modelar com precisão os diferentes componentes do equipamento produtor de radia ção(alvos, ltros, colimadores, etc), a m de obter uma descri cão apropriada dos campos de radia cão usados, bem como uma representa ção geometrica detalhada e a composição dos materiais que constituem os orgãos e os tecidos envolvidos. Este trabalho visa investigar o impacto de tratar cancro de mama esquerda usando diferentes tecnicas de radioterapia f-IMRT (intensidade modulada por planeamento direto), IMRT por planeamento inverso (IMRT2, usando 2 feixes; IMRT5, com 5 feixes) e DCART (arco conformacional dinamico) e os seus impactos em irradia ção da mama e na irradia ção indesejada dos tecidos saud aveis adjacentes. Dois algoritmos do sistema de planeamento iPlan da BrainLAB foram usados: Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC) e Monte Carlo comercial iMC. Foi ainda usado um modelo de Monte Carlo criado para o acelerador usado (Trilogy da VARIAN Medical Systems), no c odigo EGSnrc MC, para determinar as doses depositadas na mama contralateral. Para atingir este objetivo foi necess ario modelar o novo colimador multi-laminas High- De nition que nunca antes havia sido simulado. O modelo desenvolvido est a agora disponí vel no pacote do c odigo EGSnrc MC do National Research Council Canada (NRC). O acelerador simulado foi validado com medidas realizadas em agua e posteriormente com c alculos realizados no sistema de planeamento (TPS).As distribui ções de dose no volume alvo (PTV) e a dose nos orgãos de risco (OAR) foram comparadas atrav es da an alise de histogramas de dose-volume; an alise estati stica complementar foi realizadas usando o software IBM SPSS v20. Para o algoritmo PBC, todas as tecnicas proporcionaram uma cobertura adequada do PTV. No entanto, foram encontradas diferen cas estatisticamente significativas entre as t ecnicas, no PTV, nos OAR e ainda no padrão da distribui ção de dose pelos tecidos sãos. IMRT5 e DCART contribuem para maior dispersão de doses baixas pelos tecidos normais, mama direita, pulmão direito, cora cão e at e pelo pulmão esquerdo, quando comparados com as tecnicas tangenciais (f-IMRT e IMRT2). No entanto, os planos de IMRT5 melhoram a distribuição de dose no PTV apresentando melhor conformidade e homogeneidade no volume alvo e percentagens de dose mais baixas nos orgãos do mesmo lado. A t ecnica de DCART não apresenta vantagens comparativamente com as restantes t ecnicas investigadas. Foram tamb em identi cadas diferen cas entre os algoritmos de c alculos: em geral, o PBC estimou doses mais elevadas para o PTV, pulmão esquerdo e cora ção, do que os algoritmos de MC. Os algoritmos de MC, entre si, apresentaram resultados semelhantes (com dferen cas at e 2%). Considera-se que o PBC não e preciso na determina ção de dose em meios homog eneos e na região de build-up. Nesse sentido, atualmente na cl nica, a equipa da F sica realiza medi ções para adquirir dados para outro algoritmo de c alculo. Apesar de melhor homogeneidade e conformidade no PTV considera-se que h a um aumento de risco de cancro na mama contralateral quando se utilizam t ecnicas não-tangenciais. Os resultados globais dos estudos apresentados confirmam o excelente poder de previsão com precisão na determinação e c alculo das distribui ções de dose nos orgãos e tecidos das tecnicas de simulação de Monte Carlo usados.---------ABSTRACT:Breast cancer is the most frequent in women. Scienti c knowledge and technology have created many and di erent strategies to treat this pathology. Radiotherapy (RT) is in the actual standard guidelines for most of breast cancer treatments. However, radiation is a two-sword weapon: although it may heal cancer, it may also induce secondary cancer. The contralateral breast (CLB) is a susceptible organ to absorb doses with the treatment of the other breast, being at signi cant risk to develop a secondary tumor. New radiation related techniques, with more complex delivery strategies and promising results are being implemented and used in radiotherapy departments. However some questions have to be properly addressed, such as: Is it safe to move to complex techniques to achieve better conformation in the target volumes, in breast radiotherapy? What happens to the target volumes and surrounding healthy tissues? How accurate is dose delivery? What are the shortcomings and limitations of currently used treatment planning systems (TPS)? The answers to these questions largely rely in the use of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations using state-of-the-art computer programs to accurately model the di erent components of the equipment (target, lters, collimators, etc.) and obtain an adequate description of the radiation elds used, as well as the detailed geometric representation and material composition of organs and tissues. This work aims at investigating the impact of treating left breast cancer using di erent radiation therapy (RT) techniques f-IMRT (forwardly-planned intensity-modulated), inversely-planned IMRT (IMRT2, using 2 beams; IMRT5, using 5 beams) and dynamic conformal arc (DCART) RT and their e ects on the whole-breast irradiation and in the undesirable irradiation of the surrounding healthy tissues. Two algorithms of iPlan BrainLAB TPS were used: Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC)and commercial Monte Carlo (iMC). Furthermore, an accurate Monte Carlo (MC) model of the linear accelerator used (a Trilogy R VARIANR) was done with the EGSnrc MC code, to accurately determine the doses that reach the CLB. For this purpose it was necessary to model the new High De nition multileaf collimator that had never before been simulated. The model developed was then included on the EGSnrc MC package of National Research Council Canada (NRC). The linac was benchmarked with water measurements and later on validated against the TPS calculations. The dose distributions in the planning target volume (PTV) and the dose to the organs at risk (OAR) were compared analyzing dose-volume histograms; further statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS v20 software. For PBC, all the techniques provided adequate coverage of the PTV. However, statistically significant dose di erences were observed between the techniques, in the PTV, OAR and also in the pattern of dose distribution spreading into normal tissues. IMRT5 and DCART spread low doses into greater volumes of normal tissue, right breast, right lung, heart and even the left lung than tangential techniques (f-IMRT and IMRT2). However,IMRT5 plans improved distributions for the PTV, exhibiting better conformity and homogeneity in target and reduced high dose percentages in ipsilateral OAR. DCART did not present advantages over any of the techniques investigated. Di erences were also found comparing the calculation algorithms: PBC estimated higher doses for the PTV, ipsilateral lung and heart than the MC algorithms predicted. The MC algorithms presented similar results (within 2% di erences). The PBC algorithm was considered not accurate in determining the dose in heterogeneous media and in build-up regions. Therefore, a major e ort is being done at the clinic to acquire data to move from PBC to another calculation algorithm. Despite better PTV homogeneity and conformity there is an increased risk of CLB cancer development, when using non-tangential techniques. The overall results of the studies performed con rm the outstanding predictive power and accuracy in the assessment and calculation of dose distributions in organs and tissues rendered possible by the utilization and implementation of MC simulation techniques in RT TPS.

