Análisis comparativo de procedimientos para la medición de las gemas y evaluación de su influencia en la determinación de las propiedades mecánicas de la madera de Pinus sylvestris L. de gran escuadría. Comparison of wanes measurement systems to evaluate their influence on the mechanical properties of large cross section timber of Pinus sylvestris L.

Las gemas se evalúan mediante la norma de clasificación visual (UNE 56544), pero su aplicación en estructuras existentes y grandes escuadrías resulta poco eficaz y conduce a estimaciones demasiado conservadoras. Este trabajo analiza la influencia de las gemas comparando la resistencia de piezas con gemas y piezas correctamente escuadradas. Se han analizado 218 piezas de pino silvestre con dimensiones nominales 150 x 200 x 4.200 mm, de las que 102 presentaban una gema completa a lo largo de toda su longitud y el resto estaban correctamente escuadradas. En las piezas con gema se ha medido la altura de la sección cada 30 cm (altura en cada cara y altura máxima). Para determinar la resistencia se han ensayado todas las piezas de acuerdo a la norma EN 408. Se ha comparado la resistencia obtenida para las piezas con gema, diferenciando si la gema se encuentra en el borde comprimido o en el borde traccionado, con las piezas escuadradas. Puede concluirse que la presencia de gemas disminuye la resistencia excepto si la gema se encuentra en el borde traccionado, en cuyo caso los resultados obtenidos han sido similares a los de las piezas escuadradas. The wanes on structural timber are evaluated according to the visual grading standard (UNE 56544), but its application on existing structures and large cross sections is ineffective and leads to conservative estimations. This paper analyzes the influence of the wanes by comparing the resistance of pieces with wanes and square pieces. 218 pieces of Scotch pine with nominal dimensions 150 x 200 x 4200 mm have been analyzed, 102 of them had a complete wane along its length and the rest were properly squared. The height of the cross section was measured every 30 cm (the height on each side and the maximum height) for the pieces with wane. The bending strength of all the pieces was obtained according to the EN 408 standard. The bending strength of the pieces with wane has been compared with the strength of the squared pieces, taking into account if the wane is positioned on the compressed edge or on the tensioned edge. It can be concluded that the bending strength of the pieces with wanes is lower than the one of squared pieces, except if the wanes are on the tensioned edge of the beam.

Nomination of Benjamin L. Erdreich : hearing before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on nomination of Benjamin L. Erdreich, to be member and chairman, U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, June 23, 1993.

Shipping list no.: 95-0043-P.

Nominations of Maria L. Johnson and John L. Ryan : hearing before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, first session, on nomination of Maria L. Johnson to be a member of the Merit Systems Protection Board and the nomination of John L. Ryan to be a member of the Board of Governors, U.S. Postal Service, April 28, 1983.

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Does The Reciproc File Remove Root Canal Bacteria And Endotoxins As Effectively As Multifile Rotary Systems?

To evaluate the effectiveness of Reciproc for the removal of cultivable bacteria and endotoxins from root canals in comparison with multifile rotary systems. The root canals of forty human single-rooted mandibular pre-molars were contaminated with an Escherichia coli suspension for 21 days and randomly assigned to four groups according to the instrumentation system: GI - Reciproc (VDW); GII - Mtwo (VDW); GIII - ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer); and GIV -FKG Race(™) (FKG Dentaire) (n = 10 per group). Bacterial and endotoxin samples were taken with a sterile/apyrogenic paper point before (s1) and after instrumentation (s2). Culture techniques determined the colony-forming units (CFU) and the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay was used for endotoxin quantification. Results were submitted to paired t-test and anova. At s1, bacteria and endotoxins were recovered in 100% of the root canals investigated (40/40). After instrumentation, all systems were associated with a highly significant reduction of the bacterial load and endotoxin levels, respectively: GI - Reciproc (99.34% and 91.69%); GII - Mtwo (99.86% and 83.11%); GIII - ProTaper (99.93% and 78.56%) and GIV - FKG Race(™) (99.99% and 82.52%) (P < 0.001). No statistical difference were found amongst the instrumentation systems regarding bacteria and endotoxin removal (P > 0.01). The reciprocating single file, Reciproc, was as effective as the multifile rotary systems for the removal of bacteria and endotoxins from root canals.

