THE COMPOUND EYE AS AN INDICATOR OF AGE AND SHRINKAGE IN ANTARCTIC KRILL

Laboratory studies have shown that Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) shrink if maintained in conditions of low food availability. Recent studies have also demonstrated that E. superba individuals may be shrinking in the field during winter. If krill shrink during the winter, conclusions reached by length-frequency analysis may be unreliable because smaller animals may not necessarily be younger animals. In this study, the correlation between the body-length and the crystalline cone number of the compound eye was examined. Samples collected in the late summer show an apparent linear relationship between crystalline cone number and body-length. From a laboratory population, it appears that when krill shrink the crystalline cone number remains relatively unchanged. If crystalline cone number is little affected by shrinking, then the crystalline cone number may be a more reliable indicator of age than body-length alone. The ratio of crystalline cone number to body-length offers a method for detecting the effect of shrinking in natural populations of krill. On the basis of the crystalline cone number count, it appears from a field collection in early spring that E. superba do shrink during winter.

Impact of climate change on Antarctic krill

Antarctic krill Euphausia superba (hereafter ‘krill’) occur in regions undergoing rapid environmental change, particularly loss of winter sea ice. During recent years, harvesting of krill has increased, possibly enhancing stress on krill and Antarctic ecosystems. Here we review the overall impact of climate change on krill and Antarctic ecosystems, discuss implications for an ecosystem-based fisheries management approach and identify critical knowledge gaps. Sea ice decline, ocean warming and other environmental stressors act in concert to modify the abundance, distribution and life cycle of krill. Although some of these changes can have positive effects on krill, their cumulative impact is most likely negative. Recruitment, driven largely by the winter survival of larval krill, is probably the population parameter most susceptible to climate change. Predicting changes to krill populations is urgent, because they will seriously impact Antarctic ecosystems. Such predictions, however, are complicated by an intense inter-annual variability in recruitment success and krill abundance. To improve the responsiveness of the ecosystem-based management approach adopted by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), critical knowledge gaps need to be filled. In addition to a better understanding of the factors influencing recruitment, management will require a better understanding of the resilience and the genetic plasticity of krill life stages, and a quantitative understanding of under-ice and benthic habitat use. Current precautionary management measures of CCAMLR should be maintained until a better understanding of these processes has been achieved.

Potential Climate Change Effects on the Habitat of Antarctic Krill in the Weddell Quadrant of the Southern Ocean

Antarctic krill is a cold water species, an increasingly important fishery resource and a major prey item for many fish, birds and mammals in the Southern Ocean. The fishery and the summer foraging sites of many of these predators are concentrated between 0 degrees and 90 degrees W. Parts of this quadrant have experienced recent localised sea surface warming of up to 0.2 degrees C per decade, and projections suggest that further widespread warming of 0.27 degrees to 1.08 degrees C will occur by the late 21st century. We assessed the potential influence of this projected warming on Antarctic krill habitat with a statistical model that links growth to temperature and chlorophyll concentration. The results divide the quadrant into two zones: a band around the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in which habitat quality is particularly vulnerable to warming, and a southern area which is relatively insensitive. Our analysis suggests that the direct effects of warming could reduce the area of growth habitat by up to 20%. The reduction in growth habitat within the range of predators, such as Antarctic fur seals, that forage from breeding sites on South Georgia could be up to 55%, and the habitat's ability to support Antarctic krill biomass production within this range could be reduced by up to 68%. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the effects of a 50% change in summer chlorophyll concentration could be more significant than the direct effects of warming. A reduction in primary production could lead to further habitat degradation but, even if chlorophyll increased by 50%, projected warming would still cause some degradation of the habitat accessible to predators. While there is considerable uncertainty in these projections, they suggest that future climate change could have a significant negative effect on Antarctic krill growth habitat and, consequently, on Southern Ocean biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Sardine cycles, krill declines, and locust plagues: revisiting ‘wasp-waist’ food webs

‘Wasp-waist’ systems are dominated by a mid trophic-level species that is thought to exert top-down control on its food and bottom-up control on its predators. Sardines, anchovy, and Antarctic krill are suggested examples, and here we use locusts to explore whether the wasp-waist concept also applies on land. These examples also display the traits of mobile aggregations and dietary diversity, which help to reduce the foraging footprint from their large, localised biomasses. This suggests that top-down control on their food operates at local aggregation scales and not at wider scales suggested by the original definition of wasp-waist. With this modification, the wasp-waist framework can cross-fertilise marine and terrestrial approaches, revealing how seemingly disparate but economically important systems operate.