Primavera : una mirada did??ctica

Resumen basado en la publicaci??n

Estudio sobre las respuestas emitidas en las láminas del test proyectivo Rorschach, con sujetos que presentan trastornos de conducta de tipo sociopático.

Identificar el patrón de respuestas que tienden a dar los sujetos que presentan trastornos de conducta de tipo sociopático, a través del test de Rorschach. 166 sujetos divididos en los siguientes grupos: A/ Grupo I: trastornos de conducta de tipo sociopático. B/ Grupo II: trastornos de conducta de tipo sociopático con organicidad. C/ Grupo III: trastornos de conducta de tipo sociopático que descubren trastornos del pensamiento. Grupo IV: población normal. Marco teórico: aporta explicaciones sobre los métodos proyectivos y su relación con la personalidad. Presenta los conceptos teóricos sobre el test de Rorschach, sobre los trastornos de conducta de tipo sociopático y sobre las alteraciones orgánicas y trastornos de pensamiento. Marco práctico: define el tipo de estudio y la muestra. Estudia las siguientes variables: A/ Dependientes: edad, sexo, ocupación, nivel socioeconómico, estado civil, procedencia y escolaridad. Independiente: patrón de respuestas a las diez láminas del test de Rorschach. Realiza un análisis estadístico de los datos y presenta los resultados y conclusiones. Expediente psiquiátrico. Entrevista. Test de Rorschach. Bibliografía. Análisis estadístico: A/ Contraste de significación mediante la Chi-cuadrada de Pearson. B/ Porcentaje de las frecuencias de respuestas. Medias y desviaciones tipo. A/ Porcentaje de respuestas:- Grupo I: 45. - Grupo II: 56. - Grupo III: 70. - Grupo IV: 83. B/ Contraste de significación: hay diferencia significativa entre el grupo I y el IV. No hay diferencia significativa entre el grupo II y III. Hay diferencia significativa entre el grupo I y el III. C/ Medias:. Grupo I: 10. Grupo II: 15. Grupo III: 16. Grupo IV: 15. Los sujetos que presentan trastornos sociopáticos se caracterizan por el siguiente patrón en el test de Rorschach: - Poca cantidad de respuestas. Porcentaje elevado de fracasos. - Pocas respuestas de contenido humano. Elevado porcentaje de respuestas F negativas. - Elevado porcentaje de respuestas W, FM, D. - Elevado porcentaje de respuestas de contenido animal. - Bajo porcentaje de respuestas FC, kF, FC, m. - Mayor cantidad de respuestas C y CF. - Aparecen respuestas de contenido: sangre, fuego, sexual, anatómico, etc. Alto porcentaje de fracasos de las laminas IV, VI y IX. - Alto porcentaje de no percepción de figura humana en la lámina III. - Frecuentes verbalizaciones de contenido hostil: garras, lobos, panteras, águilas, monstruos, etc.

