Forrageamento por Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 (hymenoptera: formicidae) a campo em mudas de eucalipto pulverizadas ou imersas em soluções de extrato pirolenhoso

Bioensaios foram realizados a campo no Município de Olhos D'Água, Minas Gerais, para verificar a ação indireta do extrato pirolenhoso sobre Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mudas de eucalipto prontas para o plantio foram pulverizadas ou imersas em soluções de água e extrato pirolenhoso, nas concentrações de 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1,0 ou 2,0%, sendo a testemunha constituída por água. Essas mudas foram plantadas a 10 cm de distância de uma trilha ativa de A. sexdens rubropilosa, próxima ao formigueiro-sede, e oferecidas em bioensaios com ou sem chance de escolha. Foi avaliada a porcentagem de forrageamento de A. sexdens rubropilosa, a cada 24 horas, durante duas semanas; e a cada 15 dias, até três meses. Foi, também, avaliada a longevidade das mudas a campo a cada 15 dias, por um período de três meses. O extrato pirolenhoso, entre 0,1 e 2%, favorece entre 57,67 e 100% o forrageamento de A. sexdens rubropilosa por mudas de eucalipto tratadas via irrigação ou imersão. A longevidade das mudas varia entre seis e 45 dias. A dosagem de adubação influencia o forrageamento de formigas-cortadeiras, pois mudas tratadas com 100% da adubação recomendada sofrem maior atividade de corte, entre 80 e 100%, por A. sexdens rubropilosa, do que mudas tratadas com metade da adubação. A. sexdens rubropilosa é capaz de reconhecer diferentes substratos, selecionando os que podem suprir as deficiências nutricionais da sua colônia.

Efeitos dos ninhos de Atta laevigata (Fr. Smith, 1858) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) sobre a vegetação do cerrado

As formigas-cortadeiras (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini) são reconhecidas por sua capacidade desfolhadora e pelas consequências que geram na vegetação devido a uma série de processos associados. A construção do ninho, juntamente com o comportamento de transporte de material vegetal para o seu interior, ocasiona modificações nas propriedades físicas e químicas do solo, podendo afetar a comunidade de plantas nas savanas brasileiras. Durante três anos, numa área de Cerrado sensu stricto em regeneraçãolocalizadana Estação Ecológica do Panga, Uberlândia, MG, avaliou-se o índice de sobrevivência, mortalidade e recrutamento de plantas (< 1,5 m de altura) inseridas no centro dos ninhos de Atta laevigata em uma unidade amostral de 1 m x 1 m. O mesmo protocolo foi feito nas áreas adjacentes (cerrado) distantes 5 m do centro dos murundus. Os quadrados amostrados no centro dos ninhos apresentaram menor abundância de plantas (< 1,5 m de altura) quando comparada com a das áreas adjacentes. Porém, no decorrer do estudo os índices de sobrevivência, mortalidade e recrutamento de plantas não diferiram significativamente entre os diferentes locais amostrados. Os resultados evidenciaram que o estágio inicial da formação do murundu é fator determinante responsável pela mortalidade por soterramento de grande parte das plântulas situadas sobre ele. Dessa forma, esses ninhos desempenham funções ecológicas importantes vinculadas à dinâmica dos processos de estabelecimento e sobrevivência de plântulas e, consequentemente, podem interferir nos estágios sucessionais da vegetação.

ANÁLISE DE CRESCIMENTO, INCIDÊNCIA DE Rhizoctonia sp. E EFEITO ANTIXENOSE PARA A FORMIGA-CORTADEIRA Atta sexdens rubropilosa F. EM CLONES DE Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla TRATADOS COM GIBERELINA1

