998 resultados para Kelley, William D. (William Darrah), 1814-1890.
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23 janvier 1890. Lui donne carte blanche pour agir auprès de Michaëlis et lui racheter son reste d'exploitation. - 27 février 1890. Au sujet des droits de "Mignon" et "Hamlet" : "je voudrais bien ne pas perdre des droits assez importants actuellement en friche". - 16 mars 1890. Lui demande quelles sont les conditions de Mlle Arnoldson. - 7 avril 1890. Regrette de ne pouvoir répondre à son aimable invitation. - 20 mai 1890. Au sujet de son poème "Circé" rejeté par Léo Delibes : "Je vois venir le moment où je ne pourrai plus placer un poème d'opéra". - 2 juin 1890. Souhaite obtenir des éclaircissements au sujet de sa condamnation à payer une amende de 200 francs pour la publication de "Fleur de neige" sans la restriction accoutumée. - 19 juillet 1890. Au sujet de son poème de "Circé" qu'il souhaite mettre à disposition de Heugel
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1890/07 (A51,N136)-1890/12.
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1890/01 (A51,N135)-1890/06.
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1890 (SER2,T6).
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BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of chronic or acute infections, is traditionally considered an extracellular pathogen despite repeated reports of S. aureus internalization by a variety of non-myeloid cells in vitro. This property potentially contributes to bacterial persistence, protection from antibiotics and evasion of immune defenses. Mechanisms contributing to internalization have been partly elucidated, but bacterial processes triggered intracellularly are largely unknown. RESULTS: We have developed an in vitro model using human lung epithelial cells that shows intracellular bacterial persistence for up to 2 weeks. Using an original approach we successfully collected and amplified low amounts of bacterial RNA recovered from infected eukaryotic cells. Transcriptomic analysis using an oligoarray covering the whole S. aureus genome was performed at two post-internalization times and compared to gene expression of non-internalized bacteria. No signs of cellular death were observed after prolonged internalization of Staphylococcus aureus 6850 in epithelial cells. Following internalization, extensive alterations of bacterial gene expression were observed. Whereas major metabolic pathways including cell division, nutrient transport and regulatory processes were drastically down-regulated, numerous genes involved in iron scavenging and virulence were up-regulated. This initial adaptation was followed by a transcriptional increase in several metabolic functions. However, expression of several toxin genes known to affect host cell integrity appeared strictly limited. CONCLUSION: These molecular insights correlated with phenotypic observations and demonstrated that S. aureus modulates gene expression at early times post infection to promote survival. Staphylococcus aureus appears adapted to intracellular survival in non-phagocytic cells.
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Many reports have documented that Staphylococcus aureus can invade host cells and persist intracellularly for various periods of time in cell culture models. However, it is not clear whether intracellular persistence of S. aureus also occurs in the course of infections in whole organisms. This is a subject of intense debate and is difficult to assess experimentally. Intracellular persistence would provide S. aureus with an ideal strategy to escape from professional phagocytes and extracellular antibiotics and would promote recrudescent infection. Here, we present a brief overview of the mounting evidence that S. aureus has the potential to internalize and survive within host cells.
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per Giuseppe Cammeo
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Vols. 3-6, by Malleson, first appeared under title: History of the Indian mutiny, 1857-1858, commencing from the close of the second volume of Sir John Kaye's History of the Sepoy War.