Electrocatalytic oxidation of dopamine at a cobalt hexacyanoferrate modified glassy carbon electrode prepared by a new method

A stable electroactive thin film of cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF) was electrochemically deposited on the surface of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode with a new and simple method. The cyclic voltammograms of the CoHCF Film modified GC (CoHCF/GC) electrode prepared by this method exhibit two pairs of well-defined redox peaks, at scan rates up to 200 mV s(-1). The advantage of this method is that it is easy to manipulate and to control the surface coverage of CoHCF on the electrode surface. The modified electrode shows good electrocatalytic activity towards the electrochemical reaction of dopamine (DA) in a 0.1 mol dm (3) KNO3 + phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). The rate constant of the electrocatalytic oxidation of DA at the CoHCF/GC electrode is determined by employing rotating disk electrode measurements.

TG-DTA properties of new nonlinear optical materials: K(2)Ln(NO3)(5)center dot 2H(2)O (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm)

Single crystals of K(2)Ln(NO3)(5). 2H(2)O (KLnN) (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) were grown from aqueous solution. The thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis curves of KLnN demonstrate that the processes of dehydration, melting, irreversible phase transformation and decomposition of NO3- take place in sequence in the heating processes (except KCN). There are three stages in the decomposition of NO3- in KLnN (Ln = La, Nd, Sm) while two in KLnN (Ln = Ce, Pr). K(2)Ln(NO3)(5) is formed at about 225 degrees C by the reaction of KNO3 and Ln(NO3)(3). nH(2)O (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Crystal growth and TG-DTA properties of K(2)Ln(NO3)(5).2H(2)O (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm)

Single crystals of KLnN(Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) can be grown in water solution with pH approximate to 1 similar to 2 at about 40 degrees C. Crystals of KLnN (Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd) are orthorhombic with space group Fdd2. KPrN crystal was grwon and its crystal structure was determined for the first time. The KPrN crystal parameters obtained by the direct method are as follows: a=21.411(3) Angstrom, b=11.2210(10)Angstrom, c=12.208(2) Angstrom, Z=6, R=0.0240. The TG-DTA curves of KLnN(Ln=La,Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) demonstrate that the processes of dehydration, melt, irreversible phase transition and decomposition of NO3- take place in sequence with the temperature increasing(except KCN). There are three steps in the decomposition of NO3- in KLnN(Ln=La, Nd, Sm) while two steps in KLnN (Ln=Ce, Pr). K(2)Ln(NO3)(5). 2H(2)O are formed at about 225 degrees C by the reaction of the starting materials of KNO3 and Ln(NO3)(3). nH(2)O.

K_2Ln(NO_3)_5·2H_2O(Ln=La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm)的晶体生长和热重-差热分析研究

本文生长出了K2Ln（NO3）5.2H2O（Ln=La；Ce；Pr；Nd；Sm）的单晶，并对其进行了晶体结构及差热-热重分析研究．结果表明，K2Ln（NO3）5.2H2O（Ln=La；Ce；Pr；Nd）的晶体属正交晶系，Fdd2空间群．首次生长出KPrN单晶并用直接法解出其晶体结构．解得KPrN的晶胞参数为：a=11．2210（10）,b=21．411（3），c=12．208（2）,Z=6；R=0．0240．对KLnN加热，则依次出现脱水、熔化、不可逆相变和NO的分解过程（K2Ce（NO3）5·2H2O除外）K2Ln（NO3）5·2H2O（Ln＝La；Nd；Sm）的NO分三步分解，K2Ln（NO3）5·2H。O（Ln=Ce；Pr）的NO分两步分解·KNO3和Ln（NO3）3·nH2O的混合物在225℃左右生成K2Ln（NO3）5

STUDY OF A 1/12 PHOSPHOMOLYBDIC ANION DOPED POLYPYRROLE FILM ELECTRODE AND ITS CATALYSIS

A phosphomolybdic anion doped polypyrrole (PMo12O403- + PPy) film electrode has been prepared by electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in an aqueous solution of 0.5 mol l-1 H2SO4 or 0.5 mol l-1 KNO3 containing PMo12O403- anions, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and in-situ UV-visible spectroelectrochemical methods. The film electrode obtained is very stable upon potential cycling in acidic solution, but not in neutral solution. The catalytic effect of the film electrode on the reduction of ClO3- and BrO3- was studied.

