Clinical management and subsequent healing of teeth with horizontal root fractures

Horizontal root fractures are uncommon, mainly occurring on the cervical and middle third of the root of permanent upper incisors. The diagnosis is essentially radiographic and requires different healing patterns, depending on some pre- and postinjury factors. The aim of this article was to report the clinical management and different healing types in three cases of horizontal root fractures on permanent dentition. In case 1, the pulp tissue was vital and no treatment was necessary. In case 2, a root canal treatment of the cervical fragment was necessary and in case 3, pulpal necrosis was verified and an apical surgery was performed.

Operative treatment of ankle fractures: A minimum ten-year follow-up

The long-term outcome of 25 patients with bimalleolar fractures of the ankle was assessed ten to fourteen years following their fractures using the Phillips scoring system. All patients had undergone open reduction and anatomical internal fixation (as described in their operative notes in the medical records). 52 % of patients had a good or excellent overall outcome while 24% had a poor overall outcome. This study has the longest follow-up period (10 to 14 years) to date on the outcomes of internal fixation of bimalleolar ankle fractures and demonstrates a higher percentage of poorer outcomes than has been previously described. This trend appears to be predictable as other studies with shorter term follow-up have already established a trend of increasing radiological evidence of post-traumatic arthritis with successively longer-term outcome reports.

Effects of high-dose etidronate treatment on microdamage accumulation and biomechanical properties in beagle bone before occurrence of spontaneous fractures

We recently demonstrated that suppressed bone remodeling allows microdamage to accumulate and causes reductions in some mechanical properties. However, in our previous study, I year treatment with high-dose etidronate (EHDP) did not increase microdamage accumulation in most skeletal sites of dogs in spite of complete remodeling suppression and the occurrence of spontaneous fractures of ribs and/or thoracic spinous processes. This study evaluates the effects of EHDP on microdamage accumulation and biomechanical properties before fractures occur. Thirty-six female beagles, 1-2 years old, were treated daily for 7 months with subcutaneous injections of saline vehicle (CNT) or EHDP at 0.5 (E-low) or 5 mg/kg per day (E-high). After killing, bone mineral measurement, histomorphometry, microdamage analysis, and biomechanical testing were performed. EHDP treatment suppressed intracortical and trabecular remodeling by 60%-75% at the lower dose, and by 100% at the higher dose. Osteoid accumulation caused by a mineralization deficit occurred only in the E-high group, and this led to a reduction of mineralized bone mass. Microdamage accumulation increased significantly by two- to fivefold in the rib, lumbar vertebra, ilium, and thoracic spinous process in E-low, and by twofold in the lumbar vertebra and ilium in E-high. However, no significant increase in damage accumulation was observed in ribs or thoracic spinous processes in E-high where fractures occur following 12 months of treatment. Mechanical properties of lumbar vertebrae and thoracic spinous processes were reduced significantly in both E-low and E-high. These findings suggest that suppression of bone remodeling by EHDP allows microdamage accumulation, but that osteoid accumulation reduces production of microdamage. (Bone 29:271-278; 2001) (C) 2001 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Management of orbitozygomatic fractures

Background: Management of orbitozygomatic fractures forms part of the scope of practice of many oral and maxillofacial Surgeons. As aspects of management vary among surgeons who treat such injuries, this confidential study was undertaken to examine some of the protocols of Australian and New Zealand oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Results: Eighty-one per cent of the respondents treated orbitozygomatic fractures and on average. each treated approximately 24 cases per year. Also, about one in five cases required orbital floor exploration. Further, the preferred imaging baseline was computed tomography plus plain X-rays. while the preferred implant materials for orbital floor reconstruction were autologous bone and resorbable membrane. The incidence of postoperative retrobulbar haemorrhage was estimated at approximately 1:1000. Conclusion: Most oral and maxillofacial surgeons treat orbitozygomatic injuries as part of their surgical scope.

