Molecular diversity, cultivation, and improved detection by fluorescent in situ hybridization of a dominant group of human gut bacteria related to Roseburia spp. or Eubacterium rectale

Peer reviewed

Molecular diversity, cultivation, and improved detection by fluorescent in situ hybridization of a dominant group of human gut bacteria related to Roseburia spp. or Eubacterium rectale

Peer reviewed

Evaluación del estado de eutrofización del mar Alborán mediante el empleo combinado de imágenes de satélite y de muestreos in situ

La eutrofización marina es un problema que afecta a los mares europeos y particularmente a sus aguas costeras. Se trata del enriquecimiento anómalo en nutrientes de las aguas marinas, generalmente compuestos del nitrógeno y fósforo aportados por la actividad del ser humano, y que tiene como resultado consecuencias nocivas para la calidad de las aguas y la biodiversidad. La Directiva Marco de las Estrategias Marinas, que entró en vigor en 2010, recoge esta problemática y emplaza a los estados miembros para su evaluación y en su caso para la remediación de sus efectos nocivos identificando el origen de los aportes de nutrientes. Esta tarea requiere metodologías y procedimientos operativos que permitan ser implementados de forma coordinada por los estados miembros a nivel regional. En el primer capítulo de esta tesis se presenta una metodología para realizar la zonación del norte del mar Alborán a partir de imágenes de satélite de clorofila a tal que permite delimitar las áreas con características de productividad diferenciadas que pueden ser propuestas como unidades de gestión de la eutrofización y que se puedan emplear tanto en el diseño de los programas de seguimiento como en el aprovechamiento de los datos oceanográficos medidos in situ. En este capítulo se describe la metodología analítica utilizada, que está basada en la aplicación del análisis clúster de las k-medias a las imágenes de satélite de clorofila, así como su validez a partir del análisis de las series temporales de datos tomados in situ. El segundo capítulo se hace una evaluación de los indicadores de la eutrofización en una zona reducida de Alborán, donde existen multitud de datos oceanográficos, meteorológicos y ambientales. Para llevarla a cabo, se adaptó la metodología empleada en el capítulo 1 a la región ECOMALAGA. Una vez realizada la zonación, se agregaron los datos oceanográficos, meteorológicos y ambientales potencialmente relacionados con la eutrofización en cada área, y posteriormente se evaluaron las diferencias estadísticas a lo largo del ciclo estacional y entre las diferentes zonas. Con esta finalidad, se estiman las tendencias temporales de las variables ambientales en cada zona. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se infirió qué variables y/o mecanismos podrían estar influyendo sobre la concentración superficial de la clorofila a. En el tercer capítulo se ensayaron modelos aditivos generalizados (GAM) con el fin de identificar las variables más importantes que afectan a los indicadores de la eutrofización. Como variable respuesta del modelo se usó la clorofila a, pues se trata del indicador directo de la eutrofización más empleado. Las variables explicativas se componen de variables oceanográficas, meteorológicas y ambientales. En el cuarto capítulo se desarrolla un algoritmo regional para el mar de Alborán que permite obtener valores de clorofila a a partir de imágenes de satélite más ajustados a los valores que proporcionan los algoritmos disponibles que la sobreestiman considerablemente. En la discusión final y conclusiones se hace énfasis en el enfoque práctico de esta tesis doctoral, detallando la potencialidad de la metodología presentada para la evaluación de la eutrofización. Para esto, se detallan los resultados de la evaluación obtenidos para el mar Alborán empleando dicha metodología, definiendo su estado actual y las tendencias registradas, así como las causas de los problemas encontrados. Finalmente se evalúan y proponen posibles medidas para su remediación y control.

Définition du mécanisme de localisation des ARNm cen et ik2 aux centrosomes chez la Drosophile

L’organisation cellulaire repose sur une distribution organisée des macromolécules dans la cellule. Deux ARNm, cen et ik2, montrent une colocalisation parfaite aux centrosomes. Ces deux gènes font partie du même locus sur le chromosome 2L de Drosophila melanogaster et leur région 3’ non traduite (3’UTR) se chevauchent. Dans le mutant Cen, le transport de Ik2 est perturbé, mais dans le mutant Ik2, la localisation de cen n’est aucunement affectée. Ces résultats suggèrent que cen est le régulateur principal de la co-localisation de cen et ik2 aux centrosomes et que cette co-localisation se produit par un mécanisme impliquant la région complémentaire au niveau du 3’UTR des deux transcrits. La localisation de cen au niveau des centrosomes dans les cellules épithéliales de l’embryon est conservée dans différentes espèces de Drosophile : D. melanogater, D. simulans, D. virilis et D. mojavensis. Cependant, la localisation de ik2 n’est pas conservée dans D. virilis et D. mojavensis, deux espèces dont les gènes cen et ik2 sont dissociés dans le génome. Ces résultats suggèrent que la proximité de Cen et Ik2 dans le génome est importante afin d’avoir un événement de co-localisation de ces deux transcrits. J’ai généré différentes lignées de mouches transgéniques dans lesquelles un transgène contenant la séquence GFP fusionnée à différentes partie de Cen (partie codante, 3’UTR, Cod+3’UTR) qui sont sous le contrôle du promoteur UAS et qui sont gal4 inductibles. La région codante de l’ARNm cen était suffisante pour avoir un ciblage précis du transcrit aux centrosomes.

