Efecto de la aplicación de tres láminas de riego en dos técnicas de riego sobre el cultivo del maíz (Zea mays L.) en la microcuenca El Espinal, Pueblo Nuevo, 2013

El presente estudio se realizó en la Comunidad Matapalo, Municipio de Pueblo Nuevo,Estelí, en el periodo de febrero a mayo del 2013, con el propósito de evaluar dos lámina de riego por goteo 4.5 l/ml/día, riego por surco 13.75 l/ml/día y la combinación de ambos sistemas en el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.), var. NUTRINTA amarillo. Se utilizó un diseño de Bloques Completo al Azar (BCA), con un arreglo en franjas. Las variables fueron sujetas a un Análisis de Varianza (ANDEVA) y agrupaciones de medias mediante LSD (∞=0.05). Las variables diámetro de planta, altura de la planta y número de hojas por planta fueron afectadas significativamente en el sistema de riego por goteo a los 30 y 60 días después de la germinación (ddg) y 90 ddg, se encontró diferencias estadísticas con mayores promedios el riego por surco. Las variables rendimiento también fueron afectadas significativamente, destacando el riego por goteo con el mayor promedio. El mayor rendimiento total fue de 3010 kg ha-1 en el tratamiento riego por goteo, con rendimientos inferiores en riego por surco y combinado (2775 kg ha-1 y 2710 kg ha-1); Basados en la información proporcionada sobre las propiedades hidrofísicas de suelo, se constató que Matapalo cuenta con un ambiente propicio para el desarrollo del cultivo de maíz.

Producción de microtubérculos de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.), cultivar Servane en biorreactores económicos de inmersion temporal

La presente investigación se realizó en el laboratorio de cultivo de tejidos de la Universidad Nacional Agraria de marzo a septiembre de 2015 . Se evaluaron las fases de multiplicación y formación de microtubérculos de papa cultivar Servane en Biorreactores Ec onómicos de Inmersión Temporal (BEIT). En cada fase de estudio se evaluaron 70 plantas inoculadas en cinco variantes de medios de cultivo. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al a zar (BCA) con arreglo unifactorial, y tres réplicas conformada por 3 BEIT, para determinar las diferencias estadísticas entre las medias de los tratamientos se realizó la prueba de medias de diferencia mínima significativa (LSD) ( α= 0.05) . En el medio de cultivo con 0.10 mg l - 1 de GA3 y 1.00 mg l - 1 de BAP la longitud de planta, núme ro de entrenudos, número de hojas y número de brotes axilares registraron diferencias estadísticas significativas. E l medio con 80 g l - 1 de sacarosa indujo el mayor promedio de microtubér culos por planta (1.30). En el medio con 90 g l - 1 de sacarosa se obtu vo los mejores promedios diámetro y longitud de los microtubérculos con promedios respectivos de 0.57 y 0.83 cm. En los medios con concentraciones de sacarosa de 80, 90, 100 y 110 g l - 1 se obtuvo un mayor el porcentaje de m icrotubérculos con peso fre sco me nores de 0.4 g con promedios respectivos de 68, 70, 70 y 68%. Mientras que el peso fresco de 0. 4 a 0. 6 g se presentó el mayor porcentaje (43%) cuando se adicionó 1 20 g l - 1 de sacarosa. En todas las variantes de medios de cultivo la formación de microtubérc ulos con peso fresco mayor es a los 0.6 g fue mínima

强脉冲CO_2激光与靶的相互作用

在真空背景下的实验表明,当微秒量级的强脉冲激光与靶材相互作用时,由于靶材的升华,激光维持爆震波依然存在。爆震波产生的压缩波传入靶内,该应力波的作用是材料破坏的重要因素。而强脉冲激光引起的汽化反冲压力、热应力和烧蚀破坏也是不可忽视的因素。实验还表明,在真空背景下维持爆震波足以将后续激光屏蔽。

激光聚焦爆炸耦合场的理论建模与跨尺度计算

针对激光聚焦爆炸的电磁-热力耦合效应,在宏观尺度上,把描述激光电磁波散射和传播的Maxwell方程和高温高压气动流场的Euler方程结合起米,利用热力学状态方程(EOS)和电离平衡方程(Saha方程)并通过理论建模和数值仿真,研究和揭示激光聚焦爆炸效应及激光支持吸收波(LSC/LSD)的产生和演化、以及相关的反冲压力和动量耦合等相互作用机制.

