Pt(II) bipyridyl complexes bearing substituted fluorenyl motif on the bipyridyl and acetylide ligands : synthesis, photophysics, and reverse saturable absorption

A series of Pt(II) diimine complexes bearing benzothiazolylfluorenyl (BTZ-F8), diphenylaminofluorenyl (NPh2- F8), or naphthalimidylfluorenyl (NI-F8) motifs on the bipyridyl or acetylide ligands (Pt-4−Pt-8), (i.e., {4,4′-bis[7-R1-F8-(≡)n-]bpy}Pt(7- R2-F8- ≡ -)2, where F8 = 9,9′-di(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene, bpy = 2,2′- bipyridine, Pt-4: R1 = R2 = BTZ, n = 0; Pt-5: R1 = BTZ, R2 = NI, n = 0; Pt-6: R1 = R2 = BTZ, n = 1; Pt-7: R1 = BTZ, R2 = NPh2, n = 1; Pt- 8: R1 = NPh2, R2 = BTZ, n = 1) were synthesized. Their ground-state and excited-state properties and reverse saturable absorption performances were systematically investigated. The influence of these motifs on the photophysics of the complexes was investigated by spectroscopic methods and simulated by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The intense absorption bands below 410 nm for these complexes is assigned to predominantly 1π,π* transitions localized on either the bipyridine or the acetylide ligands; while the broad low-energy absorption bands between 420 and 575 nm are attributed to essentially 1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer)/ 1LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge transfer) transitions, likely mixed with some 1ILCT (intraligand charge transfer) transition for Pt-4−Pt-7, and predominantly 1ILCT transition admixing with minor 1MLCT/1LLCT characters for Pt-8. The different substituents on the acetylide and bipyridyl ligands, and the degrees of π-conjugation in the bipyridyl ligand influence both the 1π,π* and charge transfer transitions pronouncedly. All complexes are emissive at room temperature. Upon excitation at their respective absorption band maxima, Pt-4, Pt-6, and Pt-8 exhibit acetylide ligand localized 1π,π* fluorescence and 3MLCT/3LLCT phosphorescence in CH2Cl2, while Pt-5 manifests 1ILCT fluorescence and 3ILCT phosphorescence. However, only 1LLCT fluorescence was observed for Pt-7 at room temperature. The nanosecond transient absorption study was carried out for Pt-4−Pt-8 in CH3CN. Except for Pt-7 that contains NPh2 at the acetylide ligands, Pt-4−Pt-6 and Pt-8 all exhibit weak to moderate excited-state absorption in the visible spectral region. Reverse saturable absorption (RSA) of these complexes was demonstrated at 532 nm using 4.1 ns laser pulses in a 2 mm cuvette. The strength of RSA follows this trend: Pt-4 > Pt-5 > Pt-7 > Pt-6 > Pt-8. Incorporation of electron-donating substituent NPh2 on the bipyridyl ligand significantly decreases the RSA, while shorter π-conjugation in the bipyridyl ligand increases the RSA. Therefore, the substituent at either the acetylide ligands or the bipyridyl ligand could affect the singlet and triplet excited-state characteristics significantly, which strongly influences the RSA efficiency.

[n]peristylanes and [n]oxa[n]peristylanes (n = 3-6): A theoretical study

Theoretical studies at the HF and Becke3LYP levels using 6-31G* basis sets were carried out on a series of [n]peristylanes and [n]oxa[n]peristylanes (n = 3-6) to understand their structure and energetics. The structures of the [3]- and [4]peristylanes (1, 2) and their era-derivatives (5, 6) were calculated to have the anticipated high symmetry, C-nv. In contrast, a C-s structure (9) at HF/6-31G* and another (25) at the Becke3LYP/6-31G* level were calculated for the [5]oxa[5]peristylane. The energy difference between them is extremely small even though there are major differences in the structures indicating every soft potential energy surface: On the other hand, the potential energy surface of [6]oxa[6]peristylane is not as soft. Similar structures were also calculated for the top rings. Calculations on the seco-compounds 11-14 and 15-19 (Table 4) indicate that there is no unusual strain involved in the formation of 27 from 19. The Li+ interaction energies of the [n]oxa[n]peristylanes are 61.7 (n = 3), 72.8 (n = 4), 84.2 (n = 5) and 91.7 (n = 6) kcal mol(-1) at the Becke3LYP/6-3IG* level. Dramatic differences between the C-C bond lengths obtained from the solid state X-ray diffraction studies and those from the calculations for the [n]oxa[n]peristylanes were also observed.