Influence of foliar diseases and their control by fungicides on grain yield and quality in wheat

Twenty-eight field experiments on sandy-loam soils in the UK (1982-2003) are reviewed by relating the extension of the green area duration of the flag leaf (GLADF) by fungicides to effects on yield and quality of winter wheat. Over all experiments mean grain yield = 8.85t ha(-1) at 85% DM. With regards quality, mean values were: thousand grain weight (TGW) = 44.5 g; specific weight (SWT) = 76.9 kg hl(-1); crude protein concentration (CP (N x 5.7)) = 12.5 % DM; Hagberg falling number (HFN) = 285 s; and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-sedimentation volume = 69ml. For each day (d) that fungicides increased GLADF there were associated average increases in yield (0.144 1 ha(-1) d(-1), se 0.0049, df = 333), TGW (0.56 gd(-1), se = 0.017) and SWT (0.22 kg hl(-1) d(-1), se 0.011). Some curvature was evident in all these relationships. When GLADF was delayed beyond 700 degrees Cd after anthesis, as was possible in cool wet seasons, responses were curtailed, or less reliable. Despite this apparent terminal sink limitation, fungicide effects on sink size, eg endosperm cell numbers or maximum water mass per grain, were not prerequisites for large effects on grain yield, TGW or SWT. Fungicide effects on CP were variable. Although the average response of CP was negative (-0.029%DM/d; se = 0.00338), this depended on cultivar and disease controlled. Controlling biotrophs such as rusts, (Puccinia spp.) tended to increase CP, whereas controlling a more necrotrophic pathogen (Septoria tritici) usually reducedCP. Irrespective of pathogen controlled, delaying senescence of the flag leaf was associated with increased nitrogen yields in the grain (averaging 2.24 kg N ha-1 d(-1), se = 0.0848) due to both increased N uptake into the above ground crop, and also more efficient remobilisation of N from leaf laminas. When sulphur availability appeared to be adequate, fungicide x cultivar interactions were similar on S as for CP, although N:S ratios tended to decline (i.e. improve for bread making) when S. tritici was controlled. On average, SDS-sedimentation volume declined (-0. 18 ml/d, se = 0.027) with increased GLADF, broadly commensurate with the average effect on CP. Hagberg falling number decreased as fungicide increased GLADF (-2.73 s/d, se = 0.178), indicating an increase in alpha-amylase activity.

Fungicide and cultivar affect post-anthesis patterns of nitrogen uptake, remobilization and utilization efficiency in wheat

Three successive field experiments (2000/01-2002/03) assessed the effect of wheat cultivar (Consort.. Hereward and Shamrock) and fungicide (epoxiconazole and azoxystrobin) applied at and after flag leaf emergence on the nitrogen in the above-ground crop (Total N) and grain (Grain N), net nitrogen remobilization from non-grain tissues (Remobilized N). grain dry matter (Grain Dill), and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE(g) = Grain DM/Total N). Ordinary logistic curves were fitted to the accumulation of Grain N, Grain DM and Remobilized N against thermal time after anthesis and used to simultaneously derive fits for Total N and NUtE(g). When disease was controlled, Consort achieved the greatest Grain DM, Total N, Grain N and NUtEg; in each case due mostly to longer durations, rather than quicker rates, of accumulation. Fungicide application increased final Grain Dill.. Grant N, Total N and Remobilized N, also mostly through effects on duration rather than rate of accumulation. Completely senesced leaf laminas retained less nitrogen when fungicide had been applied compared with leaf laminas previously infected severely with brown rust (Puccinia recondita) and Septoria tritici, or with just S. tritici. Late movement of nitrogen out of fungicide-treated laminas contributed to extended duration of both nitrogen remobilization and grain N filling, and meant that increases in NUtE(g) could occur without simultaneous reductions in grain N concentration.

