Children with hearing loss who also have special talents

Access to thesis is restricted. Contact Archives and Rare Books. This paper discusses children who have special learning problems.

"Não somos diferentes das outras pessoas": a vida cotidiana de mulheres com deficiência mental contada por elas mesmas

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a vida cotidiana de mulheres rotuladas como deficientes mentais, através de seus relatos biográficos pessoais. As entrevistadas descreveram sua rotina em casa e na instituição, falaram sobre suas famílias, relacionamentos, dificuldades em integração social, e sobre seus problemas físicos e de aprendizagem. Ficou clara no discurso deste grupo a dicotomia entre o mundo “de dentro", compreendendo os espaços protegidos da casa e da instituição, e o mundo ameaçador e violento “de fora", representado pela rua. Seus relacionamentos sociais restringem-se aos personagens do mundo “de dentro": a família, os profissionais, e os colegas da instituição, e muitas entrevistadas disseram se· sentir discriminadas pelas pessoas “de fora". Embora várias mulheres tenham exprimido o desejo de ser independentes (trabalhar fora, sair sozinhas, etc), na prática mantém urna relação de extrema dependência familiar. A pesar de dois terços das entrevistadas terem mais de 20 anos, elas não parecem ter nenhuma perspectiva concreta de morar sozinhas, casar, ou vir a formar sua própria família. Um dos pressupostos deste estudo era de que o estigma da deficiência mental, seria o terna central nas histórias de vida. Entretanto, mais da metade dos sujeitos não abordou esta questão, e muito poucas se autodenominaram deficientes. Foi postulado que os efeitos do estigma talvez sejam minimizados neste grupo devido à superproteção familiar e institucional por um lado, e a evitação do mundo "de fora" (onde esta condição seria denunciada mais abertamente) por outro. Assim sendo, em sua prática diária, a maioria dessas mulheres têm poucas oportunidades de se confrontar com a situação de marginalização. Deficiência mental foi analisada como um fenômeno socialmente construído, e acredita-se que estas pessoas funcionem em um nível mais dependente do que sua condição orgânica exigiria, por terem sido reforçadas por representar o papel social de deficientes. Apesar das características comuns, cada história de vida provou ser original e única, mostrando o erro em se considerar as pessoas portadoras de deficiência mental como um grupo homogêneo e bem definido. Além disso, a não ser pela dependência familiar, falta de participação autônoma e integrada na comunidade, e relacionamento amoroso e sexual restrito, a ideia dessas mulheres não é qualitativamente diferente do resto da população.

Ser professor de português: o que dizem os discursos reguladores, os alunos e os professores no contexto da formação inicial (UMINHO/Portugal e UFRN/Brasil)

The constitution of being a teacher of Portuguese occurs in a dynamic process involving various factors, such as the requirements of regulatory documents, the context of teacher formation, and the configuration of current society, per se. This study is aimed at reflecting on the initial formation of teachers of Portuguese and on official documents that face this formation, raising the following questions: (1) what does it mean to be a Portuguese teacher? (2) what is the vision of the subjects (teachers and students) involved with the formation of teaching the Portuguese Language? (3) how do these individuals deal with official documents? and (4) how do these subjects discourses relate? To understand the context of the formative processes and the knowledge inherent in them, first we take the studies of Garcia (1999) and Tardif (2002) as a theoretical framework, and to understand and interpret the utterances of the interviewees, we were grounded in the writing of Bakhtin (2003), for whom the object of the Humanities, the sciences of man, is the text, since man is, by nature, an expressive being. We situate this study in the framework of qualitative research. It is a multiple case study that focuses on two contexts: formation of teachers of Portuguese at the University of Minho, Portugal, and the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The data that make up the research corpus come from documents elaborated by the Ministries of Education of Portugal and Brazil and were adopted by the two teacher formation institutions cited, from individual interviews involving eight trainer teachers (four from each university), and from two group-interviews (one in each institution), done with students in training. Our analysis is divided into three stages: first, document analysis; second, analysis of the discourse of the teachers in both contexts studied; and, third, analysis of the speech of the students in training. It is noteworthy that our purpose in this research was not to come out with a definition like being a teacher of Portuguese is X, but we are interested, above all, in discussing the issues surrounding initial formation, seeking different points of view, and hearing voices coming from different social positions for better understanding our object of study. Our analysis reveals that the initial formation of teachers of Portuguese, both in Portugal and Brazil, occurs in a complex way, under the influence of various factors, including: (a) difficulties in having the individuals involved adapt to the demands of regulatory agencies; (b) students and teachers adequacy to the organizational model of the post-secondary institution; (c) teachers difficulties to deal with the learning problems of students who have limited schooling basis and come from distinct socioeconomic realities; (d) a search for the establishment of methodologies for teaching and learning the Portuguese Language more adequate to reality; and (e) a search for a definition of professional knowledge needed for the teaching practice