Resistência de união entre cimentos resinosos autoadesivos e cerâmicas de zircônia policristalina

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união a microtração de cimentos resinosos autoadesivos a cerâmicas de zircônia policristalina. Dezoito blocos cerâmicos de zircônia 3Y-TZP (9 LAVA e 9 LAVA Plus) foram jateados com partículas de 50 m de Al2O3por 20 s com pressão de 28 psi a uma distância de 10 mm. Os blocos cerâmicos foram duplicados em resina composta (Point 4, Kerr) por moldagem com silicone. Os blocos de resina composta foram cimentados à superfície jateada da zircônia usando três diferentes cimentos resinosos autoadesivos: (1) RelyX Unicem 2 (3M ESPE); (2) SmartCem 2 (Dentsply); (3) Speedcem (Ivoclar Vivadent). Após 24 h imersos em água destilada a 37oC, os blocos cimentados foram cortados em palitos para testes de microtração,com área da interface adesiva de 1 mm2 0,2 mm, e tensionados até a fratura. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste de análise de variância de dois fatores e pelo teste de comparações múltiplas LSD (α=0.05). As amostras fraturadas foram analisadas com microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e o modo de falha foi registrado. A topografia das superfícies cerâmicas antes e após o jateamento foi comparada por microscopia de força atômica (AFM). A resistência de união do cimento Speedcem à zircônia foi estatisticamente superior àquela reportada pelos cimentos RelyX Unicem 2 e SmartCem 2, independentemente da cerâmica usada (p<0,05). O fator cerâmica não teve influência estatística na resistência de união. A interação entre os dois fatores se mostrou significativa (p<0,05). O modo de fratura associado ao SmartCem 2 foi quase exclusivamente adesiva, enquanto oRelyX Unicem 2e o Speedcem exibiram um maior percentual de falhas mistas. Não foram observadas falhas coesivas. O AFM não revelou diferença no padrão de topografia de superfície entre as duas cerâmicas antes ou após o jateamento. Concluiu-se que o cimento Speedcem foi superior na adesão a cerâmicas de zircônia policristalina.

Population diversity studies of pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman

The pharaoh Cuttlefish (Sepia Pharaonis) is the most abundant species in the persian gulf and oman sea. The stock patterns of this species was studied conserning biological, morphological and electrophoretical aspects. In addition to measuring the biological patterns; 21 quantitative and qualitative factors were measured or counted. There tissues namely muscle, eye and liver were also used for further polyacrylamide electrophoresis analysis (SDS-Page method). The densitograms of protein bands of each tissue were prepared by Gel-Scanner and also the amount of bands' areas were estimated. The results of LSD test showed that tentacle length (TL), Tentacle club length (TCL) and TCL were indicative factors which they showed significant difference between male TL and female specimen of Bushehr and Balouchestan regions. Regarding to length and weight frequencies data the results indicated that males are always bigger than females and also, the cuttlefishes of the gulf of oman are bigger than persian gulf's samples. There were found a significant sample correlation (95%) between different quantitative parameters and the most correlation (0.963) was found to be between TL and TCL; whereas the less correlation (0.384) was observed between GL and LA3. However the gill length factor illustrated the less correlation with the other factors. The results of Cluster analysis for both sexes showed that the cuttlefishes of both studied regions belongs to seperate stocks. The electrophoretic experiments of proteins showed that the protein bands of the sample tissue of muscle and eye from both sampling areas revealed significant differences; whereas the tissue of liver wasn't recognized as an indicative tissue for population studies. Taking into consideration the findings of the present study including: (1) difference in spawning season, (2) results of dendrograms, (3) observed Significant differences in one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for morphometric measurements, (4) differences in body length and weight, (5) ecological variations of the persian gulf and oman sea, (6) as well as the results of electrophoresis of proteins have indicatend that: "The Pharaoh cuttlefishes of Bushehr and Balouchestan waters belong to two seperate stocks. Also, it is believed that each region has propably two different populations and more studies are needed to approve this result.