Colesteatomas adquiridos : análise comparativa da perimatriz entre pacientes pediátricos e adultos

Introdução: Os colesteatomas podem ocorrer tanto em crianças como em adultos, porém nas crianças pareceriam ter um crescimento mais agressivo e extenso. A atividade das colagenases poderia explicar este perfil. Objetivo: Comparar, histologicamente, a perimatriz de colesteatomas adquiridos de crianças com os de adultos. Métodos: Foram estudados 74 colesteatomas, 35 pediátricos, coletados em cirurgias otológicas, fixados em formol 10% e processados pelas técnicas histológicas habituais. Foram preparadas uma lâmina em Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE) e outra em Picrossírios, de cada amostra, e analisadas ao microscópio óptico. A leitura foi “cega”, efetuada por meio de imagens digitais, no software ImagePro Plus. A análise estatística foi realizada através dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e Spearman e dos testes t e χ2, sendo considerados como estatisticamente significativos os valores de P<0,05. Resultados: Dos 74 colesteatomas coletados, 17 - sete do grupo pediátrico e dez do adulto - foram excluídos por não terem presença de matriz e perimatriz nas lâminas processadas. A média±dp da idade, no grupo pediátrico, foi de 12,85±3,63; e no adulto, 33,69±13,10. Na análise histológica, o número médio de camadas de células epiteliais da matriz foi igual a oito, nos dois grupos, 60% das amostras apresentavam inflamação, de moderada a acentuada; quanto à fibrose, nas crianças, 71,4% e nos adultos, 62,1%; o granuloma apareceu em 10,7% e 13,8%, respectivamente; a presença de epitélio cubóide simples delimitando a perimatriz foi encontrada em 29% dos infantis e 14% dos adultos, entretanto, nenhuma dessas variáveis apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativas quando comparadas por faixa etária (P>0,05). Quanto à espessura da perimatriz, no grupo pediátrico, as medianas (intervalo interquartil) dos parâmetros foram: média=79 (41 a 259); mediana=77 (40 a 265); soma=1.588 (831 a 5.185); delta=82 (44 a 248); mínimo=53 (16 a 165) e máximo=127 (64 a 398); já no grupo de adultos foram: média=83 (26 a 174); mediana=68 (30 a 181); soma=1.801 (558 a 3.867); delta=92 (45 a 190); mínimo=27 (12 a 100) e máximo=136 (53 a 280). O coeficiente de Spearman mostrou correlação inversa, moderada, entre a espessura da perimatriz e a idade; também houve correlação, forte, entre a espessura da perimatriz e o número de camadas da matriz, porém não houve correlação entre essa com a idade. Conclusão: Histologicamente, a perimatriz de colesteatomas adquiridos, de crianças e adultos, vista à microscopia óptica, apresenta-se como um tecido conjuntivo denso de espessura variável (intra e interpacientes), que, por vezes, exibe infiltrado inflamatório linfoplasmocitário e/ou tecido de granulação e reação de corpo estranho; em alguns casos é delimitada em plano profundo por epitélio cubóide simples. Há correlação inversa, de fraca a moderada, entre o tamanho da perimatriz, medida em micrômetros e a idade do paciente na data da cirurgia. O grau de inflamação da perimatriz apresenta correlação, de moderada a forte, com a espessura da perimatriz. As espessuras da matriz e da perimatriz estão fortemente correlacionadas.

Dispositivos planares integrados utilizando método dinâmico com metamateriais e PBG

This work presents a theoretical, numerical and computation analysis of parameters of a rectangular microstrip antenna with metamaterial substrate, fin line as a coupler and also integrated devices like integrated filter antenna. It is applied theory to full-wave of Transverse Transmission Line - TTL method, to characterize the magnitude of the substrate and obtain the general equations of the electromagnetic fields. About the metamaterial, they are characterized by permittivity and permeability tensor, reaching to the general equations for the electromagnetic fields of the antenna. It is presented a study about main representation of PBG(Photonic Band Gap) material and its applied for a specific configuration. A few parameters are simulated some structures in order to reduce the physical dimensions and increase the bandwidth. The results are presented through graphs. The theoretical and computational analysis of this work have shown accurate and relatively concise. Conclusions are drawn and suggestions for future work

