Effets de la purification d’alginate et de la co-encapsulation avec des cellules canaliculaires sur la survie et fonction d’îlots de Langerhans microencapsulés

La transplantation d’îlots chez des sujets diabétiques permet la normalisation de leur glycémie mais nécessite l’utilisation d’immunosuppresseurs. Afin d’éliminer l’utilisation de ceux-ci, une capsule d’alginate capable d’immunoprotéger l’îlot a été proposée. Cependant, un problème persiste : la survie de l’implant est limitée. Deux moyens afin d’améliorer ce facteur seront présentés dans ce mémoire: l’utilisation d’alginate purifié et la co-encapsulation des îlots avec des cellules canaliculaires pancréatiques. La première étude rapporte un aspect nouveau : les effets directs de l’alginate non-purifié, versus purifié, sur la survie d’îlots encapsulés. Ceci est démontré in vitro sur la viabilité à long terme des îlots, leur fonction et l’incidence de leur mort cellulaire par apoptose et nécrose. Ces investigations ont permis de conclure que l’alginate purifié permet de maintenir à long terme une meilleure survie et fonction des îlots. De plus, cette étude ajoute un autre rôle aux contaminants de l’alginate en plus de celui d’initier la réaction immunitaire de l’hôte; celle-ci étant indirectement reliée à la mort des îlots encapsulés. La deuxième étude consiste à déterminer les impacts possibles d’une co-encapsulation d’îlots de Langerhans avec des cellules canaliculaires pancréa-tiques. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que cette co-encapsulation n’améliore pas la survie des îlots microencapsulés, par des tests de viabilité et de morts cellulaires, ni leur fonction in vivo testée par des implantations chez un modèle murin immmunodéficient. Pour conclure, la survie des îlots encapsulés peut être améliorée par la purification de l’alginate mais reste inchangée lors d’une co-encapsulation avec des cellules canaliculaires pancréatiques.

Amélioration de la résistance à l'hypoxie des îlots de Langerhans microencapsulés par l’utilisation d’agrégats de cellules dispersées

La transplantation d’îlots de Langerhans microencapsulés est un traitement prometteur du diabète de type 1. La microcapsule protège l’îlot du système immunitaire, tout en permettant la diffusion de petites molécules. Comme la microcapsule empêche la revascularisation des îlots, leur oxygénation se fait par diffusion d’oxygène et ils sont exposés à l’hypoxie. Le manque d’oxygène est un facteur limitant dans la survie des îlots microencapsulés. Il est connu que les plus petits îlots sont plus résistant à l’hypoxie à cause d’une meilleure diffusion de l’oxygène. À cette fin, les agrégats de cellules dispersées d’îlots seront étudiés. Lorsque les cellules des îlots sont dispersées, elles ont la propriété de se ré-assembler dans une structure semblable à celle des îlots. La présente étude a permis de mettre au point une technique de formation des agrégats, de les caractériser et de comparer la résistance à l’hypoxie des îlots et des agrégats. Ceux-ci ont une structure semblable aux îlots et ils sont de plus petite taille. Pour cette raison, ils sont plus viables après un choc hypoxique tout en renversant efficacement l’hyperglycémie de souris diabétiques. Les agrégats sont une alternative intéressante pour la transplantation d’îlots microencapsulés puisque leur oxygénation est plus efficace.

Development of an ex vivo human skin model for intradermal vaccination : tissue viability and Langerhans cell behaviour

The presence of resident Langerhans cells (LCs) in the epidermis makes the skin an attractive target for DNA vaccination. However, reliable animal models for cutaneous vaccination studies are limited. We demonstrate an ex vivo human skin model for cutaneous DNA vaccination which can potentially bridge the gap between pre-clinical in vivo animal models and clinical studies. Cutaneous transgene expression was utilised to demonstrate epidermal tissue viability in culture. LC response to the culture environment was monitored by immunohistochemistry. Full-thickness and split-thickness skin remained genetically viable in culture for at least 72 h in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and full organ culture medium (OCM). The epidermis of explants cultured in OCM remained morphologically intact throughout the culture duration. LCs in full-thickness skin exhibited a delayed response (reduction in cell number and increase in cell size) to the culture conditions compared with split-thickness skin, whose response was immediate. In conclusion, excised human skin can be cultured for a minimum of 72 h for analysis of gene expression and immune cell activation. However, the use of split-thickness skin for vaccine formulation studies may not be appropriate because of the nature of the activation. Full-thickness skin explants are a more suitable model to assess cutaneous vaccination ex vivo.