Comparative growth and viability of hybrids between two populations of Chinese shrimp (Fennropenaeus chinensis)

Fenneropenaeus chinensis is confined to the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea in China and the West Coast of the Korean Peninsula. Intra- and intercross populations were produced between Rushany (YP) and Korean (KN) populations. Seven traits were recorded. The heterosis of hybrids was computed and comparison between treatments was performed by ANOVA. At the fourth month after post-larvae, six indexes of growth trait and viability showed a range of heterosis, ranging from 0.514% to 14.950%. At the fifth month after post-larvae, six indexes of growth trait and viability ranged from -9.000% to 19.090%. The negative heterosis was observed in CL, HST and viability. The heterosis of KN female xYP male tended generally to increase as the age of the Chinese shrimp increased while the heterosis of YP female xKN male tended to decrease. The results indicated that the viability of reciprocal hybrids were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from their parents during the experiment. The result of ANOVA indicated that the F1 hybrids were significantly different (P < 0.05) in WST and TW at the fourth month. The multiple comparisons of LSD test indicated that the hybrids of YP female xKN male were significantly different (P < 0.05) from their parents in TW. The hybrids of YP female xKN male were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the other three combinations in WST. At the fifth months, the F1 hybrids had significant difference (P < 0.05) in body weight while other traits showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) from their parents. The multiple comparisons of LSD test indicated that the hybrids of KN female xYP male were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the KN parents in TW. The results indicate that in experimental conditions, the F-1 hybrids created from two populations of Chinese shrimp showed a certain level of heterosis for growth performance and viability. The crossing scheme may improve growth performance and viability in Chinese shrimp, but the improvement may be limited because effective crossbreeding requires the maintenance of pure, preferably inbred, lines and possibly involves specialized sire and dam lines. Therefore, the exploitation of heterosis through single crossbreeding in Chinese shrimp is of limited utility in practical commercial shrimp aquaculture in spite of the potential of significant heterosis. The crossbreeding of different populations can be applied in the establishment of base populations.