Condutividade e difusividade térmica do figo (Ficus carica L.) Roxo de Valinhos

The post harvest cooling and/or freezing processes for horticultural products have been carried out with the objective of removing the heat from these products, allowing them a bigger period of conservation. Therefore, the knowledge of the physical properties that involve heat transference in the fig fruit Roxo de Valinhos is useful for calculating projects and systems of food engineering in general, as well as, for using in equations of thermodynamic mathematical models. The values of conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the whole fig fruit-rami index were determined, and from these values it was determined the value of the specific heat. For these determination it was used the transient method of the Line Heat Source. The results shown that the fig fruit has a thermal conductivity of 0.52 W m-1°C, thermal diffusivity of 1.56 x 10-7 m² s-1, pulp density of 815.6 kg m-3 and specific heat of 4.07 kJ kg-1 °C.

Shear bond strength of self-etch and total-etch bonding systems at different dentin depths

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dentin shear bond strength of four adhesive systems (Adper Single Bond 2, Adper Prompt L-Pop, Magic Bond DE and Self Etch Bond) in regards to buccal and lingual surfaces and dentin depth. Forty extracted third molars had roots removed and crowns bisected in the mesiodistal direction. The buccal and lingual surfaces were fixed in a PVC/acrylic resin ring and were divided into buccal and lingual groups assigned to each selected adhesive. The same specimens prepared for the evaluation of superficial dentin shear resistance were used to evaluate the different depths of dentin. The specimens were identified and abraded at depths of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm. Each depth was evaluated by ISO TR 11405 using an EMIC-2000 machine regulated at 0.5 mm/min with a 200 Kgf load cell. We performed statistical analyses on the results (ANOVA, Tukey and Scheffé tests). Data revealed statistical differences (p < 0.01) in the adhesive and depth variation as well as adhesive/depth interactions. The Adper Single Bond 2 demonstrated the highest mean values of shear bond strength. The Prompt L-Pop product, a self-etching adhesive, revealed higher mean values compared with Magic Bond DE and Self Etch Bond adhesives, a total and self-etching adhesive respectively. It may be concluded that the shear bond strength of dentin is dependent on material (adhesive system), substrate depth and adhesive/depth interaction.

Morpho-anatomical features of underground systems in six Asteraceae species from the Brazilian Cerrado

In the Brazilian Cerrado (neotropical savanna), the development of bud-bearing underground systems as adaptive structures to fire and dry periods can comprise an important source of buds for this ecosystem, as already demonstrated in the Brazilian Campos grasslands and North American prairies. Asteraceae species from both woody and herbaceous strata have subterranean organs that accumulate carbohydrates, reinforcing the adaptive strategy of these plants to different environmental conditions. This study aims to analyse the morpho-anatomy of underground systems of six species of Asteraceae (Mikania cordifolia L.f. Willd., Mikania sessilifolia DC, Trixis nobilis (Vell.) Katinas, Pterocaulon alopecuroides (Lam.) DC., Vernonia elegans Gardner and Vernonia megapotamica Spreng.), to describe these structures and to verify the occurrence and origin of shoot buds, and to analyse the presence of reserve substances. Individuals sampled in Cerrado areas in São Paulo State showed thick underground bud-bearing organs, with adventitious or lateral roots and presence of fructans. Xylopodium was found in all studied species, except for Trixis nobilis, which had stem tuber. The presence of fructans as reserve, and the capacity of structures in the formation of buds indicate the potential of herbaceous species of Asteraceae in forming a viable bud bank for vegetation regeneration in the Brazilian Cerrado.