RESUMO A competitividade do setor florestal brasileiro, fruto das condições climáticas e tecnologia empregada, faz que o país ocupe posição de destaque no cenário mundial. Apesar do elevado crescimento brasileiro no setor florestal, é necessário o desenvolvimento de pesquisas que proporcionem aumento de produtividade. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito fisiológico da aplicação de diferentes concentrações de giberelina (GA3) no acúmulo de biomassa do híbrido de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla "E. urograndis GG 100" e, também, verificar o efeito da aplicação de hormônio sobre a incidência de Rhizoctonia sp. e sobre efeito antixenose (não preferência) ao corte de folhas pela formiga-cortadeira Atta sexdens rubropilosa. O experimento foi conduzido em bancada a pleno sol, seguindo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Mudas clonadas de E. urograndis GG 100, com 120 dias de idade, cultivadas sob bancada a pleno sol em vasos de 12 L, com substrato à base de subsolo, areia e esterco foram tratados com 50 mL de GA3, nas seguintes concentrações: 0; 50; 100; 150; e 200 mg L-1. Aos 40 dias após a imposição dos tratamentos, as análises foram realizadas. A aplicação de giberelina intensificou o crescimento vegetativo das plantas de eucalipto e promoveu o maior acúmulo de biomassa no mesmo período de tempo de plantas não tratadas. As mudas tratadas com giberelina apresentaram vigoroso crescimento vegetativo, principalmente na concentração de 150 mg L-1. Adicionalmente, as mesmas plantas exibiram maior preferência por formigas-cortadeiras e menor área foliar lesionada pelo fungo Rhizoctonia sp.

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Harvesting of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. seeds (Burseraceae) by the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens L. promotes seed aggregation and seedling mortality

The role played by leaf-cutting ants as seed dispersers of non-myrmecochorous plants remains poorly understood. Here we document the harvesting of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. seeds (Burseraceae) by the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens L. and its consequences for (1) seed deposition pattern; (2) seed germination; and (3) seedling mortality. The study was carried out at Dois Irmãos, a 390 ha reserve of Atlantic forest, northeast Brazil. Ant-seed harvesting on the ground was detected in 18.5% of all fruiting trees and ants harvested 41.1% ± 19.7% of the seed crop (mean ± s). In average, ants piled seeds 3.4 ± 2.2 m away from the trunk of parent trees and seed density in these piles reached 128.8 ± 138.8 seeds 0.25 m² during the peak of seed discarding by ants. During a 13 month period, mean seedling mortality varied from 0.54% up to 10.6% in ant-made seed piles vs. 0.05-4.2% in control samples, what resulted in a total seedling mortality of 97.7% vs. 81%. Ants systematically cut seedling epicotyls, accounting for 55% of seedling mortality in seed piles, whereas only 14 seedlings (4.2%) were cut by ants in the control samples. Our results suggest that seed harvesting by A. sexdens (1) affects approximately 20% of fruiting P. heptaphyllum trees and their seed crops; (2) promotes short-distance seed dispersal and high levels of seed aggregation; and (3) reduces seedling survival beneath parents.

Preparation of mitotic chromosomes of leaf-cutting ants from the genera Atta and Acromyrmex

Some modifications were made to the methodology of Imai et al. (Jpn. J. Genet. 63: 159-185, 1988) for cytogenetic analysis of the leaf-cutting ants Atta sexdens piriventris and Acromyrmex heyeri (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), shortening preparation time and improving chromosomal preparations. The brain ganglia of prepupae were dissected in a 0.0025% hypotonic solution of colchicine, placed on a glass slide on a cold plate (4 ± 1oC) for 20 min. The material was fixed directly on the cold slide (with cold fixative I), macerated with a histological needle and fixed again with fixative I, followed by fixatives II and III, all of them cold. The slide was flame-dried right after the use of fixative III, and it was allowed to air-dry at room temperature for 2 h. The resulting metaphases presented less contracted chromosomes, with separated and well defined sister chromatids at a high frequency, when the material was processed in the manner described and stained with 3% Giemsa in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 15 min.

Narrating violence and the nation in Nigeria in the fiction of Anthonia Kalu and Sefi Atta

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Temporal patterns of nutrient availability around nests of leaf-cutting ants (Atta colombica) in secondary moist tropical forest