Standardised audit of hip fractures in Europe

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the outcomes of our patients admitted with hip fractures, and to benchmark these results with other hospitals, initially in Europe and subsequently in Australia. The Standardised Audit of Hip Fractures in Europe (SAHFE) questionnaires was used as the data gathering instrument. The participants were all patients admitted to Redcliffe Hospital with a fractured neck of femur prior to surgery. This paper reports the results of the first 70 consecutive patients admitted to Redcliffe Hospital with a fractured neck of femur from November 1st 2000. The main outcome measures were mobility, independence, residence prior to fracture; type of fracture and surgical repair; and time to surgery, survival rates and discharge destination. Results: 43 patients were admitted from home, but only 13 returned home directly from the orthopaedic ward. It is hoped that most of the 26 transferred to the rehabilitation ward will ultimately return home. 7 patients died, these were aged 82 to 102, and all had premorbid disease. Delays in surgery were apparent for 13 patients, mainly due to administrative problems. Conclusions: We support the recommendation in the Fifteenth Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Publication on the management of hip fractures, that all units treating this condition should enter an audit to evaluate their management. (author abstract)

Repair of three pathologic fractures in a dog with multiple myeloma

Three pathological fractures occurred secondary to osteolytic lesions of multiple myeloma. Two long bone fractures were each stabilised using interlocking nail fixation augmented with polymethyl meth acral ate bone cement. One vertebral fracture was stabilised using Steinmann pins and PMMA. Successful stabilisation, rapid return to function and improvement in quality of life occurred in all fractures. The patient survived approximately eight months on concurrent chemotherapy.

Curva de hemoglobina em um grupo de gestantes normais

Através das dosagens de hemoglobina realizadas em várias épocas da gravidez, em 701 gestantes sem suplementação de ferro escolhidas por amostragem casual simples de um universo de 7050 no período de 1947 a 1969, foi construída uma curva com as taxas médias de hemoglobina, que evidenciou uma queda que atinge o máximo por volta do 7.° mês de gravidez e elevando-se a partir desta época. A partir dela foi construída uma curva operacional e discutida a sua importância no diagnóstico e conduta frente a anemia na gravidez.

Orientação para aplicação de sais de ferro, em gestantes, segundo o uso de curva operacional de hemoglobina ("Curva de uma grama")

Através das dosagens de hemoglobina realizadas em várias épocas da gravidez, em 553 gestantes, retiradas por amostragem casual simples de um universo de 8120 gestantes no período de 1947 a 1971, testou-se a aplicabilidade da curva de hemoglobina e sua importância em relação ao diagnóstico, conduta e controle do tratamento de pacientes com anemia ferropriva.

Comparação entre valores hematológicos (hemoglobina, hematócrito e ferro sérico) da parturiente e do recém-nascido

São bastante contraditórias as informações a respeito do relacionamento entre índices hematológicos maternos e fetais. Com o objetivo de comparar as condições hematológicas maternas com aquelas do feto, foi feito estudo bioquímico no sangue de parturientes e respectivos recém-nascidos. A análise estatística dos resultados obtidos nos testes de correlação e de diferença de médias permitem sugerir que a valores mais elevados de hemoglobina, hematócrito e ferro sérico da mãe, correspondem valores mais elevados de hemoglobina, hematócrito e ferro sérico no feto.

Efeito do uso de leite fortificado com ferro e vitamina C sobre os níveis de hemoglobina e condição nutricional de crianças menores de 2 anos

