Non-nutrient heavy metals in tomato plants cultivated in soil amended with biosolid and sugar-cane bagasse compost

In this study, non-nutrient heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb) were measured in composts during the composting process, in compost/Red-yellow Latosol mixtures, and in tomato plants. Composts were produced using sugar-cane bagasse, biosolids and cattle manure in the proportions 75-0-25, 75-12.5-12.5, 75-25-0, 50-50-0 or 0-100-0 (composts with 0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100% biosolids). The composts were applied to the soil, in 6 treatments and a control (mineral fertilization). Control and the 0% biosolids treatments received inorganic nitrogen and all the treatments received the same amount of N, P and K. Tomato plants were cultivated in 24-L pots, in a green house in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The experiment had a split plot design, in randomized blocks. Cadmium, Cr, Ni and Pb concentrations were determined during the composting process (7, 27, 57, 97 and 127 days after compost mounting), in soil (0 and 164 days after mixing) and plants. The samples were subjected to digestion with HNO 3, H2O2 and HCl and the metals were determined by AAS. Negative correlations were observed between Cd, Cr and Pb in the compost and Cd, Cr and Pb plant uptake, as well as Ni in the compost and Ni concentration in the plants. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb increased during composting. Only Cd levels increased when compost was applied to the soil. The roots accumulated Cr, Ni and Pb, the stems and leaves, Cd and Ni and the fruits did not accumulate any of the metals studied. The composts with biosolids did not increase Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb uptake by plants.

Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity on the yield of grafted and ungrafted cucumber plants

The first experiment was carried out under green house and involved nine treatments: ‘Tsuyoi’ cucumber, ‘Shelper’ squash and ‘Green-stripped cushaw squash’ ungrafted plants and ‘Tsuyoi’ cucumber plants grafted onto ‘Shelper’ squash and ‘Green-stripped cushaw squash (lower, mid and upper region of the recommended and non-recommended rootstock, respectively). After grafting, plant tissue samples were collected 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 days after grafting for analysis of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1) activity. In the second experiment, yield and number of marketable fruits were evaluated. The differences in peroxidase activity at the rootstock region and in polyphenol activity at the region between the scion and the rootstock seem to be determining factors for a successful grafting process, increasing the yield and the number of marketable fruits.

Systemic spread of an RNA insect virus in plants expressing plant viral movement protein genes

Flock house virus (FHV), a single-stranded RNA insect virus, has previously been reported to cross the kingdom barrier and replicate in barley protoplasts and in inoculated leaves of several plant species [Selling, B. H., Allison, R. F. & Kaesberg, P. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 434–438]. There was no systemic movement of FHV in plants. We tested the ability of movement proteins (MPs) of plant viruses to provide movement functions and cause systemic spread of FHV in plants. We compared the growth of FHV in leaves of nontransgenic and transgenic plants expressing the MP of tobacco mosaic virus or red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV). Both MPs mobilized cell-to-cell and systemic movement of FHV in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The yield of FHV was more than 100-fold higher in the inoculated leaves of transgenic plants than in the inoculated leaves of nontransgenic plants. In addition, FHV accumulated in the noninoculated upper leaves of both MP-transgenic plants. RCNMV MP was more efficient in mobilizing FHV to noninoculated upper leaves. We also report here that FHV replicates in inoculated leaves of six additional plant species: alfalfa, Arabidopsis, Brassica, cucumber, maize, and rice. Our results demonstrate that plant viral MPs cause cell-to-cell and long-distance movement of an animal virus in plants and offer approaches to the study of the evolution of viruses and mechanisms governing mRNA trafficking in plants as well as to the development of promising vectors for transient expression of foreign genes in plants.

Boiler House

Built 1884. Used as boilerhouse until 1914 or 1994. Was south of original medical building, just west of present day West Engineering (West Hall). Three men in image.

U. of M. Power House - with old Medical Bldg. in back

Built 1884. Used as boilerhouse until 1914 or 1994. Was south of original medical building, just west of present day West Engineering (West Hall)

National defense migration : hearings before the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration, House of Representatives, Seventy-seventh Congress, first[-second] session, pursuant to H. Res. 113, a resolution to inquire further into the interstate migration of citizens, emphasizing the present and potential consequences of the migration caused by the National Defense Program. pt. 11-[34].

