"Let Us Sing as We Go": The Role of Music in the United States Suffrage Movement

Music played a prominent role in the United States women’s suffrage movement (1848–1920). Suffragists left behind hundreds of compositions supporting their cause and historical accounts indicate that musical performances were common at suffrage events. With only a few exceptions, scholars have disregarded the music used in this movement, and have underemphasized its significance. This study examines the use of music in the suffrage movement from three perspectives: music with lyrics, titles, and images that espouse women’s enfranchisement; music performed at national suffrage conventions held by the National American Woman Suffrage Association; and music accompanying suffrage parades. Though the music used varies in each case, it is clear that music played an important role in unifying suffragists and underscoring the ideals and goals of the movement.

Are Videogames Art?

My dissertation defends a positive answer to the question: “Can a videogame be a work of art? ” To achieve this goal I develop definitions of several concepts, primarily ‘art’, ‘games’, and ‘videogames’, and offer arguments about the compatibility of these notions. In Part One, I defend a definition of art from amongst several contemporary and historical accounts. This definition, the Intentional-Historical account, requires, among other things, that an artwork have the right kind of creative intentions behind it, in short that the work be intended to be regarded in a particular manner. This is a leading account that has faced several recent objections that I address, particular the buck-passing theory, the objection against non-failure theories of art, and the simultaneous creation response to the ur-art problem, while arguing that it is superior to other theories in its ability to answer the question of videogames’ art status. Part Two examines whether games can exhibit the art-making kind of creative intention. Recent literature has suggested that they can. To verify this a definition of games is needed. I review and develop the most promising account of games in the literature, the over-looked account from Bernard Suits. I propose and defend a modified version of this definition against other accounts. Interestingly, this account entails that games cannot be successfully intended to be works of art because games are goal-directed activities that require a voluntary selection of inefficient means and that is incompatible with the proper manner of regarding that is necessary for something to be an artwork. While the conclusions of Part One and Part Two may appear to suggest that videogames cannot be works of art, Part Three proposes and defends a new account of videogames that, contrary to first appearances, implies that not all videogames are games. This Intentional-Historical Formalist account allows for non-game videogames to be created with an art-making intention, though not every non-ludic videogame will have an art-making intention behind it. I then discuss examples of videogames that are good candidates for being works of art. I conclude that a videogame can be a work of art, but that not all videogames are works of art. The thesis is significant in several respects. It is a continuation of academic work that has focused on the definition and art status of videogames. It clarifies the current debate and provides a positive account of the central issues that has so far been lacking. It also defines videogames in a way that corresponds better with the actual practice of videogame making and playing than other definitions in the literature. It offers further evidence in defense of certain theories of art over others, providing a close examination of videogames as a new case study for potential art objects and for aesthetic and artistic theory in general. Finally, it provides a compelling answer to the question of whether videogames can be art. This project also provides the groundwork for new evaluative, critical, and appreciative tools for engagement with videogames as they develop as a medium. As videogames mature, more people, both inside and outside academia, have increasing interest in what they are and how to understand them. One place many have looked is to the practice of art appreciation. My project helps make sense of which appreciative and art-critical tools and methods are applicable to videogames.

The battle of Waterloo, also of Ligny, and Quatre Bras, containing the series of accounts published by authority, British and foreign, with circumstantial details relative to the battles, from a variety of original and authentic sources, with connected official and private documents, forming an historical record by those who had the honour to share in the operations of the campaign of the Netherlands, 1815.

Vol. 2 has title "Additional particulars to the Battle of Waterloo ..."

Winkles's architectural and picturesque illustrations of the cathedral churches of England and Wales : the drawings made from sketches taken expressly for this work : with historical and descriptive accounts.

Volume II published: London : David Bogue, 1851.

Cathedral antiquities. Historical and descriptive accounts, with 311 illustration, of the following English cathedrals. Viz. Canterbury, York, Salisbury, Norwich, Winchester, Lichfield, Oxford, Wells, Exeter, Peterborough, Gloucester, Bristol, Hereford, and Worcester. The engravings, mostly by J. Le Keux, esq. from drawings by E. Blore ... [and others]

Each volume has also special and engraved title-pages.

The silk culture in the United States; embracing complete accounts of the latest and most approved modes of hatching, rearing and feeding the silk-worm, managing a cocoonery, reeling, spinning, and manufacturing the silk, &c. ... With brief historical sketches of the silk business, natural history of the silk-worm, the mulberry, &c. comp. from the most approved and reliable works ... To which is added Blydenburgh's Manual of the silk culture; statistics of silk imports, &c., &c.

"The work ... has been prepared ... with the aid of Mr. I. R. Barbour ... we have ... profited by the article on silk in Dr. Ures ... dictionary of arts and sciences, Mr. Bliss's report on silk ... to the legislature of Ohio, Mr. Colman's report to the Massachusetts legislature, &c.; while we have quoted entire The silk manual of ... Mr. Blydenburgh." Advertisement, p. [3]

The battle of Waterloo, also of Ligny and Quatre-Bras, described by the series of accounts published by authority, with circumstantial details. By a near observer. Also important particulars, communicated by staff, and regimental officers, serving in different parts of the field, with every connected official document; forming an historical record of the campaign in the Netherlands, 1815. To which is added a register of the names of the officers.

Title of v. 2 reads: Additional particulars to the battle of Waterloo.

Historical and descriptive accounts of the ancient and present state of the town and castle of Chepstow, including the pleasurable regions of Persfield, and a variety of other particulars deserving the stranger's notice, round that neighbourhood, collected from original papers and unquestionable authorities.

Date taken from cover.

Historical and descriptive accounts of the ancient and present state of the town of Monmouth, including a variety of particulars deserving the stranger's notice, relating to the borough and its neighbourhood.

His Descriptive account of the Hymin Pavilion etc. has a separate title-page dated: 1802. [at end]

Monmouthshire. Historical and descriptive accounts of the ancient and present state of Tintern Abbey, : including a variety of other particulars, deserving the stranger's notice, relating to that much-admired ruin, and its neighborhood. : The whole never before published. : Collected from original papers and unquestionable authorities. /

Signatures: pi²A̲⁴B-M⁴*⁴N⁴.

A geographical, historical and statistical view of the central or middle United States; containing accounts of their early settlement; natural features; progress of improvement; form of government; civil divisions and internal improvements...

Includes Pennslyvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia and Virginia.

A manual of modern missions : containing historical and statistical accounts of the protestant missionary societies of America, Great Britain and the continent of Europe, also numerous maps and diagrams.

Includes index.

Yorkshire. An historical and topographical introduction to a knowledge of the ancient state of the wapentake of Strafford and Tickhill; with ample accounts of Doncaster and Conisbrough; and of the villages, hamlets, churches, antiquities, and other matters connected therewith.

Designed as an introduction to a more extended work.

The Historical cabinet : containing authentic accounts of many remarkable and interesting events which have taken place in modern times : carefully collected and compiled from various and authentic sources, and not to be found in any one work hitherto published : illustrated with engravings.

Mode of access: Internet.