牡丹复合体的研究

牡丹复合体属芍药属(Paconia)牡丹组(Sect. Moutan)．原有6个种名，包括花壬 牡丹、名贵野生花卉紫斑牡丹，著名中药牡丹皮原植物，野生种类为我国特有，仅分 布在以秦岭为中心的较小区域．本研究从山西、陕西、河南、湖北、甘肃共采集14 个居群（包括复合体不同类型）．通过野外居群调查、样方研究，移栽实验，以及细 胞学观察、孢粉学观察分析、种子蛋白和DNA水平多样性的探索性的工作，并结合 聚类分析方法，对牡丹复合体进行了分类学和保护生物学两方面的研究，主要结论 为： 1．本复合体为多年生木本植物，生长缓慢，在天然状况下，从种子播种到开花结实长达7年．枝条通常具隔年开花习性．严格单花顶生，花期短(5-10天)．雄蕊先熟，以异花传粉为主（主要传粉者有甲虫和野蜂）．自交亲和，甲虫在传粉过程中常常破坏心皮和胚珠．胚珠败育比例很高，紫斑牡丹50%．其它类群达90%． 2．种子生物学特性研究，发现本复合体种子属正统种子，但种子衰变快．种子萌发时间长，一般的化学及物理处理对种子萌发无明显促进作用，种子具上胚轴休眠特性．打破休眠需要两个条件：一是胚根长足3 cm．二是10℃左右的低温或GA3处理，野生紫斑牡丹种子较大，复合体其它野生类群种子较小．野生牡丹的种子活力相当低，萌发时间更长． 3．样方的调查统计表明，稷山和永济两地区的矮牡丹株数一龄级分布规律是2—5年生个体最多，随年龄级的增加，个体数目减少．居群呈增长趋势．紫斑牡丹株数一龄级分布规律是青壮年时期个体数目多，幼年时间和老年时期个体数目少，居群呈衰退的趋势，这与其本身繁殖方式和人为破坏程度相关． 4．对13个居群花粉扫描电镜观察表明，本复合体紫斑牡丹(P. rockii)为粗网纹，网眼大，其它类群为细网纹、网眼小． 5．通过18个居群的核型分析并结合前人工作，发现本复合体染色体数目稳定2n =10．核型差别不大，野生类群和栽培品种间有一定分化，但总体上核型多样性比较贫乏．通过8个居群C带研究，发现带纹很少，但多样性很丰富．8个居群表现出7种带型． 6．种子蛋白和DNA水平多样性的初步研究，发现复合体具有较丰富的多样性．但多样性的分布对类群的划分帮助不大，有待进一步研究． 7．通过形态性状分析发现产自各地区矮牡丹、河南粉花类型、神农架红花类型具根出条现象，并以此为主要繁殖方式，紫斑牡丹无此现象．神农架红花类型植株矮小，复合体其它类群较高．产自各地区的矮牡丹和神农架红花类型为二回三出复叶．小叶数目多为9．矮牡丹顶生小叶具浅裂、中裂或深裂，裂片具齿，神农架红花类型顶生小叶仅具浅裂或齿（全缘）．河南粉花类型为二回羽状复叶．小叶数目12-15．紫斑类型叶为二回或三回羽状复叶、小叶数目15-40．小叶分裂方式分两种类型，秦岭西部居群以浅裂、全缘为主，东部居群以中裂或深裂为主，裂片具齿．神农架红花类型花为平展型、较小，其它地区花杯状、较大．花盘有二种类型．紫斑类群花盘黄色或白色．1／2-4／5包被心皮，心皮被稀疏长柔毛，其它类群花盘紫红色，全包心皮，心皮密被短硬毛．根据形态性状分析．并结合细胞学、孢粉学和地理分布研究，对复合体做如下处理：(l)把神农架红花类型做为新种处理P．quii Y.L．Pei et Hong．(2)保留P.rockii(S.G.Haw et L.A. Lanener)T.Hong ct J.J.Li和P.ostii T.Hong et J．X. Zhang．前者进一步分成二亚种：subsp. rockii和subsp. lanceolata Y.L．Pei et Hong（新亚种）．后者包括河南粉花类型，中药丹皮原植物．(3)保留P．suffruticosa Andr.种内分二亚种：subsp. suffruticosa和subsp. spontanea (Rehd．)S．G. Haw et L．A, Lauener. (4)废弃P.papaveracea Andr.和P.jishanensis T.Hong et W.Z.Zhao (5)P．yanancnsis T．Hong et M.R．Li作为存疑种处理． 8．通过上述研究对野生牡丹濒危原因加以分析，认为致濒原因主要是人为干扰和种子萌发和传粉特点等生物学特性造成，但以前者为主，建议应广泛开展各个层次多样性研究，为生物多样性保护利用奠定基础。