Cell coupling in mouse pancreatic beta-cells measured in intact islets of Langerhans

The perforated whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique was applied to functionally identified beta-cells in intact mouse pancreatic islets to study the extent of cell coupling between adjacent beta-cells. Using a combination of current- and voltage-clamp recordings, the total gap junctional conductance between beta-cells in an islet was estimated to be 1.22 nS. The analysis of the current waveforms in a voltage-clamped cell ( due to the. ring of an action potential in a neighbouring cell) suggested that the gap junctional conductance between a pair of beta-cells was 0.17 nS. Subthreshold voltage-clamp depolarization (to -55 mV) gave rise to a slow capacitive current indicative of coupling between beta-cells, but not in non-beta-cells, with a time constant of 13.5 ms and a total charge movement of 0.2 pC. Our data suggest that a superficial beta-cell in an islet is in electrical contact with six to seven other beta-cells. No evidence for dye coupling was obtained when cells were dialysed with Lucifer yellow even when electrical coupling was apparent. The correction of the measured resting conductance for the contribution of the gap junctional conductance indicated that the whole-cell K(ATP) channel conductance (G(K,ATP)) falls from approximately 2.5 nS in the absence of glucose to 0.1 nS at 15 mM glucose with an estimated IC(50) of approximately 4 mM. Theoretical considerations indicate that the coupling between beta-cells within the islet is sufficient to allow propagation of [Ca(2+)](i) waves to spread with a speed of approximately 80 mu m s(-1), similar to that observed experimentally in confocal [Ca(2+)](i) imaging.

Biodritin microencapsulated human islets of langerhans and their potential for type 1 diabetes mellitus therapy

Background. Microencapsulation of pancreatic islets with polymeric compounds constitutes an attractive alternative therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. The major limiting factor is the availability of a biocompatible and mechanically stable polymer. We investigated the potential of Biodritin, a novel polymer constituted of alginate and chondroitin sulfate, for islet microencapsulation. Methods. Biodritin microcapsules were obtained using an air jet droplet generator and gelated with barium or calcium chloride. Microencapsulated rat insulinoma RINm5F cells were tested for viability using the [3-(4,5-dimetyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide] [MTT] colorimetric assay. Microencapsulated rat pancreatic islets were coincubated with macrophages derived from mouse peritoneal liquid to assess the immunomodulatory potential of the microcapsules, using quantitative real time-PCR (qPCR). Biodritin biocompatibility was demonstrated by subcutaneous injection of empty microcapsules into immunocompetent Wistar rats. Insulin secretion by microencapsulated human pancreatic islets was evaluated using an electrochemoluminescent assay. Microencapsulated human islets transplanted into chemically induced diabetic mice were monitored for reversal of hyperglycemia. Results. The metabolic activity of microencapsulated RINm5F cells persisted for at least 15 days. Interleukin-1 beta expression by macrophages was observed during coculture with islets microencapsulated with Biodritin-CaCl2, but not with Biodritin-BaCl2. No statistical difference in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was observed between nonencapsulated and microencapsulated islets. Upon microencapsulated islet transplantation, the blood glucose level of diabetic mice normalized; they remained euglycemic for at least 60 days, displaying normal oral glucose tolerance tests. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that Biodritin can be used for islet microencapsulation and reversal of diabetes; however, further investigations are required to assess its potential for long-term transplantation.

Papilomavírus humano (HPV) e células de Langerhans em carcinoma epidermóide oral

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has been strongly implicated on development of some cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the immunological system somehow reacts against the presence of this virus. Among the cells involved on such mechanism of defense detaches the Langerhans cells (LC), which are responsible for processing and presenting antigens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical reactivity for Langerhans cells between HPV positive and HPV negative OSCC, as well as, the relation of the immunoreactivity for this cells and the histological grading of malignancy proposed by Bryne (1998) and modified by Miranda (2002). Additionally, HPV infection was evaluated in relation to sex, age, lesion localization and histological grading of malignancy. In the total, 27 cases of OSSC were evaluated, 09 of them HPV positive and 18 HPV negative. Anti S-100 antibody was utilized for the immunohistochemical labelling, followed by the counting of LCs in 5 highpower fields (400x). No statistically significant difference was verified between the variables sex, age, lesion localization, histological grading of malignancy and HPV presence in OSSC. There was neither association between the immunohistochemical labeling for LCs (S-100+) and HPV infection nor correlation between the quantity of LCs labeled and the histological grading of malignancy of OSSC. The results suggest that despite the absence of statistically significant difference, the presence of HPV in such cases of OSCC can alter the immunological system, particularly the Langerhans cells

Progression of nephropathy after islet of langerhans transplantation in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