Aprendizado por Reforço com Valores deInfluência em Sistemas Multi-Agente

We propose a new paradigm for collective learning in multi-agent systems (MAS) as a solution to the problem in which several agents acting over the same environment must learn how to perform tasks, simultaneously, based on feedbacks given by each one of the other agents. We introduce the proposed paradigm in the form of a reinforcement learning algorithm, nominating it as reinforcement learning with influence values. While learning by rewards, each agent evaluates the relation between the current state and/or action executed at this state (actual believe) together with the reward obtained after all agents that are interacting perform their actions. The reward is a result of the interference of others. The agent considers the opinions of all its colleagues in order to attempt to change the values of its states and/or actions. The idea is that the system, as a whole, must reach an equilibrium, where all agents get satisfied with the obtained results. This means that the values of the state/actions pairs match the reward obtained by each agent. This dynamical way of setting the values for states and/or actions makes this new reinforcement learning paradigm the first to include, naturally, the fact that the presence of other agents in the environment turns it a dynamical model. As a direct result, we implicitly include the internal state, the actions and the rewards obtained by all the other agents in the internal state of each agent. This makes our proposal the first complete solution to the conceptual problem that rises when applying reinforcement learning in multi-agent systems, which is caused by the difference existent between the environment and agent models. With basis on the proposed model, we create the IVQ-learning algorithm that is exhaustive tested in repetitive games with two, three and four agents and in stochastic games that need cooperation and in games that need collaboration. This algorithm shows to be a good option for obtaining solutions that guarantee convergence to the Nash optimum equilibrium in cooperative problems. Experiments performed clear shows that the proposed paradigm is theoretical and experimentally superior to the traditional approaches. Yet, with the creation of this new paradigm the set of reinforcement learning applications in MAS grows up. That is, besides the possibility of applying the algorithm in traditional learning problems in MAS, as for example coordination of tasks in multi-robot systems, it is possible to apply reinforcement learning in problems that are essentially collaborative

A Informática como recurso didático para a aprendizagem de Física no ensino médio

The accomplishment of this work was motivated by our concerns, while teacher of Physics discipline, in the medium teaching and in the higher education, where we have been observing a lot of difficulties in the students' acting, to the they try to give pursuit out to their studies of the classroom, because of the lack of appropriate equipments, or even, of a laboratory where they can put in practice the studied contents. The work aims at to build and to test an educational software that it serves as tool auxiliadora in Physics learning in the Medium Teaching, in the area of electricity, with emphasis in the study of the electrodynamic in resistors. The developed software comes as an alternative to the learning problems, putting the computer science as auxiliary tool, because, besides being an alternative in the middle of the technological expansion, endowed with several resources, it stimulates the significant learning, according to David Ausubel's perspective. A software containing a program destined to the applicability of physics contents in the branch of the electricity is presented as an auxiliary tool, where the student can, not just, to review the contents presented at room, as well as for in practice, through a virtual laboratory, some of these contents, besides testing their knowledge through a bank of discursive subjects. The evaluation of the developed software was made submitting him/it to the professionals' of physics area appreciation. Equally, through continuous evaluations, they were made comparisons among the students' of five different groups acting, in the same school, that you/they were used of the program as tool of his auxiliary learning, and the acting of those that didn't use it

Intervenção reflexiva: instrumento de formação continuada do educador especial

O presente artigo busca demonstrar a ocorrência de mudanças na prática pedagógica de uma professora, durante o período em que se fez a reflexão teórico-metodológica sobre essa prática, à luz de proposições da Psicologia sócio-histórica. Foram realizados 20 encontros reflexivos com uma professora da Educação Especial, a partir da análise de gravações das situações ocorridas em sala de aula. As discussões promovidas compreendiam aspectos relacionados ao processo de ensino e de aprendizagem na atividade docente. Foram examinadas as locuções verbais da professora e observaram-se indícios de mudança no que se refere ao foco de atenção, quando ela analisa seus problemas pedagógicos, na consideração da multideterminação dos problemas de ensino e aprendizagem, na concepção de aluno, no método de ensino, no estabelecimento e valorização da relação professor-aluno e da interação de alunos. Os resultados obtidos sinalizaram que a interação reflexiva mostrou-se um instrumento útil para a formação continuada de professores.

O sintoma na psicanálise e na psicopedagogia: do que se trata?

This paper aims to discuss the concept of symptom in psychopedagogy and psychoanalysis, drawing the consequences for the direction of treatment for each of these fields. Learning Problems has been the name given by various fields of knowledge to what does not happen as expected in the learning process. To address these problems several professionals are called upon. Faced with this demand a new field of knowledge is created: the psycho-pedagogy. In Brazil, it is established as a field of work and research from the contributions of Alicia Fernández. This author, supported by the work of French philosopher and educator Sara Paín, takes the concept of Freudian-Lacanian symptom as a fundamental concept to read the so-called "learning problems". Given this one must question whether the concept of symptom Fernandez is really the same as psychoanalysis. Are they the same? If yes, how to sustain as different fields? If not, what are consequences for the direction of treatment for each of these fields? For this study, the theoretical works of Alicia Fernández and Sara Pain were read aiming to clarify the concept of symptom in psychopedagogy. To discuss the psychoanalytic concept of symptom we turned to the texts of Freud, Lacan and commentators in which this issue is discussed. The results show that Pain and Fernandez seek psychoanalysis as a theory to be coupled with others to solve the learning problems. The concept of symptom as a return of the repressed and as an indicator of a sense to be found in the history of the subject is similar to the psychoanalytical one, however, in psychopedagogy other fields of knowledge and techniques are used as reference and these are sometimes incompatible with the concept of symptom presented. The use of psychological tests for the diagnosis, the idea of transference without the notion of subject supposed to know and the proposed treatment are indications of a different treatment approach from what the ethics of psychoanalysis proposes