中国对虾育种方法研究与遗传连锁图谱的构建

本研究以中国对虾为材料，以杂交育种和选择育种为目标，进行了系统的中国对虾杂交育种试验、生长性状遗传参数试验及其分子遗传连锁图谱的构建工作。结果表明以不同地理群体杂交作为基础群体，然后采用系统的选择育种方法可以获得较好的选择效果。构建的遗传连锁图谱为中国对虾分子辅助育种提供一定的基础。这些试验结果为中国对虾合理系统的育种工作提供了理论基础和数据支持。其具体结果如下： 1. 试验对中国对虾黄渤海水域乳山湾群体（WYP）和朝鲜半岛南海群体（WKN）的2个群体及其杂交后代不同月龄生长情况和存活率进行了研究，测量体长（TL）、头胸甲长（CL）、头胸甲宽（CW）、第2、3腹节高（HST）、第2、3腹节宽（WST）、体重（BW）和存活率共7个性状，计算各项指标的杂种优势率，并对各性状进行了方差分析和多重比较。其3月龄生长情况和存活率研究结果表明，存活率在乳山湾群体（WYP♀）× 朝鲜半岛南海群体（WKN♂）杂交后代出现杂种劣势外，其他指标都表现出不同程度的杂种优势(4.37%～23.96% )。除了存活率外，杂交后代生长性状均显著高于亲本，乳山湾群体（WYP♀）×朝鲜半岛南海群体（WKN♂）杂交后代高于朝鲜半岛南海群体（WKN♀）× 乳山湾群体（WYP♂）杂交后代，黄渤海水域乳山湾群体高于朝鲜半岛南海群体后代。为确定测量性状与中国对虾体重的相关程度，建立了用体长(X1)，头胸甲宽(X2)，第2、3腹节宽(X3)，头胸甲长(X4)，第2、3腹节高(X5)估计体重的多元回归方程：Y = －2.056 + 0.03X1 + 0.076X2 + 0.078X3 + 0.033X4 + 0.043X5。 2. 中国对虾黄渤海水域乳山湾群体（WYP）和朝鲜半岛南海群体（WKN）2个群体及其杂交后代在4月龄时期的6个生长指标和存活率的杂种优势范围在0.514%到14.95%之间，WYP♀×WKN♂杂交后代在这7个指标中都高于WKN♀×WYP♂杂交后代。5月龄杂交后代也表现出一定程度的杂种优势，其范围在-9.000%～19.090%之间，但头胸甲长、第2、3腹节处高和存活率3个指标出现杂种劣势。不同杂交组合各个阶段生长发育情况和存活率在杂种优势表现出一定的规律。随着月龄的增加，WKN♀×WYP♂杂交后代杂种优势率有所增加，而WYP♀×WKN♂杂交后代的却有所降低。ANOVA分析结果表明，杂交后代在存活率方面与双亲差异不显著。4月龄的分析结果发现杂交后代在WST和BW这2个指标上存在显著差异。LSD多重比较结果显示，WYP♀×WKN♂杂交后代在BW指标上与亲本存在显著差异，在WST指标方面与其他3个组合的后代差异显著。5月龄的数据分析结果发现，杂交后代除体重存在显著差异外，其他各项指标差异均不显著。LSD多重比较结果发现，WKN♀×WYP♂杂交后代体重与其亲本WKN存在显著差异。 3. 对2个野生群体——朝鲜半岛南海岸群体（WKN）和黄渤海群体（WYP）和3个养殖群体——朝鲜半岛群体的养殖一代（FKN），黄海1号（HH1）和即抗98（JK98）进行杂交试验的研究，结果表明JK98 (♀)  WKN (♂)组合在存活率方面最高，其余的依次为WYP (♀) WKN (♂)，WKN (♀) WYP (♂)，FKN (♀)HH1 (♂) 和 WYP (♀) FKN (♂)。而在体重方面FKN(♀)  HH1(♂)组合最高，其余的依次为WKN (♀) WYP (♂)，WYP (♀) WKN (♂)，WYP (♀)FKN (♂) 和 JK98 (♀)WKN (♂)。在所有生长性状方面，JK98 (♀)  WKN (♂)在5个组合中是最低的。方差检测结果表明，TL、CL、HST、LL和BW这5个指标在不同组合间存在差异，而其他指标不存在差异。多重比较结果发现JK98 (♀)WKN (♂)组合的TL与其他组合间差异极显著，HST指标与WKN (♀) WYP (♂)，FKN(♀)  HH1(♂)和 WYP (♀)  WKN (♂)这3个组合差异显著，BW指标与WKN (♀) WYP (♂) 和 FKN(♀)  HH1(♂)差异显著。 4. 通过人工授精的方法建立了中国对虾21个半同胞家系，测量了中国对虾21个半同胞（46个全同胞）家系的TL、CL、CW、HST、WST、第1腹节长（FL）、第6腹节长（LL）。利用MTDFREML软件得到生长性状遗传力在0.15~0.35之间，属于中度遗传力范围。TL的遗传力为0.34±0.071，CL的为0.30±0.070，CW为0.35±0.077，WST为0.33±0.073，HST为0.33±0.073，FL的最低为0.15±0.044，LL的为0.24±0.059。各个性状间表现出高的正相关，其中CW和TL以及HST的遗传相关最大，FL和WST的遗传相关最小。 通过以上杂交育种和选择育种的研究，认为单纯的依靠杂交育种来改善中国对虾的育种工作可能具有一定的局限性。所以在实际的育种过程中，以中国对虾不同群体的杂交后代作为基础群体，并以此为基础进行系统的选择育种应该具有更大的潜力。 5. 本试验利用中国对虾F2群体和AFLP分子标记技术进行了遗传连锁图谱的构建。利用55对AFLP引物组合对F2家系的110个个体进行了研究，结果检测到532个符合作图策略的AFLP标记。利用卡方检验检测分离位点是否符合孟德尔分离定律。对于符合3：1比例的分离位点利用F2自交模型构建性别平均连锁图谱，对于符合1：1比例的分离位点利用拟测交理论分别构建中国对虾的雌性和雄性遗传连锁图谱。雌性、雄性和性别平均遗传图谱分别有28、35和44个连锁群，图谱实际长度分别为1090、1617和1772.1 cM。中国对虾遗传连锁图谱估计基因组长度为2420 cM，符合与人类基因组相比的对虾类基因组长度。中国对虾雄性遗传连锁图谱比雌性遗传连锁图谱长32.6%，这可能说明中国对虾不同性别存在不同的重组率。通过皮尔逊相关系数检测认为AFLP标记在中国对虾图谱上分布均匀。本文利用AFLP标记构建的中国对虾遗传连锁图谱为中国对虾基因组研究和遗传改良提供一定的基础，同时也应该开发微卫星等共显性标记，为遗传连锁图谱的整合提供条件。