Foi avaliado o impacto do uso do leite em pó integral fortificado com 9 mg de ferro e 65 mg de vitamina C para cada 100 g de pó, sobre os níveis de hemoglobina de crianças menores de 2 anos, em 107 crianças de creches municipais e 228 de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS), por um período de 6 meses. Antes de se iniciar a intervenção, 66,4% das crianças das creches e 72,8% da UBS apresentavam níveis de hemoglobina inferiores a 11,0 g/dl. Ao final dos 6 meses de uso do leite fortificado, esses percentuais reduziram-se para 20,6% nas creches e 18,0% na UBS. A média da hemoglobina, antes de se iniciar o experimento, foi de 10,3 g/dl nas creches e 10,5 g/dl na UBS. Decorridos 6 meses esses valores subiram para 11,6 g/dl nas duas populações estudadas. Em relação à condição nutricional, avaliada pelo critério de Gomez, verificou-se que, nas creches, 57% das crianças acompanhadas apresentaram melhoria na sua condição nutricional, 41,1% ficaram inalteradas e apenas 1,9% pioraram. Na UBS, 11,4% apresentaram melhora, 70,6% ficaram inalteradas e 18% pioraram, o que mostrou uma diferença de resposta quanto à recuperação da condição nutricional, quando o leite enriquecido foi utilizado em ambiente aberto e fechado. Concluiu-se que a utilização de alimentos fortificados apresenta-se como excelente alternativa para o controle da carência de ferro em populações de crianças menores de 2 anos.

Níveis de hemoglobina, aleitamento materno e regime alimentar no primeiro ano de vida

OBJETIVO: Identificar a relação entre os níveis de hemoglobina e o consumo de leite materno, alimentos complementares e líquidos não nutritivos no primeiro ano de vida. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo 553 crianças menores de 12 meses de vida, que freqüentavam os serviços públicos de saúde. A concentração de hemoglobina foi avaliada pelo método cianometahemoglobina, usando-se o sistema HemoCue. Utilizou-se a técnica da regressão linear múltipla para avaliar as associações de interesse. RESULTADOS: Níveis de hemoglobina compatíveis com a anemia foram identificados em 62,8% das crianças investigadas, com maior ocorrência naquelas de seis a 12 meses de idade (72,6%). O aleitamento materno exclusivo nos primeiros seis meses de vida assegurou os mais elevados níveis de hemoglobina. Os demais regimes alimentares declinaram de maneira diferenciada os níveis de hemoglobina, que se tornaram compatíveis com a anemia quando o regime de aleitamento artificial foi adotado (p=0,009). O consumo de chá e/ou água declinou em 0,76 g/dl (p<0,001) os níveis de hemoglobina dos menores de seis meses de idade. Para as crianças de seis a 12 meses, os níveis de hemoglobina variaram significante e positivamente com o consumo de açúcar (p=0,017) e feijão (p=0,018) e negativamente com o consumo de fruta (p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O aleitamento materno exclusivo até os seis meses de idade e a manutenção do leite materno a partir dessa idade, associado aos alimentos complementares quali e quantitativamente adequados, podem contribuir para o aumento dos níveis da hemoglobina no primeiro ano de vida.

Risk factors for osteoporotic fractures and low bone density in pre and postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and analyze risk factors associated to osteoporosis and low-trauma fracture in women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including a total of 4,332 women older than 40 attending primary care services in the Greater São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, between 2004 and 2007. Anthropometrical and gynecological data and information about lifestyle habits, previous fracture, medical history, food intake and physical activity were obtained through individual quantitative interviews. Low-trauma fracture was defined as that resulting from a fall from standing height or less in individuals 50 years or older. Multiple logistic regression models were designed having osteoporotic fracture and bone mineral density (BMD) as the dependent variables and all other parameters as the independent ones. The significance level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures was 33% and 11.5%, respectively. The main risk factors associated with low bone mass were age (OR=1.07; 95% CI: 1.06;1.08), time since menopause (OR=2.16; 95% CI: 1.49;3.14), previous fracture (OR=2.62; 95% CI: 2.08;3.29) and current smoking (OR=1.45; 95% CI: 1.13;1.85). BMI (OR=0.88; 95% CI: 0.86;0.89), regular physical activity (OR=0.78; 95% CI: 0.65;0.94) and hormone replacement therapy (OR=0.43; 95% CI: 0.33;0.56) had a protective effect on bone mass. Risk factors significantly associated with osteoporotic fractures were age (OR=1.05; 95% CI: 1.04;1.06), time since menopause (OR=4.12; 95% CI: 1.79;9.48), familial history of hip fracture (OR=3.59; 95% CI: 2.88;4.47) and low BMD (OR=2.28; 95% CI: 1.85;2.82). CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age, menopause, low-trauma fracture and current smoking are major risk factors associated with low BMD and osteoporotic fracture. The clinical use of these parameters to identify women at higher risk for fractures might be a reasonable strategy to improve the management of osteoporosis.