Sorption, degradation and mobility of microcystins in Chinese agriculture soils: Risk assessment for groundwater protection

In the present paper, sorption, persistence, and leaching behavior of three microcystin variants in Chinese agriculture soils were examined. Based on this study, the values of capacity factor and slope for three MCs variants in three soils ranged from 0.69 to 6.00, and 1.01 to 1.54, respectively. The adsorption of MCs in the soils decreased in the following order: RR > Dha(7) LR > LR. Furthermore, for each MC variant in the three soils, the adsorption rate in the soils decreased in the following order: soil A > soil C > soil B. The calculated half-time ranged between 7.9 and 17.8 days for MC-RR, 6.0-17.1 days for MC-LR, and 7.1-10.2 days for MC-Dha(7) LR. Results from leaching experiments demonstrated that recoveries of toxins in leachates ranged from 0-16.7% for RR, 73.2-88.9% for LR, and 8.9-73.1% for Dha 7 LR. The GUS value ranged from 1.48 to 2.06 for RR, 1.82-2.88 for LR, and 1.76-2.09 for Dha(7) LR. Results demonstrated the use of cyanobacterial collections as plant fertilizer is likely to be unsafe in soils. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Survival, growth, sex ratio, and maturity of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) reared in a Chinese pond

Aspects of the biology of pond-cultured Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne-Edwards) were studied from June to November 1993. The survival rate of the population was estimated at 18.6%, and there was no significant difference between sexes in growth (t-test, P > 0.05). As the crabs grew from 7.3 to 33.8 mm in mean carapace length, seven molts were observed for the population. The intermolt period ranged from seven to 22 days and lengthened with increased size. Sex ratio at each sampling time did not differ significantly from 1:1 (Chi-square test, P > 0.05). Female crabs presumably required about eleven postlarval molts to reach sexually mature size, which was 34.1 +/- 3.9 (SD) mm. in carapace length in this study.

Enhanced Pockels effect in GaN/AlxGa1-xN superlattice measured by polarization-maintaining fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Six-period 4 nm GaN/10 nm AlxGa1-xN superlattices with different Al mole fractions x were prepared on (0001) sapphire substrates by low-temperature metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The linear electro-optic (Pockels) effect was studied by a polarization-maintaining fiber-optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer system with an incident light wavelength of 1.55 mu m. The measured electro-optic coefficients, gamma(13)=5.60 +/- 0.18 pm/V, gamma(33)=19.24 +/- 1.21 pm/V (for sample 1, x=0.3), and gamma(13)=3.09 +/- 0.48 pm/V, gamma(33)=8.94 +/- 0.36 pm/V (for sample 2, x=0.1), respectively, are about ten times larger than those of GaN bulk material. The enhancement effect in GaN/AlxGa1-xN superlattice can be attributed to the large built-in field at the interfaces, depending on the mole fraction of Al. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

The Main Path to C, N, O Elements in Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

The production of C, N, O elements in a standard big bang nucleosynthesis scenario is investigated. Using the up-to-date data of nuclear reactions in BBN, in particular the Li-8 (n, gamma) Li-9 which has been measured in China Institute of Atomic Energy, a full nucleosynthesis network calculation of BBN is carried out. Our calculation results show that the abundance of C-12 is increased for an order of magnitude after addition of the reaction chain Li-8(n, gamma) Li-9(alpha, n) B-12(beta) C-12, which was neglected in previous studies. We find that this sequence provides the main channel to convert the light elements into C, N, O in standard BBN.