Continues the numbering and the pagination of Interstate migration, hearing before the Select Committee to Investigate the Interstate Migraion of Destitute Citizens, which Committee was the predecessor of the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration.

Closeout costs, Clinch River breeder reactor project [microform] : hearing before the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, first session, May 11, 1981.

"No. 30."

Compensation for quarantined plant loss [microform] : protection against plant pests : hearing before the Subcommittee on Department Operations, Research, and Foreign Agriculture of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, first session, on H.R. 2159 and H.R. 4108, October 1, 1981.

"Serial no. 97-00."

Nuclear safety--three years after Three Mile Island : joint hearing before certain subcomittees of the Committees on Government Operations and Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, second session, March 12, 1982.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Scotch forcing and kitchen gardener; : being a second edition with extensive additions, of The Scotch forcing gardener: compre[he]nding the forcing of asparagus, cucumbers, cherries ... together with the management of the green-house--culture of wall and orchard fruits--kitchen vegetables, sallads and herbs ... /

Errata: p. [xiii].

Plants and birds : illustrated with coloured engravings. For young children /

Publisher's advertisement p. 111-112.

Nuclear regulation : NRC's efforts to ensure effective plant maintenance are incomplete : report to the Honorable Sam Gejdenson, House of Representatives /

"B-241956"--p. [1].

Heating plants

Lloyd W. Gordon, architect. Also called University Heating Plant, from 1894-1914; later used as Engineering, 1914-1923; then R.O.T.C., 1923-1959. East stack removed 1948, rest demolished 1959

Merchant marine inquiry--fuel shortage : Executive hearing[s] before the special subcommittee on fuel shortage of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, Seventy-seventh Congress, first session, pursuant to authority of H. Res. 281, a resolution authorizing investigation of the national defense program as it relates to the Committee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries. October 15 and November 5, 1941.

Edward J. Hart, chairman of subcommittee.

Extraction and detection of mycotoxins in medicinal and aromatic plants: a case study with Aloysia citrodora P.

Plants frequently suffer contaminations by toxigenic fungi, and their mycotoxins can be produced throughout growth, harvest, drying and storage periods. The objective of this work was to validate a method for detection of toxins in medicinal and aromatic plants, through a fast and highly sensitive method, optimizing the joint co-extraction of aflatoxins (AF: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) by using Aloysia citrodora P. (lemon verbena) as a case study. For optimization purposes, samples were spiked (n=3) with standard solutions of a mix of the four AFs and OTA at 10 ng/g for AFB1, AFG1 and OTA, and at 6 ng/g of AFB2 and AFG2. Several extraction procedures were tested: i) ultrasound-assisted extraction in sodium chloride and methanol/water (80:20, v/v) [(OTA+AFs)1]; ii) maceration in methanol/1% NaHCO3 (70:30, v/v) [(OTA+AFs)2]; iii) maceration in methanol/1% NaHCO3 (70:30, v/v) (OTA1); and iv) maceration in sodium chloride and methanol/water (80:20, v/v) (AF1). AF and OTA were purified using the mycotoxin-specific immunoaffinity columns AflaTest WB and OchraTest WB (VICAM), respectively. Separation was performed with a Merck Chromolith Performance C18 column (100 x 4.6 mm) by reverse-phase HPLC coupled to a fluorescence detector (FLD) and a photochemical derivatization system (for AF). The recoveries obtained from the spiked samples showed that the single-extraction methods (OTA1 and AF1) performed better than co-extraction methods. For in-house validation of the selected methods OTA1 and AF1, recovery and precision were determined (n=6). The recovery of OTA for method OTA1 was 81%, and intermediate precision (RSDint) was 1.1%. The recoveries of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 ranged from 64% to 110% for method AF1, with RSDint lower than 5%. Methods OTA1 and AF1 showed precision and recoveries within the legislated values and were found to be suitable for the extraction of OTA and AF for the matrix under study.