Epidemiologia das hemoglobinopatias: variabilidade genética da hemoglobina e de enzimas eritrocitárias no Hospital Provincial do Bengo, Caxito, Angola

As hemoglobinopatias são doenças hereditárias resultado de alterações na síntese de cadeias de globina e incluem alterações estruturais e talassemias que são provocadas pela produção diminuída de globina. Se não for diagnosticada e tratada, muitas das hemoglobinopatias resultam em morte nos primeiros anos de vida. Dada a importância do tema e a escassez de dados no nosso meio iniciou-se o estudo das mesmas no Hospital Provincial do Bengo (HGB).

Age-period-cohort effects in the incidence of hip fractures: political and economic events are coincident with changes in risk

Introduction: Healthcare improvements have allowed prevention but have also increased life expectancy, resulting in more people being at risk. Our aim was to analyse the separate effects of age, period and cohort on incidence rates by sex in Portugal, 2000–2008. Methods: From the National Hospital Discharge Register, we selected admissions (aged ≥49 years) with hip fractures (ICD9-CM, codes 820.x) caused by low/moderate trauma (falls from standing height or less), readmissions and bone cancer cases. We calculated person-years at risk using population data from Statistics Portugal. To identify period and cohort effects for all ages, we used an age–period–cohort model (1-year intervals) followed by generalised additive models with a negative binomial distribution of the observed incidence rates of hip fractures. Results: There were 77,083 hospital admissions (77.4 % women). Incidence rates increased exponentially with age for both sexes (age effect). Incidence rates fell after 2004 for women and were random for men (period effect). There was a general cohort effect similar in both sexes; risk of hip fracture altered from an increasing trend for those born before 1930 to a decreasing trend following that year. Risk alterations (not statistically significant) coincident with major political and economic change in the history of Portugal were observed around birth cohorts 1920 (stable–increasing), 1940 (decreasing–increasing) and 1950 (increasing–decreasing only among women). Conclusions: Hip fracture risk was higher for those born during major economically/politically unstable periods. Although bone quality reflects lifetime exposure, conditions at birth may determine future risk for hip fractures.

Osteoporotic hip fractures: Bisphosphonates sales and observed turning point in trend. A population-based retrospective study

The aim is to examine the temporal trends of hip fracture incidence in Portugal by sex and age groups, and explore the relation with anti-osteoporotic medication. From the National Hospital Discharge Database, we selected from 1st January 2000 to 31st December 2008, 77,083 hospital admissions (77.4% women) caused by osteoporotic hip fractures (low energy, patients over 49 years-age), with diagnosis codes 820.x of ICD 9-CM. The 2001 Portuguese population was used as standard to calculate direct age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) (100,000 inhabitants). Generalized additive and linear models were used to evaluate and quantify temporal trends of age specific rates (AR), by sex. We identified 2003 as a turning point in the trend of ASIR of hip fractures in women. After 2003, the ASIR in women decreased on average by 10.3 cases/100,000 inhabitants, 95% CI (− 15.7 to − 4.8), per 100,000 anti-osteoporotic medication packages sold. For women aged 65–69 and 75–79 we identified the same turning point. However, for women aged over 80, the year 2004 marked a change in the trend, from an increase to a decrease. Among the population aged 70–74 a linear decrease of incidence rate (95% CI) was observed in both sexes, higher for women: − 28.0% (− 36.2 to − 19.5) change vs − 18.8%, (− 32.6 to − 2.3). The abrupt turning point in the trend of ASIR of hip fractures in women is compatible with an intervention, such as a medication. The trends were different according to gender and age group, but compatible with the pattern of bisphosphonates sales.