Leaf-cutting ants consume up to 10% of canopy leaves in the foraging area of their colony and therefore represent a key perturbation in the nutrient cycle of tropical forests. We used a chronosequence of nest sites on Barro, Colorado Island, Panama, to assess the influence of leaf-cutting ants (Atta colombica) on nutrient availability in a neotropical rainforest. Twelve nest sites were sampled, including active nests, recently abandoned nests (<1 year) and long-abandoned nests (>1 year). Waste material discarded by the ants down-slope from the nests contained large concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in both total and soluble forms, but decomposed within one year after the nests were abandoned. Despite this, soil under the waste material contained high concentrations of nitrate and ammonium that persisted after the disappearance of the waste, although soluble phosphate returned to background concentrations within one year of nest abandonment. Fine roots were more abundant in soil under waste than control soils up to one year after nest abandonment, but were not significantly different for older sites. In contrast to the waste dumps, soil above the underground nest chambers consistently contained lower nutrient concentrations than control soils, although this was not statistically significant. We conclude that the 'islands of fertility' created by leaf-cutting ants provide a nutritional benefit to nearby plants for less than one year after nest abandonment in the moist tropical environment of Barro Colorado Island. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Trophallaxis in Dehydrated Leaf Cutting Colonies of Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Trophallaxis, the transfer of liquid among individuals by oral regurgitation or anal deposition, occurs in many insect groups including ants. The first indication that trophallaxis could occur in leaf cutting ants (Atta sexdens rubropilosa) was made by Autuori in 1942. He reported water collection by this ant species, and highlighted what in those days was an undescribed behavior for this species. In 2005, Da-Silva and Ribeiro presented preliminary results suggesting the existence of trophallaxis in A. sexdens rubropilosa. Here we report on a formal test of the hypothesis of trophallaxis in that species. Our approach was to test ant pairs in which only one individual (Group I) had access to blue-dyed water and the other individual (Group II), a nest-mate, came from a colony dehydrated by offering dry crushed corn for fungal growth. Positive results for trophallaxis were obtained in ants from four colonies and accounted for 33%-46% of all tests in which ants from Group I drank dyed water. These results indicate that trophallaxis occurs in this species.

Colony dehydration and water collection by specialized caste in the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa

Social organization enables leaf-cutting ants to keep appropriate micro-ecological nest conditions for the fungus garden (their main food), eggs, larvae and adults. To maintain stability while facing changing conditions, individual ants must perceive destabilising factors and produce a proper behavioral response. We investigated behavioral responses to experimental dehydration in leaf-cutting ants to verify if task specialization exists, and to quantify the ability of ant sub-colonies for water management. Our setup consisted of fourteen sub-colonies, ten of which were randomly assigned to different levels of experimental dehydration with silica gel, whereas the remaining four were controls. The ten experimental sub-colonies were split into two groups, so that five of them had access to water. Diverse ant morphs searched for water in dehydrated colonies, but mainly a caste of small ants collected water after sources had been discovered. Size specialization for water collection was replicable in shorter experiments with three additional colonies. Ants of dehydrated colonies accumulated leaf-fragments on the nest entrance, and covering the fungus garden. Behaviors that may enhance humidity within the nests were common to all dehydration treatments. Water availability increased the life span of dehydrated colonies.

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Ovaries of Leaf-cutting Ant (Atta sexdens rubropilosa) Queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

In this study, the ovary morphology of newly emerged ant queens of Atta sexdens rubropilosa was studied in whole mount preparations by confocal microscopy. The ovaries are composed of approximately 40 ovarioles, showing non-synchronic oocyte maturation. The terminal filament with clusters of undifferentiated cells was found at the distal end of the ovarioles. Next to this region is the germarium, composed of several elongated cystocytes interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. The nurse cells (23-28 cells) result from asymmetric mitosis. Cytoskeleton analysis showed F-actin concentrated at the muscle cells of the external tunica and in fusomes inside the ovarioles. Microtubules were concentrated around the nuclei of the nurse and follicular cells. In contrast, the oocytes and the external tunica showed faint staining for tubulin.

Historien i konsten : Eller konsten att göra undervisningsmaterial utifrån en integrering av historia och bild

I det här arbetet har jag undersökt hur man kan använda sig av konst i en ämnesintegrerad undervisning med syfte att uppnå målen i historia och bild i grundskolans senare år. För att nå detta mål har jag utvecklat ett undervisningsmaterial med målningar från 1800-talets s.k. genremåleri för att visualisera det svenska bondesamhället under 1800-talet. Min undersökning bygger på en tolkning av styrdokumentens möjligheter samt elevers, i en klass i årskurs åtta vid en skola i norra Dalarna åsikter om historia och bild i integrering med hjälp av konst. Undersökningen visade att historieämnet och bildämnet mycket väl gick att integrera med varandra i syftet att uppnå målen för dessa båda. Vidare återfanns förenade element så som en beto-ning på kulturarvet samt kritiskt tänkande. Elevernas generella åsikt var att de tyckte att denna form av undervisning var intressant och bra samt att de uttryckte att de lärde sig mycket.