Enrichment and hydrogen production by marine anaerobic hydrogen-producing microflora

Acid, alkali, heat-shock, KNO3 and control pretreatment methods applied to anaerobic sludge were evaluated for their ability to selectively enrich the marine hydrogen-producing mixed microflora. Seawater culture medium was used as the substrate. The hydrogen yield of pretreated microflora was higher than that of the un-pretreated control (P < 0.05). Among the pretreatment methods studied, heat-shock pretreatment yielded the greatest hydrogen production, which was 14.6 times that of the control. When the effect of initial pH on hydrogen production of heat-shock pretreated samples was studied, hydrogen was produced over the entire pH range (pH 4-10). The hydrogen yield peaked at initial pH 8 (79 mL/g sucrose) and then steadily decreased as the initial pH increased. Sucrose consumption was high at neutral initial pH. During the process of hydrogen production, pH decreased gradually, which indicated that the acquired microflora consisted of acidogenic bacteria.

茶园土壤－茶树－茶汤系统中氟和铝的迁移、转化特征及饮茶型氟中毒的防治探索

由于茶树种植，茶园土壤pH略低于茶园外土壤；交换性铝、水溶性氟、交换性氟、有机结合态铝和土壤pH之间显著负相关。茶树体内氟、铝分布表现出很好的一致性。老叶、嫩叶、落叶和茶果中Al/F比值基本保持恒定（2.6~2.7），说明氟和铝是以某种成分固定的化合物形态存在并随叶片的生长而累积。在茶树生长适宜的土壤pH范围内，适当提高土壤的pH值，就可能使土壤中可利用的氟、铝大为降低，从而减少茶树中氟、铝的富集。测定茶叶水溶性氟最佳条件是：1.0g茶叶加250ml 70℃沸过去离子水，浸泡40min后，取样，加入TISAB（Na3Cit 294.0g，KNO3 20.0g/L，pH 6.0），氟离子选择性电极法测定。