Psicologia e pobreza no Brasil: limites e perspectivas da produção de conhecimento e atuação do psicólogo

Poverty is a main theme in Brazil: according to official data, poverty reachs 70 million Brazilian people, and, between them, 20 million are unable to provide their basic needs. Psychology, as a welfare profession, and given its historical concerns with social actions, could not be away from this theme. Based on this, we ask: Which answers Psychology can provide, toward both the production of knowledge and the practice about social reality? The purpose of this paper is to investigate the psychological scientific production on poverty and the propositions, limits and impacts of psychological actions. We carried out a three stages documental based study analyzing Brazilian psychological literature: (1) online databases survey (312 papers identified); (2) 109 scientific abstracts accessed and coded; (3) selected 47 scientific papers read and analyzed. Results are presented in three sections: general description of the selected scientific production; characterization of the role of poverty in psychological literature; and themes presented at the papers. The academic production about the main theme (poverty) is dispersed, heterogeneous, and related to other fields of knowledge. Poverty is presented at these studies in many ways, such as: a criterium for sample design and the assessment of its psychological impacts; reports on professional experience with poor population; descriptions of this population group; relationship between poverty and others social themes; developmental and learning problems of poor children. In general, it appears that Psychology has improved the scientific production and experiences with poor population. However, it is necessary to build up theories and technical innovations and also to understand structural boundaries for professional practice with this population group

Problemas de aprendizagem sobre ligações químicas para estudantes de graduação

This research aims at identifying the learning problems in newly undergraduate students at university, interpreting the nature and causes of these problems, offering subsidies to overcome these difficulties and enabling a meaningful learning through which students give meaning to their learning. As an object for this work was chosen the theme Chemical Bonds - where were studied the forces between atoms to form molecules, compound ions and ionic crystalline structures - and is characterized as one of the most important subjects of Chemistry. In research, it was used a questionnaire with five open questions, answered by 147 students from the early periods of degrees in Chemistry at Universidade Federal do f Rio Grande do Norte. The answers revealed uncertainty on the part of students, both conceptual and representation, with superficial justifications, always using the octet rule to describe models of chemical bonds. Results suggest that these students had inadequate training in high school and that the examinations for entrance into the ranks were made according to flexible criteria less demanding in terms of knowledge. These observations have led to the conclusion that for future changes, it is necessary for high schools and in the early periods in universities favoring the adoption of pedagogical approaches in context and applying strategies to overcome the teaching of superficial memorization on Chemical Bonds, which probably have applied to the teaching of other subjects of chemistry

O ambiente de abrigamento de crianças vítimas de violência

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Repensando o fracasso escolar: reflexões a partir do discurso da criança-aluno

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Treinamento auditivo-fonológico: uma proposta de intevenção para escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

A Intervenção reflexiva como instrumento de formação continuada do educador: um estudo em classe especial

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

Procedimentos de treino e teste de relações entre estímulos em Cebus apella

A aprendizagem complexa abrange o controle por relações abstratas após a exposição a relações diretamente treinadas. Neste trabalho, uma seqüência de experimentos investigou a aprendizagem de relações entre estímulos em dois macacos prego (Cebus apella) envolvendo o treino direto de relações de identidade, testes sucessivos de identidade generalizada, o treino direto de relações arbitrárias e teste de relações simétricas como indicação da formação de classes de equivalência. Três bases teóricas foram seguidas: 1) A formação de classes de equivalência é uma função básica de estímulo 2) A teoria da coerência de topografia de controle de estímulos, e 3) Uma versão do sistema personalizado de instrução como uma alternativa para estabelecer repertórios relacionais em organismos não-verbais. Os sujeitos apresentaram altos níveis de desempenho em discriminações condicionais de identidade e arbitrárias. Os sujeitos expostos a testes de identidade generalizada demonstraram essa relação abstrata; o sujeito exposto ao treino arbitrário apresentou resultados negativos no teste de desempenhos simétricos. A maioria dos problemas de aprendizagem de relações entre estímulos encontrados aqui com não-humanos parece similar aos problemas apresentados por indivíduos com desenvolvimento retardado. Os procedimentos de ensino para indivíduos com retardo foram suficientes para solucionar grande parte das deficiências de repertório de não-humanos, as quais geralmente são atribuídas a limitações da espécie.

Correlações entre sono-vigília, memória e melatonina em Síndrome de Williams-Beuren

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)