Gymnasium capiendae rationis humanae 18

Invokaatio: I.N.I.

Lytrodoxia Jesu 12

Invokaatio: Immanuel.

Paratitla sive exegesis in jus Svecanum provinciale 3

Invokaatio: I.N.D.N.I.C.

De persona

Dedikaatio: Jonas Scarinius, Didericus Leyonberg, Enevaldus Widebeckius, Petrus Platinus, Petrus Höök, Andreas Ingerman.

Idiomit Ingo Schulzen romaanissa ”Adam und Evelyn” sekä sen suomennoksessa

Pro gradu -työni käsittelee idiomeja ja niiden kääntämistä. Tutkimusaineistona on Ingo Schulzen romaani ”Adam und Evelyn” (2008), sekä sen suomennos ”Adam ja Evelyn” (2011), jonka on laatinut suomentaja Jukka-Pekka Pajunen. Työn tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten paljon ja minkälaisia idiomeja kummassakin tekstissä esiintyy, sekä tarkastella, minkälaisia käännösratkaisuja suomentaja on käyttänyt. Työn teoriaosa jakautuu kahteen osaan. Ensin käsittelen idiomia yleisemmin, ja paneudun muun muassa idiomien piirteisiin ja luokitteluun. Sitten tarkastelen idiomia kääntämisen näkökulmasta. Aineiston analyysi on toteutettu lukemalla molemmat romaanit useaan otteeseen ja poimimalla vastaan tulleet idiomit erikseen kummastakin tekstistä. Luokittelen tutkimusaineistostani keräämäni idiomit Marja Nenosen (2002) mukaan verbillisiin, verbittömiin ja muihin idiomeihin. Käännösratkaisut jaan Rune Ingon (1990) mallin mukaan neljään luokkaan, jotka ovat: idiomi käännetty idiomilla, idiomi käännetty normaali-ilmauksella, idiomi käännetty sananmukaisesti ja normaali-ilmaus käännetty idiomilla. Lisäksi tapauksissa, joissa idiomi on käännetty idiomilla, tarkastelen, missä määrin lähtö- ja kohdekielinen idiomi vastaavat toisiaan. Lähtöhypoteesinani on, että idiomien suuren kielikohtaisuuden vuoksi suurin osa lähtökielisistä idiomeista on käännetty normaali-ilmauksella, ja että kuitenkin myös idiomilla kääntämistä esiintyy runsaasti. Idiomeja esiintyy kummassakin romaanissa runsaasti. Kummassakin tekstissä idiomeista ylivoimaisesti suurin osa lukeutuu verbillisiin idiomeihin. Normaali-ilmauksella kääntämistä on suomennoksessa käytetty ratkaisuna runsaasti, mutta idiomilla kääntäminen on kuitenkin aineistoni yleisin käännösratkaisu. Niinpä lähtöhypoteesini piti paikkansa vain osittain. Sananmukaisia käännöksiä esiintyy suomennoksessa vain vähän. Huomionarvoista on, että normaali-ilmauksen kääntäminen idiomilla, on aineistossani huomattavan yleinen käännösratkaisu.

GIS-based approach for optimization of onshore wind park infrastructure alignment in Finland

Wind power is a rapidly developing, low-emission form of energy production. In Fin-land, the official objective is to increase wind power capacity from the current 1 005 MW up to 3 500–4 000 MW by 2025. By the end of April 2015, the total capacity of all wind power project being planned in Finland had surpassed 11 000 MW. As the amount of projects in Finland is record high, an increasing amount of infrastructure is also being planned and constructed. Traditionally, these planning operations are conducted using manual and labor-intensive work methods that are prone to subjectivity. This study introduces a GIS-based methodology for determining optimal paths to sup-port the planning of onshore wind park infrastructure alignment in Nordanå-Lövböle wind park located on the island of Kemiönsaari in Southwest Finland. The presented methodology utilizes a least-cost path (LCP) algorithm for searching of optimal paths within a high resolution real-world terrain dataset derived from airborne lidar scannings. In addition, planning data is used to provide a realistic planning framework for the anal-ysis. In order to produce realistic results, the physiographic and planning datasets are standardized and weighted according to qualitative suitability assessments by utilizing methods and practices offered by multi-criteria evaluation (MCE). The results are pre-sented as scenarios to correspond various different planning objectives. Finally, the methodology is documented by using tools of Business Process Management (BPM). The results show that the presented methodology can be effectively used to search and identify extensive, 20 to 35 kilometers long networks of paths that correspond to certain optimization objectives in the study area. The utilization of high-resolution terrain data produces a more objective and more detailed path alignment plan. This study demon-strates that the presented methodology can be practically applied to support a wind power infrastructure alignment planning process. The six-phase structure of the method-ology allows straightforward incorporation of different optimization objectives. The methodology responds well to combining quantitative and qualitative data. Additional-ly, the careful documentation presents an example of how the methodology can be eval-uated and developed as a business process. This thesis also shows that more emphasis on the research of algorithm-based, more objective methods for the planning of infrastruc-ture alignment is desirable, as technological development has only recently started to realize the potential of these computational methods.