安顺大气降水中低分子有机酸及其与贵州其它地区对比研究

低分子有机酸是对流层大气的重要组成成分，广泛分布于大气中的气相、液相、气溶胶中。本文以贵州省安顺作为研究区域，在 2007 年 6 月~2008年 6月期间，收集大气降水样品118个，对降水中主要成份尤其是低分子有机酸及其对自由酸度的贡献进行了为期一年的研究。并通过与贵州其它3个地区的对比，重点讨论了大气降水中低分子有机酸时间和空间的变化规律、成因机制、对降水自由酸度的贡献以及来源等关键问题。得出的主要结论如下： （1） 安顺降水总体呈酸性，pH雨量加权平均值为 4.89，范围在3.57～7.09，酸雨频率为 57.0%。降水的电导率平均值为46.52μs•cm-1，变化范围为6.01～298.00 μs•cm-1，该值远远高于降水背景站点，表明该地区受到了明显的人为活动影响。 （2） 安顺大气降水中离子浓度的顺序依次为SO42->Ca2+>NH4+>NO3-> Mg2+>K+>Na+>Cl->H+>HCOOHt>CH3COOHt >(COOH)2(t)2-。大气降水中最重要的离子为SO42-、NO3-（阴离子）和Ca2+、NH4+ 和Mg2+（阳离子），平均浓度依次为140.9、46.1、124.2、45.4和36.2µmol/L。相关性分析和聚类分析表明，安顺SO2和NOx具有同源特征，且进入降水的途径相同。大气中的铵主要以硫酸铵与硝酸铵的形式存在于大气中，成为大气中重要的酸性气溶胶。另外，CaSO4、NaCl、MgCl2、(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3、KNO3、H2SO4、HNO3是降水的主要化学组分。降水中Ca2+、NH4+、Mg2+和K+的中和因子分别为0.38、0.14、0.22、0.05，表明降水中最重要的中和物质是Ca2+，其次是Mg2+和NH4+。源分析表明，安顺大气降水中的K+和Ca2+主要来自以岩石和土壤为主的陆相输入，而SO42-和NO3-主要来自人为活动的贡献，其人为贡献量高达97.0%和94.3%。Mg2+主要来自陆源输入，仅有9.1%来自海水的贡献。Cl-属于海盐性离子，但在安顺降水中，仅有57.3%来自海相输入，小部分（1.3%）来自岩石和土壤风化的贡献，人类活动排放的Cl-也是该地区一个重要来源。 （3） 安顺大气降水中共检测出7种低分子有机酸，含量最高的有机酸组成依次是甲酸(HCOO-)、乙酸(CH3COO-)和草酸（(COO)22-），雨量加权平均浓度分别为8.77、6.90和2.84µmol/L。降水中所测有机酸的平均总含量为19.00µmol/L，对阴离子总和的贡献为12.6%。对于 pH<5 的降水，甲酸、乙酸和草酸对自由酸度的平均贡献值（按最大贡献率法计算）分别为 19.2%、5.9和7.8%，总有机酸（三者之和）对自由酸度的平均贡献值为32.9%。这些事实表明，安顺大气降水中的有机酸是降水化学物质的重要组成部分，会对降水的物理和化学特征产生重要的影响。采样期间，安顺甲酸、乙酸和草酸的湿沉降通量分别为10.81、10.46和3.94 mmol/m2/year。根据气液平衡理论，估算出甲酸和乙酸的干沉降量，分别为4.78和1.63mmol/m2/year。 （4） 安顺降水有机酸浓度存在着明显的季节性变化，四季的有机酸浓度由高到低分别为：冬季>春季>夏季>秋季；非生长季节>生长季节。这种季节变化特征显然与植物生长的季节变化特征不一致。表明安顺大气中的有机酸浓度的影响因素非常复杂；植物生长、降雨量（降雨强度和持续时间）和人为活动等因素的季节变化都会影响大气有机酸的组成和分布特征。在连续降雨过程的监测中发现甲酸和乙酸的浓度是随降雨过程（时间）同步变化，这说明甲酸与乙酸很可能存在相同的来源或者相似的源强，它们在大气中的清除方式也可能相同。而草酸的浓度与日照强度和温度有关，与降雨发生的时间有很重要的关系，表明草酸多来源于光化学反应为主的间接来源。另外，还发现降雨初期降水酸性要强于降雨后期，这表明降雨对大气中污染物质有明显的清除和稀释作用。 （5） 相关性分析表明，甲酸和乙酸之间存在显著的相关关系，相关系数为0.80，这种强烈的正相关表明甲酸和乙酸具有相似的排放源或者排放源不同但有相似的排放强度；草酸与甲酸和乙酸也都具有显著相关关系,这可能是因为草酸与甲酸和乙酸具有相同的排放源或者是草酸的前体物如甲醛与甲酸、乙酸具有相似的排放源；甲酸与NH4+、NO3- 和NO2-的相关关系也很高，表明甲酸的主要来源是农业活动或者生物质燃烧和汽车尾气排放等。乙酸和草酸的情况与甲酸类似。论文建立了甲酸与乙酸分析浓度比值(F/A)T的判定方程曲线，结果表明安顺有机酸主要来源于直接来源，包括植物直接释放，生物质燃烧，汽车尾气排放等；间接来源如不饱和碳烃化合物（如烯烃和异戊二烯）和醛类物质(如甲醛）的光化学氧化不是该地区有机酸的主要来源。 （6） 对比贵州其它3个监测站点的降雨数据后，发现大气降水对降水酸度的贡献，偏远地区（尚重）要远大于工业城市。另外，安顺和尚重大气有机酸以直接来源为主。其中，尚重有机酸的主要来源是植物释放，而安顺有机酸的主要来源是生物质燃烧、汽车尾气等人类活动的释放。贵阳市有机酸的主要来源是间接来源，即有机酸前体物的光化学氧化。遵义有机酸的来源具有明显的季节周期性，在夏秋以直接释放为主，而春冬季节以间接释放为主。