Consumo de tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas nos jovens

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia da Educação e Intervenção Comunitária.

Propagation of Bidens laevis : a native Asteraceae from freshwater wetlands to be used as ornamental plant

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Baja producción estival de panojas y alta calidad nutricional en una línea precomercial no - repanojante de cebadilla criolla (bromus catharticus vahl)

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Evaluación de la eficacia de tratamientos químicos alternativos para el control del Pulgón Verde de los cereales

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Propagation of Bidens laevis : a native Asteraceae from freshwater wetlands to be used as ornamental plant

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The rotational broadening of V395 Carinae. Implications on the compact object's mass

Context: The masses previously obtained for the X-ray binary 2S 0921-630 inferred a compact object that was either a high-mass neutron star or low-mass black-hole, but used a previously published value for the rotational broadening (v sin i) with large uncertainties. Aims: We aim to determine an accurate mass for the compact object through an improved measurement of the secondary star's projected equatorial rotational velocity. Methods: We have used UVES echelle spectroscopy to determine the v sin i of the secondary star (V395 Car) in the low-mass X-ray binary 2S 0921-630 by comparison to an artificially broadened spectral-type template star. In addition, we have also measured v sin i from a single high signal-to-noise ratio absorption line profile calculated using the method of Least-Squares Deconvolution (LSD). Results: We determine v sin i to lie between 31.3±0.5 km s-1 to 34.7±0.5 km s-1 (assuming zero and continuum limb darkening, respectively) in disagreement with previous results based on intermediate resolution spectroscopy obtained with the 3.6 m NTT. Using our revised v sin i value in combination with the secondary star's radial velocity gives a binary mass ratio of 0.281±0.034. Furthermore, assuming a binary inclination angle of 75° gives a compact object mass of 1.37±0.13 M_?. Conclusions: We find that using relatively low-resolution spectroscopy can result in systemic uncertainties in the measured v sin i values obtained using standard methods. We suggest the use of LSD as a secondary, reliable check of the results as LSD allows one to directly discern the shape of the absorption line profile. In the light of the new v sin i measurement, we have revised down the compact object's mass, such that it is now compatible with a canonical neutron star mass.

Spontaneous spin polarization and charge localization in metal nanowires: the role of a geometric constriction

An idealized jellium model of conducting nanowires with a geometric constriction is investigated by density functional theory (DFT) in the local spin density (LSD) approximation. The results reveal a fascinating variety of spin and charge patterns arising in wires of sufficiently low (r(s) >= 15) average electron density, pinned at the indentation by an apparent attractive interaction with the constriction. The spin-resolved frequency-dependent conductivity shows a marked asymmetry in the two spin channels, reflecting the spontaneous spin polarization around the wire neck. The relevance of the computational results is discussed in relation to the so-called 0.7 anomaly found by experiments in the low-frequency conductivity of nanowires at near-breaking conditions (see 2008 J. Phys.: Condens Matter 20, special issue on the 0.7 anomaly). Although our mean-field approach cannot account for the intrinsic many-body effects underlying the 0.7 anomaly, it still provides a diagnostic tool to predict impending transitions in the electronic structure.