Estimativa da frequência da inversão SWBinv-1 entre pais de portadores ds síndrome de Williams-Beuren e pais de filhos normais do Brasil

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Genética) - IBB

Fluorescence (FISH) and chromogenic (CISH) in situ hybridisation in prostate carcinoma cell lines: comparison and use of virtual microscopy

Chromogenic in situ hybridisation (CISH) has become an attractive alternative to fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) due to its permanent stain which is more familiar to pathologists and because it can be viewed using light microscopy, The aim of the present study is to examine reproducibility in the assessment of abnormal chromosome number by CISH in comparison to FISH. Using three prostate cell lines - PNTIA (derived from normal epithelium), LNCAP and DU145 (derived from prostatic carcinoma), chromosomes 7 and 8 were counted in 40 nuclei in FISH preparations (x100 oil immersion) and 100 nuclei in CISH preparations (x40) by two independent observers. The CISH slides were examined using standard fight microscopy and virtual microscopy. Reproducibitity was examined using paired Student's t-test (P

Evaluation of the environmental specificity of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of probe (PSE1284)-positive cells extracted from rhizosphere soil

We explicitly tested for the first time the ‘environmental specificity’ of traditional 16S rRNAtargeted fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) through comparison of the bacterial diversity actually targeted in the environment with the diversity that should be exactly targeted (i.e. without mismatches) according to in silico analysis. To do this, we exploited advances in modern Flow Cytometry that enabled improved detection and therefore sorting of sub-micron-sized particles and used probe PSE1284 (designed to target Pseudomonads) applied to Lolium perenne rhizosphere soil as our test system. The 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-FAM)-PSE1284-hybridised population, defined as displaying enhanced green fluorescence in Flow Cytometry, represented 3.51±1.28% of the total detected population when corrected using a nonsense (NON-EUB338) probe control. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene libraries constructed from Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorted (FACS) -recovered fluorescent populations (n=3), revealed that 98.5% (Pseudomonas spp. comprised 68.7% and Burkholderia spp. 29.8%) of the total sorted population was specifically targeted as evidenced by the homology of the 16S rRNA sequences to the probe sequence. In silico evaluation of probe PSE1284 with the use of RDP-10 probeMatch justified the existence of Burkholderia spp. among the sorted cells. The lack of novelty in Pseudomonas spp. sequences uncovered was notable, probably reflecting the well-studied nature of this functionally important genus. To judge the diversity recorded within the FACS-sorted population, rarefaction and DGGE analysis were used to evaluate, respectively, the proportion of Pseudomonas diversity uncovered by the sequencing effort and the representativeness of the Nycodenz® method for the extraction of bacterial cells from soil.

Chromosomal studies in four species of genus Chaunus (Bufonidae, Anura): localization of telomeric and ribosomal sequences after fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using telomeric and ribosomal sequences was performed in four species of toad genus Chaunus: C. ictericus, C. jimi, C. rubescens and C. schneideri. Analyses based on conventional, C-banding and Ag-NOR staining were also carried out. The four species present a 2n = 22 karyotype, composed by metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes, which were indistinguishable either after conventional staining or banding techniques. Constitutive heterochromatin was predominantly located at pericentromeric regions, and telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)(n) were restricted to the end of all chromosomes. Silver staining revealed Ag-NORs located at the short arm of pair 7, and heteromorphism in size of NOR signals was also observed. By contrast, FISH with ribosomal probes clearly demonstrated absence of any heteromorphism in size of rDNA sequences, suggesting that the difference observed after Ag-staining should be attributed to differences in chromosomal condensation and/or gene activity rather than to the number of ribosomal cistrons.