土壤中重金属活动性的唐南膜测定、模型模拟与污染的原位控制

土壤是自然环境的重要组成部分，是人类赖以生存与发展的宝贵资源。但是近年来我国土壤重金属污染日益严重，重金属污染物与其它类型的污染物相比具有隐蔽性、长期性与不可逆性等一系列特殊性，成为土壤中永久的污染物，最终通过食物链的传递进入人体，对人类的健康造成潜在的危害。因此，研究土壤重金属污染与控制具有很重要的意义。本论文首次将唐南膜平衡法（DonnanMembraneTechnique）和EcosAT（EquilibriumCalculationOfSpeciationAndTransport）模型引入我国土壤重金属活动性研究，并将两种方法获得的结果进行比较，互相验证，取得了较好的结果。还将两种方法结合探讨了贵州铝厂生产的赤泥对土壤中的游离重金属离子浓度的影响。土壤样品采于贵州都匀福锌矿地区，一个位于锅锌矿选厂尾矿坝下农田中的水稻土，以下简称坝下土，为重污染土；另一个位于锅锌矿上游桥边农田中的水稻土，以下简称桥边土，为轻污染土，本研究取得的主要结论与认识包括：1．作者对唐南膜平衡法进行了部分改进，用国内生产的JAM一I型均相离子交换膜替换Brwin等所用的BDH膜，既降低了实验的平衡时间，又经济实惠。另外还用KNO3溶液代替KNO3和Ca（NO3）2混合溶液作为实验的介质溶液，就可以避免由于国内土壤中Ca2+含量差异较大可能造成的误差。其它实验条件为：蠕动泵的流速为2.0ml／min，平衡时间为48小时。2．用柠檬酸体系（液一液体系）和土壤一水体系（固一液体系）检验了唐南膜平衡法，它可以在不扰动体系平衡的基础上同时测定同一体系中的多个游离金属离子浓度，而且各金属离子之间互不干扰。3．桥边土中的游离重金属离子浓度与其中2mol／LHNO3提取的重金属总含量成很好的直线关系，其中Cu和Zn游离离子浓度与其中的总金属含量呈现较好的正比关系，随着重金属总含量的降低，即土液比的降低，游离重金属离子浓度随之降低；而其中的Ni和Cd却相反，随着重金属总含量的降低，游离重金属离子浓度反而增加。添加赤泥后随着土液比的降低各重金属的游离离羲?子浓度的变化趋势与添加赤泥前一样。桥边土中的重金属游离离子浓度在添加联合法赤泥后有所增加，而拜尔法赤泥的加入降低了其中的游离重金属离子浓度，加入的比例越大，变化的量越多，而且其中Ni和cd的变化幅度比Cu和Zn的要大。4．坝下土中Cu、Zn、Ni和Cd元素的游离离子浓度与它们在土壤中Zmol／LHNo3提取的重金属总含量呈很夯的正比关系，随着重金属总含量的降低，游离重金属离子浓度随之降低。添加赤泥后其中Cu和Zn元素的变化趋势与添加赤泥前一样，Ni和Cd元素出现了异常，Ni在赤泥添加比例为0.50％时变化趋势一样，但添加比例为2.00％时其离子浓度先增加，但在土液比为1:100时反而有较大幅度的降低。而其中Cd离子浓度先增加，在土液比为1:100时反而有较大幅度的降低。坝下土中Cu和Zn的游离离子浓度在添加赤泥以后改变很小，赤泥添加比例为2.00％的土壤中的游离离子浓度相对较低一点，而添加比例为0.50％的与未加赤泥的土壤基本上一样；其中Ni和Cd的变化相对来说较大，赤泥添加比例为2.00％的土壤中的游离离子浓度降低得比较明显，拜尔法赤泥添加比例为0.50％的土壤也得到了较大的改善，而联合法赤泥添加比例为0.50％的却比未加赤泥的土壤中的还要高一点。5．利用ECOSAT模型模拟了本论文所涉及的实验中的游离重金属离子浓度，测量值与模拟值取得了较好的一致，除了Zn的误差较大以外，其它三个元素符合的很好，从而表明EC0sAT在土壤一水系统中的模拟取得了较好的结果。6．模拟了不同土液比土壤中各重金属元素在有机质、铁氧化物、粘土和唐南凝胶体这四种吸附相中的分配。发现在所研究的土壤样品中所有元素在粘土相中所占的比例很小，可以忽略不计，Cu主要分布在有机质相中，占80％左右，随着土液比的降低，其在有机质和唐南凝胶体相中的分配比例慢慢变小，而在铁氧化物中的比例越来越大；Zn主要分布在有机质和铁氧化物相中，各占40％左右；随着土液比的降低，Zn在有机质相中的比例增大，铁氧化物比例几乎不变，而唐南凝胶体所占比例逐渐减小；Ni基本上只分布在有机质和铁”氧化物相中，Cd则几乎只存在于有机质相中，它们的分布比例几乎不随土液比的改变而变化。7．无论在桥边土和坝下土中添加何种赤泥，添加的比例是多少，在添加赤泥前后土壤中重金属元素在各吸附相中的分配比变化很小，主要是有机质相所占比例稍微变小，而铁氧化物相相应的有一点增加。而对于不同的土液比，其变化趋势相同，只是变化幅度相对来说较大。