We studied the effects of islet of Langerhans transplantation (IT) on the kidney lesions of rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Forty-five inbred male Lewis rats were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups: group Gl included 15 non-diabetic control rats (NC), group GIT included 15 alloxan-induced diabetic rats (DC), and group III included 15 alloxan-induced diabetic rats that received pancreatic islet transplantation prepared by nonenzymatic method from normal donor Lewis rats and injected into the portal vein (IT). Each group was further divided into 3 subgroups of 5 rats which were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 6 months of follow-up, respectively. Clinical and laboratorial parameters were recorded in the mentioned periods in the 3 experimental groups. For histology, the kidneys of all rats of each subgroup were studied and 50 glomeruli and 50 tubules of each kidney were analyzed using light microscopy by two different investigators in a double blind study. The results showed progressive glomerular basement membrane thickening (GBMT), mesangial enlargement (ME), and Bowman's capsule thickening (BCT) in the 3 experimental groups throughout the follow-up. These alterations were significantly more severe in DC rats at 6 months when compared to NC rats (p < 0.01). However, the degree of GBMT, ME, and BCT observed in DC rats was not statistically different from IT rats at 1, 3, and 6 months. In addition, Armanni-Ebstein lesions of the tubules (AE) and tubular lumen protein (PRO) observed in DC rats were also observed in IT rats all over the study. These lesions were never present in NC rats. We conclude that IT did not prevent progression of kidney lesions in alloxan-induced diabetic rats within 6 months after transplantation.

AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE OF TSTX-V, AN ALPHA-TOXIN FROM TITYUS-SERRULATUS SCORPION-VENOM, AND ITS EFFECT ON K+ PERMEABILITY OF BETA-CELLS FROM ISOLATED RAT ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

Highly purified Tityustoxin V (TsTX-V), an alpha-toxin isolated from the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus, was obtained by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose-52. It was shown to be homogeneous by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, N-terminal sequencing (first 39 residues) of the reduced and alkylated protein and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate and tricine. Following enzymatic digestion, the complete amino acid sequence (64 residues) was determined. The sequence showed higher homology with the toxins from the venoms of the North African than with those of the North and South American scorpions. Using the rate of Rb-86(+) release from depolarized rat pancreatic beta-cells as a measure of K+ permeability changes, TsTX-V (5.6 mu g/ml) was found to increase by 2.0-2.4-fold the rate of marker outflow in the presence of 8.3 mM glucose. This effect was persistent and slowly reversible, showing similarity to that induced by 100 mu-M veratridine, an agent that increases the open period of Na+ channels, delaying their inactivation. It is suggested that, by extending the depolarized period, TsTX-V indirectly affects beta-cell voltage-dependent K+ channels, thus increasing K+ permeability.

Avaliação do estado inflamatório em ilhotas de Langerhans de camundongos portadores do tumor sólido de Ehrlich

Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB

Modulação imunológica in vitro de células de Langerhans e macrófagos por drogas utilizadas no manejo de reações hansênicas

As células de Langerhans (CLs) estão localizadas na epiderme e desempenham um papel chave na indução da resposta imune e da tolerância imunológica. Os macrófagos são células fagocíticas que atuam como primeira linha de defesa do organismo, e que estão envolvidos na formação de granulomas em pacientes com hanseníase. A imunopatogenia da resposta celular nos estados reacionais ainda é pouco estudada, porém, diversas evidências sugerem que as drogas prednisona, talidomida, ciclosporina e amitriptilina, utilizadas no controle das reações hansênicas, exercem seus efeitos pela modulação das funções de diferentes células imunocompetentes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a ação in vitro das drogas prednisona, talidomida, ciclosporina e amitriptilina sobre a produção de citocinas por CLs e macrófagos de camundongos BALB/c. As CLs foram isoladas, purificadas e cultivadas a partir da epiderme pela técnica de “panning” e os macrófagos foram isolados da cavidade peritoneal de camundongos BALB/c. Após 36 h de tratamento com as drogas, os níveis de TNF-, IL-12 e IL-10 foram medidos por ELISA. Prednisona, talidomida, ciclosporina e amitriptilina inibiram os níveis de TNF- produzidos pelas CLs, em ambas as concentrações, no entanto, não foi detectada alteração significativa na produção de IL-12. A produção de TNF- e de IL-12 por macrófagos peritoneais também foi diminuída após o tratamento, porém os níveis de IL-10 não foram modificados por nenhuma das drogas testadas. Nossos resultados mostram que estas drogas podem modular a resposta imune através da regulação das citocinas pró-inflamatórias TNF- e IL-12 por CLs purificadas da epiderme e por macrófagos peritoneais, indicando que as citocinas constituem importante alvo de drogas usadas no tratamento dos estados reacionais.