Neuropathological changes in the brain of pigs with acute liver failure.

Abstract Objective. Cerebral edema is a serious complication of acute liver failure (ALF), which may lead to intracranial hypertension and death. An accepted tenet has been that the blood-brain barrier is intact and that brain edema is primarily caused by a cytotoxic etiology due to hyperammonemia. However, the neuropathological changes in ALF have been poorly studied. Using a well characterized porcine model we aimed to investigate ultrastructural changes in the brain from pigs suffering from ALF. Materials and methods. Sixteen female Norwegian Landrace pigs weighing 27-35 kg were randomised into two groups: ALF (n = 8) and sham operated controls (n = 8). ALF was induced with an end-to-side portacaval shunt followed by ligation of the hepatic arteries. Biopsies were harvested from three different areas of the brain (frontal lobe, cerebellum, and brain stem) following eight hours of ALF and analyzed using electron microscopy. Results. Profound perivascular and interstitial edema were found in all three areas. Disruption of pericytic and astrocytic processes were seen, reflecting breakdown/lesion of the blood-brain barrier in animals suffering from ALF. Furthermore, neurons and axons were edematous and surrounded by vesicles. Severe damage to Purkinje neuron (necrosis) and damaged myelin were seen in the cerebellum and brain stem, respectively. Biopsies from sham operated animals were normal. Conclusions. Our data support the concept that vasogenic brain edema plays an important role in the development of intracranial hypertension in pigs with ALF.

L-ornithine phenylacetate attenuates increased arterial and extracellular brain ammonia and prevents intracranial hypertension in pigs with acute liver failure.

Hyperammonemia is a feature of acute liver failure (ALF), which is associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and brain herniation. We hypothesized that a combination of L-ornithine and phenylacetate (OP) would synergistically reduce toxic levels of ammonia by (1) L-ornithine increasing glutamine production (ammonia removal) through muscle glutamine synthetase and (2) phenylacetate conjugating with the ornithine-derived glutamine to form phenylacetylglutamine, which is excreted into the urine. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of OP on arterial and extracellular brain ammonia concentrations as well as ICP in pigs with ALF (induced by liver devascularization). ALF pigs were treated with OP (L-ornithine 0.07 g/kg/hour intravenously; phenylbutyrate, prodrug for phenylacetate; 0.05 g/kg/hour intraduodenally) for 8 hours following ALF induction. ICP was monitored throughout, and arterial and extracellular brain ammonia were measured along with phenylacetylglutamine in the urine. Compared with ALF + saline pigs, treatment with OP significantly attenuated concentrations of arterial ammonia (589.6 +/- 56.7 versus 365.2 +/- 60.4 mumol/L [mean +/- SEM], P= 0.002) and extracellular brain ammonia (P= 0.01). The ALF-induced increase in ICP was prevented in ALF + OP-treated pigs (18.3 +/- 1.3 mmHg in ALF + saline versus 10.3 +/- 1.1 mmHg in ALF + OP-treated pigs;P= 0.001). The value of ICP significantly correlated with the concentration of extracellular brain ammonia (r(2) = 0.36,P< 0.001). Urine phenylacetylglutamine levels increased to 4.9 +/- 0.6 micromol/L in ALF + OP-treated pigs versus 0.5 +/- 0.04 micromol/L in ALF + saline-treated pigs (P< 0.001).Conclusion:L-Ornithine and phenylacetate act synergistically to successfully attenuate increases in arterial ammonia, which is accompanied by a significant decrease in extracellular brain ammonia and prevention of intracranial hypertension in pigs with ALF.

Análisis constitucional. Una introducción : cómo hacer cosas con la Constitución

La Corte Constitucional colombiana, a través de la interpretación del texto de la carta política, ha hecho invaluables aportes al desarrollo del derecho en nuestro país. Sin embargo, este proceso de definir las palabras de la Constitución requiere la utilización de preferencias valorativas y esto, como es natural, implica un grave riesgo para la seguridad jurídica: ¿hasta dónde puede llegar el intérprete, ¿cuáles son los límites que debe respetar?. Este riesgo incrementa si tenemos en cuenta que buena parte de la doctrina constitucional colombiana contemporánea, llamada por algunos neoconstitucionalismo, ha creado una nueva jerga erudita impenetrable llena de metáforas sofisticadas, razonamientos abstrusos, argumentos con una gran carga emotiva y citas herméticas que, en cierta medida, le han permitido encubrir sus ideas y valoraciones y, de este modo, evitar que sean sensatamente escudriñadas. En un sistema como el colombiano, erigido sobre el principio de frenos y contrapesos entre los distintos poderes del Estado, si el poder político se ejerce a través de la justicia constitucional, en un lenguaje incomprensible y presentado como un argumento de última instancia, todo el equilibrio se viene abajo y, muy pronto, el derecho se convierte en el principal instrumento del despotismo., de Daniel Mendonca, es un libro perfectamente honesto que presenta sus ideas con absoluta claridad y ayuda a trazar los límites entre la discrecionalidad y la arbitrariedad de la interpretación constitucional.