Ammonia synthesis over Ru/C catalysts with different carbon supports promoted by barium and potassium compounds

Ammonia synthesis over ruthenium catalysts supported on different carbon materials using Ba or K compounds as promoters has been investigated. Ba(NO3)(2), KOH, and KNO3 are used as the promoter or promoter precursor, and activated carbon (AC), activated carbon fiber (ACF). and carbon molecular sieve (CMS) are used as the support. The activity measurement for ammonia synthesis was carried out in a flow micro-reactor under mild conditions: 350-450 degreesC and 3.0 MPa. Results show that KOH promoter was more effective than KNO3. and that Ba(NO3)(2) was the most effective promoter among the three. The roles of promoters can be divided into the electronic modification of ruthenium, the neutralization of surface functional groups on the carbon support and the ruthenium precursor. The catalyst with AC as the support gave the highest ammonia concentration in the effluent among the supports used, while the catalyst with ACF as the support showed the highest turnover-frequency (TOF) value. It seems that the larger particles of Ru on the carbon supports are more active for ammonia synthesis in terms of TOF value. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Efeito da proporcao NH4+/NO3- na distribuicao de nitrato e na atividade in vitro da redutase do nitrato de plantas de Panicum maximum.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da nutricao nitrica e amoniacal na distribuicao de nitrato e na atividade in vitro da redutase do nitrato em plantas de capim coloniao ( Panicum maximum Jacq.). as plantas receberam 7 mM de nitrogenio nas forma N- NH4 +, N-NO3- ou combinadas nas seguintes proporcoes 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 e 100/0. A extracao enzigmatica foi feita em Tris-HCI 50mM pH 7,5, EDTA 0,5 mM e b-mercaptoetanol 10mM, e para o ensaio utilizou-se 200 mmoles de Tris-HCI pH 7,5, 20 mmoles KNO3, 0,1 mmol NADH e 0,1 mL de Triton X-100 1% no volume final de 2,0 mL. A concentracao de nitrato foi levemente superior na parte aerea quando as plantas receberam ambas as formas de nitrogenio, e na raiz seta decresceu com o aumento da proporcao de aminio. A atividade in vitro de redutase do nitrato so foi observada nas folhas e foi maior quando as plantas receberam ambas as formas de nitrogenio. Os resultados sugerem um efeito estimulador do amonio no tranporte de nitrato e na atividade de redutase do nitrato quando NO3- esta presente.