Análise morfológica das células de Langerhans purificadas da epiderme de camundongo Balb/c, após interação in vitro com Leishania (Viannia) brasiliensis e Leishamania (Leishmania) amazonensis

Células de Langerhans (CL) são células apresentadoras de antígenos, MHC classe II positivas, que constituem 2 a 3% de todas as células da epiderme, e que têm demonstrado serem estimuladoras de uma resposta vigorosa de linfócitos T contra Leishmania major. A leishmanionse cutânea do Novo Mundo é causada por diferentes espécies, apresentando formas clínicas diversas variando de leishmaniose cutânea difusa anérgica. Utilizando a técnica de "panning", CL da epiderme de comundongos BALB/c foram purificadas para em torno de 95% de pureza (pCL) em relação à outras células da epiderme. As CL recentemente isoladas apresentaram dentritos pequenos e delicados e os clássicos grânulos de Birbeck. Tem sido sugerido que os parasitos do subgênero Viannia e Leishmania, que são geneticamente bastante distintos, podem ter respostas espécie-específicas na resposta imune celular. Neste estudo, pCL e L. (V.) brasilienses ou L. (L.) amazonensis foram cultivadas e a morfologia das CL foi analizada após 12 ou 36 h de cultura. Utilizando a coloração de Giemsa e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, alterações morfológicas diferentes foram detectadas nas CL após 12 h de cultivo nas duas culturas, CL e L. (V.) brasiliensis ou CL e L. (L.) amazonensis. Depois da interação com L. (V.) brasiliensis as CL tornaram-se mais dentríticas, que eram mais curtos quando comparados às CL cultivadas isoladamente. Em contraste, após a interação com L. (L.) amazonensis, as CL tornaram-se arredondadas com algumas células mostrando alguns dendritos. Além disto, verificou-se um contato íntimo entre o flagelo das prostigota com as CL, mas sem observar a fagocitose das leishmanias após 12 ou 36 h de cultivo, o que é diferente dos relatos da literatura com CL e L. major. Estes resultados sugerem que a resposta imune primária das CL contra as diferentes espécies de leishamania podem ser distintas de acordo com a espécie envolvida no processo de interação.

Leishmania (L.) amazonensis inibe a maturação e a função ativadora das células de Langerhans da pele tratadas com TNF-α e anti-CD40 in vitro

Leishmania amazonensis é um dos principais agentes etiológicos em um amplo espectro de formas clínicas da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana. De modo geral, a resistência frente às leishmanioses decorre do desenvolvimento de uma resposta imune celular eficiente, porém muitos estudos têm demonstrado que citocinas específicas ou combinações de citocinas podem ser fatores de resistência ou suscetibilidade à infecção por L. amazonensis. Estudos recentes sugerem a participação das células de Langerhans (LCs) nas resposta anti-Leishmania, porém os mecanismos envolvidos durante esta interação são ainda pouco estudados. Objetivos: Estudar o papel do TNF-α e anti-CD40 nas interações in vitro entre as LCs e L. amazonensis, observando o perfil de citocinas produzidas e a expressão de moléculas de superfície, bem como verificar a capacidade destas células em ativar a produção de IFN-γ e IL-4 por células do linfonodo. Metodologia: As LCs foram isoladas da epiderme de camundongos BALB/c e incubadas com promastigotas de L. amazonensis, TNF-α e/ou anti- CD40. Após 24h, as LCs foram co-cultivadas com células obtidas de linfonodos por 72h. As citocinas IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ e IL-4 foram dosadas por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e as moléculas de superfície foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo. Resultados: Os níveis de IL- 6 e IL-12p70 produzidos pela LCs foram significativamente reduzidos após interação com L. amazonensis, mesmo após o tratamento das LCs com TNF-α ou anti-CD40. Em relação às moléculas de superfície, não houve diferença na expressão de CD207 em nenhum dos grupos, porém a presença de L. amazonensis promoveu uma redução significativa na expressão de CD40 nas LCs tratadas com TNF-α ou anti-CD40, e aumentou a expressão de CD86 em todos os grupos. Na presença de L. amazonensis, as células do linfonodo apresentaram uma produção diminuída de IFN-γ e não houve alteração na produção de IL-4. Quando cocultivadas com LCs estimuladas previamente com L. amazonensis, a produção de IFN-γ também foi reduzida, mesmo na presença dos estímulos TNF-α e/ou anti-CD40. Não foram observadas alterações significativas na produção de IL-4 pelas células do linfonodo cocultivadas nas mesmas condições experimentais. Conclusão: L. (L.) amazonensis exerce um efeito imunomodulador sobre a resposta imune mediada por LCs, inibindo a produção de IL-6 e IL-12p70 e expressão de CD40, além de impedir a ativação da produção de IFN-γ por células do linfonodo co-cultivadas com LCs, mesmo após tratamento com TNF-α e anticorpo anti-CD40.