长白山红松针阔叶混交林生态系统生产力的估算

利用LI-6400CO2分析系统测定了长白山红松针阔叶混交林生态系统土壤呼吸、乔木和灌木树干和枝条的呼吸、植物叶片光合与呼吸．同步监测森林小气候气象因子,建立土壤、树干、叶片与气象因子间的模型．根据红松针阔叶混交林植被群落特性,估算红松针阔叶混交林森林生态系统不同组分CO2通量．利用涡度相关技术监测红松针阔叶混交林净生态系统交换量．探讨温度、光合有效辐射对森林生态系统CO2通量的影响．通过分析发现,在当年的气候条件下,该森林净生态系统交换量主要受土壤呼吸和叶片光合的影响．红松针阔叶混交林净生态系统交换量全年变化范围在-4．67～13．80μmol·m-2·s-1．该森林生态系统CO2通量在冬季和夏季里平均分别为-2．0和3．9μmol·m-2·s-1(24 h平均值)．乔木、灌木和草本的初级生产力分别占阔叶红松林总初级生产力的89．7％,3．5％,6．8％．土壤呼吸是森林生态系统中最主要的CO2排放源,约占红松针阔叶混交林生态系统CO2排放的69．7％,植物叶片和枝干分别占15．2％和15．1％．在生长季和非生长季中红松针阔叶混交林净生态系统交换量分别占全年CO2通量的56．8％和43．2％．自养呼吸占总初级生产力的比值(Ra:GPP)为0．52(NPP:GPP=0．48)．森林生态系统地下当年碳积累量占总初级生产力的52％．土壤呼吸占总初级生产力的60％．红松针阔叶混交林NPP为769．3 gC·m-2·a-1．该森林净生态系统交换量(NEE)为229．51 gC·m-2·a-1．涡度相关技术获得的该森林生态系统NEE低于箱式法获得的19．8％．

Flavanol derivatives from Rhizophora stylosa and their DPPH radical scavenging activity

A new acetylated flavanol, 3,7-O-diacetyl (-)-epicatechin (3), and seven known flavanol derivatives, (-)-epicatechin (1), 3-O-acetyl (-)-epicatechin (2), 3,3 ',4 ',5,7-O-pentaacetyl (-)-epicatechin (4), (+)-afzelechin (5), (+)-catechin (6), cinchonain Ib (7), and proanthocyanidin B2 (8), were isolated from the stems and twigs of the mangrove plant Rhizophora stylosa and identified. The crude extract, the different fractions and all of the purified compounds were evaluated for DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Sesquiterpenes from Laurencia similis

One new sesquiterpene, (4E)-1-bromo-5-[(1'S*, 3'R*)-3'-bromo-2',2'-dimethyl-6'-methylenecyclohexyl]-3-methylpent-4-ene-2,3-diol (1), and fifteen known sesquiterpenes, isopalisol (2), luzonensol (3), palisadin B (4), aplysistatin (5), palisadin A (6), 4-hydroxyl-palisudin C (7), 5-acetoxypalisadin B (8), 10-hydroxyaristolan-9-one (9), aristol-8-en-1-one (10), aristolan-9-en-1-one (11), aristolan-1(10)-en-9-one (12), aristolan-1( 10)-en-9-ol (13), aristolan-1(10), 8-diene (14), aristolan-1,9-diene (15) and aristofone (16), were isolated from a sample of marine red alga Laurencia similis. Their structures were established by detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. Compounds 2-9, and 16 were isolated for the first time from this species. All these metabolites were submitted for a cytotoxicity assay against the tumor cell line BEL7402 (human liver adenocarcinoma), but all of them were found inactive (IC50 > 10 mu g/mL).

An efficient methodology for cryopreservation of spermatozoa of red seabream, Pagrus major, with 2-mL cryovials

The aim of this study was to optimize the cryopreservation protocols for the sperm of red seabream, Pagrus major. The 2-mL cryovials and programmable freezer were employed for cryopreservation. Six extenders, six cryoprotectants in various concentrations ranging from 6 to 20% (v/v), four cooling rates, and three thawing temperatures were evaluated by postthaw sperm motility and fertility. The ratio of sperm to egg for postthaw sperm fertilization trials was experimentally standardized and was optimal at 500:1. The best motility of postthaw sperm (79.4 +/- 4.7% to 88.6 +/- 8.0%), fertilization rates (89.6 +/- 2.9 to 95.6 +/- 1.9%), and hatching rates (85.3 +/- 5.1% to 91.4 +/- 4.3%) were achieved when Cortland extender, dimethyl sulfoxide (15, 18, and 20%) or ethylene glycol (9, 12%) as cryoprotectants, 20 C/min as the cooling rate, and 40 C as the thawing temperature were employed. Moreover, the results on embryonic development were not significantly different between cryopreserved sperm and fresh sperm during incubation process. In conclusion, these methods of cryopreservation of red seabream sperm are suitable for routine aquaculture application and preservation of genetic resources.

Unprecedented 5,5-connected (4(7)center dot 6(3)) (4(8)center dot 6(2)) structural topology: A lead biphosphonate with double layered structure

A new lead(II) phosphonate, Pb[(PO3)(2)C(OH)CH3]center dot H2O (1) was hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by IR, elemental analysis, UV, TGA, SEM, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. X-ray crystallographic study showed that complex 1 has a two-dimensional double layered hybrid structure containing interconnected 4- and 12-membered rings and shows an unusual (5,5)-connected (4(7) . 6(3)) (4(8) .6(2)) topology. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.