Permian stromatolites associated with bivalve coquina beds-Angatuba, SP, Brazil (Teresina Formation, Parana Basin)

Silicified stromatolites have been described in the Permian Teresina Formation, Passa Dois Group, of the Parana Basin. These stromatolites occur as blocks in the Fazenda Monte Alegre area at the headwaters of the creek known as Corrego Catanduva in the municipality of Angatuba. These blocks originate from the Serra de Angatuba region and were recognized in a road that was cut in the midst of sandstones and siltites. The stromatolites are isolated bioherms that are domed to subspherical with a flat base in profile and a rounded to lenticular shape in plan view. The stromatolites exhibit a reddish coloration and are composed of microcrystalline quartz. Lamination is continuous, non-columnar, and anastomosed, showing parallel to divergent growth; however, divergent columns also occur, especially at the tops of the bioherms. The lamination is fine and well preserved, with alternating light and dark laminas. Microfossils of filamentous cyanobacteria are preserved and were related to the genera Microcoleus and Rivularia. Silicified bivalves occur in association with the stromatolites and are preserved in the form of coquina beds and rare isolated specimens within the bioherms. The described specimens belong to the Pinzonella illusa biozone, with representatives of the species Pinzonella illusa, Angatubia cowperesioides, and Houldausiella elongata. The formation environment of these stromatolites is associated with tidal plains of shallow, brackish, relatively calm, warm waters of good luminosity with the presence of weak currents. There was likely a low level of predation, and the environment may have been hypersaline. The coquina beds associated with the stromatolites indicate a probable proximal tempestite, i.e., they were formed near the coastline. The stromatolites were originally composed of carbonates, although these were replaced by silica during early diagenesis.

Plasticidade induzida por treinamento locomotor na medula espinal intacta em ratos: correlatos morfológicos

The locomotion is one of the most important capabilities developed by the animals, whose improvement is dependent on several neural centers, including the spinal cord. This activity promotes a lot of spinal modifications that enable it to adapt and improve their connections. This study aimed to observe the morphological changes occurring in the spinal cord after locomotor training in intact rats. For that we used male Wistar rats, which were submitted to locomotor training in wheel activity in protocols 1, 3 and 7 days (30min/day), and the results were compared to a control group not subjected to exercise. Coronal sections of 40 μm of the lumbosacral spinal cord were subjected to immunohistochemical techniques anti-Egr1, anti-NMDA and anti-SP, to characterize the spinal plasticity related to these substances. Egr1-immunoreactive cells were increased in all laminas, essentially in those more intensely activated by locomotion, laminas IV-X levels L4-S3. All observed sections expressed NMDA-immunoreactivity. Analysis of SP in the spinal dorsal horn resulted no significant variations of this neuropeptide related to locomotion. The results suggest that locomotor training provides synaptic plasticity similar to LTP in all laminas of the lumbosacral spinal cord, in different intensities. However, the SP appears do not participate of this process in the spinal dorsal horn. This work will contribute for consolidating and characterization of synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord

Usos potenciais de moringa oleifera lam., uma matriz para produção de biodiesel e tratamento de água no semiárido nordestino

The current environmental crisis demands transformations in the relations among society, nature and development, considering sustainability. In this context, an important theme is replacing fossil fuels with biofuels, such as biodiesel. Moringa oleifera Lam. is a species that can be used as a raw material to produce biodiesel. Besides, it is a multiple purposes plant, which can be used also in water treatment. Thus, the aims of this work were to analyze the anatomical adaptations found in the stem and in the leaf and the seed s oil stores of M. oleifera., to investigate chemical characteristics of M. oleifera s seed oil, considering biodiesel production, and to evaluate the coagulation activity of these seeds in water treatment. Semipermanent histological laminas were made and it follows that the stem has thick cuticle, stomata whose cells guard are below the epidermis line, hollow medulla, druses and tector trichomes as adaptations to climate and soil conditions in which the species is found and the leaf is dorsiventral and it has thick cuticle, tector trichomes and druses. The seed has great reserves of oil. These features favor the use of Moringa oleifera Lam. as a raw material to produce biodiesel in Brazil s Northeast semiarid region. Chemical analysis were made through oil solvent extraction using mechanic stirrer. The oil was analyzed in UV spectrophotometer. A transesterification was made and biodiesel was analyzed in gas chromatography. Oil yield was high and good quality biodiesel was obtained. To evaluate seeds coagulantion activity, coagulation and flocculation essays in jartest were made, using seed extract to treat raw water. Seeds were efficient in cogulation process to treat water. So, they can be used in rudimentary systems or as a raw material to coagulant proteins extraction, as an alternative to traditional coagulants. M. oleifera has characteristics that favor its use to biodiesel production and water treatment