Switching dynamics in ferroelectric thin films: An experimental survey

We have conducted a broad survey of switching behavior in thin films of a range of ferroelectric materials, including some materials that are not typically considered for FeRAM applications, and are hence less studied. The materials studied include: strontium bismuth tantalate (SBT), barium strontium titanate (BST), lead zicronate titanate (PZT), and potassium nitrate (KNO3). Switching in ferroelectric thin films is typically considered to occur by domain nucleation and growth. We discuss two models of frequency dependence of coercive field, the Ishisbashi-Orihara theory where the limiting step is domain growth and the model of Du and Chen where the limiting step is nucleation. While both models fit the data fairly well the temperature dependence of our results on PZT and BST suggest that the nucleation model of Du and Chen is more appropriate for the experimental results that we have obtained.

The electrochemical oxidation and reduction of nitrate ions in the room temperature ionic liquid [C(2)mim][NTf2]; the latter behaves as a 'melt' rather than an 'organic solvent'

The electrochemical oxidation of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate [C(4)mim][NO3] was studied by cyclic voltammetry in the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [C(2)mim][NTf2]. A sharp peak was observed on a Pt microelectrode (d = 10 mu m), and a diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution of ca. 2.0 x 10(-11) m(2) s(-1) was obtained. Next, the cyclic voltammetry of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) was studied, by dissolving small amounts of solid into the RTIL [ C2mim][ NTf2]. Similar oxidation peaks were observed, revealing diffusion coefficients of ca. 8.8 and 9.0 x 10(-12) m(2) s(-1) and solubilities of 11.9 and 10.8 mM for NaNO3 and KNO3, respectively. The smaller diffusion coefficients for NaNO3 and KNO3 (compared to [C(4)mim][NO3]) may indicate that NO3- is ion-paired with Na+ or K+. This work may have applications in the electroanalytical determination of nitrate in RTIL solutions. Furthermore, a reduction feature was observed for both NaNO3 and KNO3, with additional anodic peaks indicating the formation of oxides, peroxides, superoxides and nitrites. This behaviour is surprisingly similar to that obtained from melts of NaNO3 and KNO3 at high temperatures ( ca. 350 - 500 degrees C), and this observation could significantly simplify experimental conditions required to investigate these compounds. We then used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to suggest that disodium( I) oxide (Na2O), which has found use as a storage compound for hydrogen, was deposited on a Pt electrode surface following the reduction of NaNO3.

PHOTOMINERALIZATION OF 4-CHLOROPHENOL SENSITIZED BY TITANIUM-DIOXIDE - A STUDY OF THE INITIAL KINETICS OF CARBON-DIOXIDE PHOTOGENERATION

The kinetics of photomineralization of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) sensitized by Degussa P25 TiO2 in O2-saturated solution is studied as a function of the following different experimental parameters: pH, [TiO2], percentage O2 [O2], [4-CP], T, I, lambda and [KNO3]. At pH 2 and T=30-degrees-C the initial relative rate of CO2 photogeneration R(CO2) conforms to a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-type kinetic scheme and the relationship between R(CO2) and the various experimental parameters may be summarized as follows: R(CO2) = gammaK(O2)[O2](I(a))(theta)K(4-CP]0/(1 + K(O2])(1 + K(4-CP)[4-CP]0) where gamma is a proportionality constant, K(O2) = 0.044 +/- 0.005[O2]-1, theta = 0.74 +/- 0.05 and K(4-CP) = (29 +/- 3) x 10(3) dm3 mol-1. The overall activation energy for this photosystem was determined as 16 +/- 2 kJ mol-1. This work forms part of an overall characterization study in which it is proposed that the 4-CP-TiO2-O2 photosystem is adopted as a standard test system for incorporation into all future semiconductor-sensitized photomineralization studies in order to facilitate comparisons between the results of the different studies.