Konsten att mötas : En kvalitativ studie om samverkan mellan skola och hem i samband med åtgärdsprogram

Syftet med det här examensarbetet var att utveckla kunskap om samverkan mellan skola och hem i samband med åtgärdsprogram. Uppsatsen består av tre delstudier. Inledningsvis undersöktes förutsättningar för samverkan genom intervjuer med fem rektorer i en kommun om deras syn på föräldrasamverkan. Därefter genomfördes en dokumentanalys av 114 åtgärdsprogram med syfte att undersöka var i åtgärdsprogrammen föräldrarna syns och på vilket sätt. Avslutningsvis intervjuades fyra föräldrar om deras upplevelser av mötet med skolan i samband med åtgärdsprogram. Resultatet visar att rektorer anser att samverkan med föräldrar är av stor vikt. I dokumentanalysen framkom det att föräldrar förekommer i texten på olika ställen, mest under åtgärdsprogrammets formuleringar om åtgärder. Skolan ålägger föräldrarna en stor del av åtgärderna, vilket kan sägas vara i strid med Skolverkets allmänna råd för arbete med åtgärdsprogram och rektorers intentioner. Dessa åtgärder är av två slag: allmänna åtgärder och ämnesrelaterade åtgärder. I dokumentens text framgår det inte tydligt huruvida föräldrar upplever sig ha inflytande eller inte. Däremot visade resultatet att skolan ofta använder sig av passiva och otydliga formuleringar, i uppsatsen kallat för indirekt kommunikation. Mer sällan förekom exempel på tydliga och raka formuleringar, här kallat direkt kommunikation. Intervjustudien visade att flera av föräldrarna till stor del upplever sig ha inflytande i samverkan med skolan. Det finns även en förnöjsamhet med skolans insatser och samarbetet. Föräldrarnas upplevelse av inflytande problematiserades utifrån aktuell forskning huruvida inflytandet är reellt (verkligt) eller endast en upplevelse. Slutsatsen blev att den indirekta kommunikation skolan kan använda sig av för att få med sig hemmet på en i förväg beslutad linje kan ge en upplevelse av inflytande som inte behöver vara ett reellt sådant. Skolan använder sig även av direkt kommunikation i en öppen dialog som ger föräldrar utökade möjligheter till inflytande vid samverkan vid åtgärdsprogram. Det framkom också att skolan inte alltid är medveten om de tillfällen där språket och skolans terminologi används som maktmedel för kontroll i samverkan. Det visar på ett behov av en ökad medvetenhet och fördjupad kunskap om språk och makt i skolan. Om skolan därigenom kan utöka föräldrars möjligheter och inflytande visar den här studiens resultat att det leder till en bättre och mer framgångsrik samverkan för alla inblandade, inte minst för eleven i behov av särskilt stöd.

Konsten att välja rätt spårvagn : en studie av segregation, skolval och unga människors studieplaner

The art of choosing the right tram – A study of urban segregation, choice of school and young people’s life plans When discussing barriers to integration and young people’s choice of school, research often focuses on language skills, cultural capital, supportive environments and other more obvious, distinct and material aspects that have an impact on educational achievement. In the present study, we have instead chosen to look at how young immigrants construct their inner career landscapes and life-plans, and how this relates to their perception of ethnicity, neighbourhood and identity. The sample used here consists of altogether twenty individuals. The interviews were used to explore certain designated dimensions and processes. All interviews were conducted in the school environment, in classrooms and other locations. The students attended two different inner-city schools. A narrative-sociological approach is used in the analysis. The young people’s perceptions and narratives are analysed in relation to concepts such as: territorial stigmatization, identity, self-perception and modifications of life plans. The findings show that the feelings of otherness which originates in housing conditions, experiences of exclusion and the everyday life of many immigrants, are transposed into the school area and transformed into strategies and life plans.