Processo de reparo em feridas de extração dentária em camundongos tratados com o complexo Symphytum officinale e Calendula officinallis

Medicamentos homeopáticos como o Symphytum officinalle e a Calendula officinallis são dotados de propriedades anti-sépticas, antiinflamatória, cicatrizantes e também agem como promotores da consolidação de fraturas ósseas. Neste trabalho, uniram-se esses dois medicamentos similares em um complexo para verificar o seu efeito no reparo em feridas de extração dentária em camundongos. O complexo Symphytum officinalle e Calendula officinallis nas potências de 6CH e 3CH, respectivamente, foi ministrado por via oral ao grupo tratado durante 5 dias antes e após a extração do incisivo superior direito. No grupo controle, administraram-se 5ml de álcool etílico a 70% diluídos em 30 ml de soro fisiológico. Após a proservação, os animais foram sacrificados, a maxila direita separada da esquerda, fixada e processada para inclusão em parafina. Após a microtomia, os cortes obtidos foram corados pela H/E. A análise histológica mostrou que, tanto no grupo controle como no tratado, o alvéolo dentário estava preenchido por tecido de granulação e tecido ósseo neoformado, com graus variáveis de maturação, rico em osteócitos. No entanto, nos animais tratados, o processo de reparo em feridas após extração dentária do incisivo superior direito mostrou um avanço progressivo de neoformação óssea mais acentuado quando comparado ao grupo controle, em tempos equivalentes. Estes resultados enfatizam as propriedades biológicas do complexo Symphytum officinalle e Calendula officinallis e sua possível utilização como recurso terapêutico na Odontologia.

Anatomia comparada dos limbos cotiledonares e eofilares de dez espécies de Caesalpinioideae (Fabaceae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Rainfall intensity and Mepiquat Chloride persistence in cotton

Em parte das regiões onde se encontram as maiores áreas de algodão no Brasil atualmente, o índice pluviométrico está ao redor de 2.000 mm anuais, existindo risco de ocorrer lavagem do Cloreto de Mepiquat (CM) das folhas do algodoeiro antes de ser absorvido pelas plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a lavagem do CM aplicado no algodoeiro por diferentes laminas de chuva simulada. Os tratamentos constaram de três doses do regulador à base de cloreto de mepiquat: 0, 15.0 e 30.0 g ha-1 e quatro lâminas de chuva simulada: 5, 10, 20 e 40 mm, mais um tratamento sem chuva. Foram utilizados vasos de 12 litros de capacidade e a cultivar Delta Opal. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: altura de plantas, número de ramos reprodutivos, massa de matéria seca, retenção de estruturas reprodutivas e área foliar. Quanto maior a intensidade de chuva ocorrida após a aplicação do regulador maior foi o comprometimento da ação do produto, que repercutiu em interferência no crescimento das plantas. Chuvas de 5.0 mm, ocorridas 90 minutos após a aplicação do cloreto de mepiquat, já causaram prejuízo na ação do produto no crescimento do algodoeiro, sendo o efeito maior com o aumento da quantidade de chuva simulada.

Caracterização biométrica e química da folha de Mentha pulegium x spicata (Lamiaceae)

The hybrid Mentha pulegium x spicata, also well-known as poejo de praia, it is a perennial, low plant, with fields, violet stem and opposite leaves, with lance format and sawed board, presenting characteristic smell. The objective of the present work was accomplish a study of the leaf anatomy, including a biometric study of tissue and quantitative analysis of secretory trichomes/mm2 and of stomata/mm2 in both faces of the epidermis, besides a chemical analysis of the essential oil. Histological permanent laminas were made for anatomical analysis of the leaf surface and also sheets of the impression to foliate for the count of the trichomes number and stomatas. The chemical studies were made through the extraction of the essential oil by hydrodistillation and analyzed in GC-MS. The capitate and peltates trichomes are present on both sides of the leaf, even so they prevail in the abaxial surface. The variance analysis show that there are significant differences for the number of capitate trichomes and tectores between the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, but they are not significant for the peltate trichoma. The analyzed of essential oil shows the presence of a majority component, trans piperitone epoxide, being it responsible for more than 80% of the relative composition in the essential oil.