Feeding and overwintering of Antarctic krill across its major habitats: The role of sea ice cover, water depth, and phytoplankton abundance

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) were sampled in contrasting habitats: a seasonally ice-covered deep ocean (Lazarev Sea), ice-free shelves at their northern range (South Georgia) and the Antarctic Peninsula (Bransfield Strait), and shelf and oceanic sites in the Scotia Sea. Across 92 stations, representing a year-round average, the food volume in krill stomachs comprised 71 +/- 29% algae, 17 +/- 21% protozoans, and 12 +/- 25% metazoans. Fatty acid trophic markers showed that copepods were consistently part of krill diet, not a switch food. In open waters, both diatom and copepod consumption increased with phytoplankton abundance. Under sea ice, ingestion of diatoms became rare, whereas feeding on copepods remained constant. During winter, larvae contained high but variable proportions of diatom markers, whereas in postlarvae the role of copepods increased with krill body length. Overwintering differed according to habitat. Krill from South Georgia had lower lipid stores than those from the Bransfield Strait or Lazarev Sea. Feeding effort was much reduced in Lazarev Sea krill, whereas most individuals from the Bransfield Strait and South Georgia contained phytoplankton and seabed detritus in their stomachs. Their retention of essential body reserves indicates that krill experienced most winter hardship in the Lazarev Sea, followed by South Georgia and then Bransfield Strait. This was reflected in the delayed development from juveniles to adults in the Lazarev Sea. Circumpolar comparisons of length frequencies suggest that krill growth conditions are more favorable in the southwest Atlantic than in the Lazarev Sea or off East Antarctica because of longer phytoplankton bloom periods and rewarding access to benthic food.

El alimento de la anchoveta engraulis ringens J. en un área de afloramiento (San Juan)

Información sobre la variación en la predominancia del tipo de alimento ingerido por la anchoveta Engraulis ringens J. colectadas en un área de afloramiento (San Juan 15º-16º L.S.). El material consta de 13 muestras obtenidas desde noviembre de 1973 a setiembre de 1974.

Composición y consumo de alimento dela merluza peruana merluccius gayi peruanus (Guitchenot) con especial énfasis en la ración diaria total

Analiza la composición del contenido estomacal de 693 ejemplares de una especie de pez merluza Merluccius gayi peruanus (Guitchenot) que se distribuye desde los 03°15 'S hasta 10°04 'S. Se determina el Índice de Importancia Relativa (IIR) para cada una de sus presas, mostrando que las más importantes para esta especie pertenecen al taxón Crustácea seguido por Teleostei, en términos de número.

Biomasa y distribución del krill (euphausia superba) en el estrecho de Bransfield durante las operaciones Perú Antar I, II y III.

Describe las operaciones Perú Antar I, II y III que se ejecutaron entre los meses de enero y febrero de 1988, 1989 y 1991, respectivamente, a bordo del BIC Humboldt en el estrecho de Bransfield, ampliandose el área de estudio, en Antar III, a los alrededores de la isla Elefante. Se presenta la distribución horizontal y vertical así como los estimados de biomasa del krill (Euphausia superba) determinados en el área de estudio en tales expediciones. En todos los casos se emplearon los mismos equipos y similares metodologías. Se incluye una revisión de los antecedentes de evaluación acústica del krill tendientes al cálculo de su biomasa en la zona del Estrecho de Bransfield e Isla Elefante. Los estimados de biomasa fueron los siguientes: ANTAR I, 17.0x106 t (±29,41%) con una densidad de 536,05 g/m2; en ANTAR II, 5,67 x 106 t (±16,66%) con una densidad de 176,66 g/m2 ; en ANTAR III, 8,43 x 106 t (±12,0%) con una densidad de 200,93 g/m2 . Las principales zonas de concentración del krill se observaron entre la Isla Rey Jorge e Isla Elefante en ANTAR I; entre las Islas Bravante y Livingstone en ANTAR II; y, entre las Islas Decepción y Trinidad, y al norte de la Isla Elefante, en ANTAR III.

Larvas de anchoveta peruana (Engraulis ringens) y su relación con el fitoplancton como alimento disponible. Crucero 9608-09 entre Paita y Tambo de Mora.

Analiza la distribución de las larvas de anchoveta en el área Paita a Tambo de Mora, del 11 de agosto al 27 de setiembre, en relación con las especies de fitoplancton consideradas como alimento adecuado. Las larvas de anchoveta estuvieron distribuidas en dos zonas, una en la zona costera y la otra fuera de las 60 mn. La calidad del alimento en ambas áreas fue diferente, la zona costera se caracterizó por la presencia de especies apropiadas para las larvas de anchoveta; por fuera de las 60 mn, la calidad del alimento para ellas no fue el más adecuado. Así mismo se observó que los vientos en la zona costera estuvieron dentro de la ventana óptima ambiental, en tanto que por fuera, los vientos no resultaron favorables para las larvas de anchoveta.