Intervención del Estado colombiano en el sector solidario

El propósito de este libro es explicar los fundamentos históricos, jurídicos, políticos y económicos que permiten al Estado colombiano incidir en el sector solidario, con base en los principios de igualdad Y libertad y en el marco del Estado social de derecho, que exige su activismo a través de algunos modelos e instrumentos de intervención económica. Para ello, se ha adoptado una taxonomía emergente que aglutina sus componentes en dos subsectores, a partir de una identidad y una racionalidad propias que los diferencia de los demás empresas capitalistas, estos son: el de las organizaciones de economía solidaria (OES) y el de las organizaciones solidarias de desarrollo (OSD). Esta visión holística posibilita aportar ciertos elementos críticos que cuestionan el comportamiento de los actores públicos, cuyo papel está definido por mandato constitucional, y el de las organizaciones, que al proceder de manera disfuncional obstaculizan el progreso económico y social del país.

Discovery of 157W and 161Os

The nuclides 157W and 161Os have been discovered in reactions of 58Ni ion beams with a 106Cd target. The 161Os α -decay energy and half-life were 6890±12 keV and 640±60 μs. The daughter 157W nuclei β -decayed with a half-life of 275±40 ms, populating both low-lying α-decaying states in 157Ta, which is consistent with a 7/2− ground state in 157W. Fine structure observed in the α decay of 161Os places the lowest excited state in 157W with Iπ=9/2− at 318±30 keV. The branching ratio of View the MathML source indicates that 161Os also has a 7/2− ground state. Shell-model calculations analysing the effects of monopole shifts and a tensor force on the relative energies of 2f7/2 and 1h9/2 neutron states in N=83 isotones are presented.

Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans

How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we found that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (ka) and after no more than an 8000-year isolation period in Beringia. After their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 ka, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative “Paleoamerican” relict populations, including the historical Mexican Pericúes and South American Fuego-Patagonians, are not directly related to modern Australo-Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model.

Vårdpersonals attityder till munvårdshandlingar hos äldre patienter

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva vårdpersonals attityder till utförandet av omvårdnadshandlingar i munhålan hos äldre patienter som var beroende av att få hjälp med munvårdshandlingar. Vidare var syftet att beskriva vilka åtgärder som gjorts för att skapa förändringar i personalens attityder, kunskaper och vårdhandlingar. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie. Sökningarna gjordes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL där både kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier söktes. Studierna granskades sedan med modifierade granskningsmallar för kvalitetsbedömning Resultat: De sökta studiernas resultat analyserades och utifrån detta skapades sex teman, Kunskap, Tidsbrist, Patientens motvillighet, Personalens motvilja, Utbildning och Rutiner. Dessa teman delades upp under de två frågeställningarna. Resultatet visade att bristande kunskap om munvårdshandlingar, brist på tid, motvilja från patienten och motvilja att utföra munvård var det som gjorde att munvården inte sköttes korrekt. Många patienter hade bristande munhygien i flertalet studier. Utbildning och nya rutiner var åtgärder som förbättrade munvården, personalens attityder och deras kunskap om munvård. Det visade sig även att patienternas munhygien förbättrades till stor del efter dessa interventioner. Slutsats: Munvård är ett ämne prioriteras ner i vårdarbetet och anses inte lika betydande som övrig vård. Interventioner som nya rutiner och utbildning påverkar personal att utföra munvårdshandlingar och därför borde utbildning prioriteras högt i förbättringsarbetet för god munvård. Samt att nya rutiner med munvårdskort och elektriska tandborstar är enkla medel för att skapa en bättre munhygien hos patienter.

Praktikdriven teori – mot en ny interaktiv forskningsstrategi

Idén om interaktiv forskning innebär att kommunikation och interaktion ska ske med personer som innehar god, praktiskt utvecklad kunskap. Följer vi denna grundidé bör det vara naturligt att kunniga praktiker, som träder in i den akademiska världen, lika-ledes utnyttjar sin förtrogenhet för att skapa ett högkvalitativt bidrag. Detta bidrag diskuterar två viktiga aspekter på interaktiv forskning. (1) Hur personer med välutvecklad, praktisk erfarenhet framgångsrikt kan genomföra självständig forsk-ning inom, eller i nära anslutning till, den personliga erfarenhetsdomänen. (2) Hur denna nya forskningsstrategi även kan utveckla de traditionella forskningsuppläggen.