Optimizing the detection of nascent transcripts by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization

An unusual feature of the mammalian genome is the number of genes exhibiting monoallelic expression. Recently random monoallelic expression of autosomal genes has been reported for olfactory and Ly-49 NK receptor genes, as well as for Il-2, Il-4 and Pax5. RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been exploited to monitor allelic expression by visualizing the number of sites of transcription in individual nuclei. However, the sensitivity of this technique is difficult to determine for a given gene. We show that by combining DNA and RNA FISH it is possible to control for the hybridization efficiency and the accessibility and visibility of fluorescent probes within the nucleus.

Metaphase and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of the rice genome with bacterial artificial chromosomes.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful tool for physical mapping in human and other mammalian species. However, application of the FISH technique has been limited in plant species, especially for mapping single- or low-copy DNA sequences, due to inconsistent signal production in plant chromosome preparations. Here we demonstrate that bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones can be mapped readily on rice (Oryza sativa L.) chromosomes by FISH. Repetitive DNA sequences in BAC clones can be suppressed efficiently by using rice genomic DNA as a competitor in the hybridization mixture. BAC clones as small as 40 kb were successfully mapped. To demonstrate the application of the FISH technique in physical mapping of plant genomes, both anonymous BAC clones and clones closely linked to a rice bacterial blight-resistance locus, Xa21, were chosen for analysis. The physical location of Xa21 and the relationships among the linked clones were established, thus demonstrating the utility of FISH in plant genome analysis.

Identification of Prorocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella by fluorescence in situ hybridization through epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry

Partial rDNA sequences of Prorocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella were amplified, cloned and sequenced. and these sequence data were deposited in the GenBank. Eight oligonucleotide probes (DNA probes) were designed based on the sequence analysis. The probes were employed to detect and identify P. minimum and T. pulchella in unialgal and mixed algal samples with a fluorescence in situ hybridization method using flow cytometry. Epifluorescence micrographs showed that these specific probes labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate entered the algal cells and bound to target sequences, and the fluorescence signal resulting from whole-cell hybridization varied from probe to probe. These DNA probes and the hybridization protocol we developed were specific and effective for P. minimum and T. pulchella, without any specific binding to other algal species. The hybridization efficiency of different probes specific to P. minimum was in the order: PM18S02 > PM28S02 > PM28S01 > PM18S01, and that of the probes specific to T. pulchella was TP18S02 > TP28S01 > TP28S02 > TP18S01. The different hybridization efficiency of the DNA probes could also be shown in the fluorescent signals between the labeled and unlabeled cells demonstrated using flow cytometry. The DNA probes PM18S02, PM28S02; TP18S02 and TP28S01, and the protocol, were also useful for the detection of algae in natural samples.

A centromeric satellite sequence in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization

A highly repetitive satellite sequence was previously identified in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. The sequence has 168 bp per unit, present in tandem repeats, and accounts for 1% to 4% of the genome. We studied the chromosomal location of this satellite sequence by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), A probe was made by polymerase chain reaction and incorporation of digoxigenin-11-dUTP. Hybridization was detected with fluorescein-labeled antidigoxigenin antibodies. FISH signals were located at centromeric regions of 7 pairs of the Pacific oyster chromosomes. No interstitial site was found. Signals were strong and consistent on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, and 7, but weak or variable oil chromosomes 5, 8, and 10. No signal was observed on chromosomes 3, 6, and 9. Our results showed that this sequence is clearly a centromeric satellite, disputing its previous assignment to the telomeric and submetacentric regions of 2 chromosomes. No signal was detected in the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin).

Development of rRNA and rDNA-targeted probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)

Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) is a fragile, fish-killing alga. Efforts to understand and prevent blooms due to this harmful species to mitigate the impact on aquaculture require the development of methods for rapid and precise identification and quantification, so that adequate warning of a harmful algal bloom may be given. Here, we report the development and application of rRNA and rDNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to aid in the detection and enumeration of H. akashiwo. The designed probes were species specific, showing no cross-reactivity with four common HAB causative species: Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg, P. minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, Alexandrium tarmarense (Lebour) Balech, and Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, or with four other microalgae, including Gymnodinium sp. Stein, Platy-monas cordiformis (Karter) Korsch, Skeletonema sp.1 Greville and Skeletonema sp.2. The rRNA-targeted probe hybridized to cytoplasmic rRNA, showing strong green fluorescence throughout the whole cell, while cells labeled by rDNA-targeted probe exhibited exclusively fluorescent nucleus. The detection protocols were optimized and could be completed within an hour. For rRNA and rDNA probes, about a corresponding 80% and 70% of targeted cells could be identified and quantified during the whole growth circle, despite the inapparent variability in the average probe reactivity. The established FISH was proved promising for specific, rapid, precise, and quantitative detection of H. akashiwo. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.