Antibacterial properties of fibrous stents coated with silver oxide nanocoatings

Stents are rigid and perforated tubular structures, which are inserted into blood vessels in order to prevent or inhibit the constriction of blood flow, restoring the normal blood flow, when blood vessels are clogged, being used in 70% of angioplasties. These medical devices assume great importance in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) which are the leading cause of death worldwide. In the European Union CVD account for 40% of deaths and assume an estimated annual cost of 196 billion euros[1]. Stents must possess certain requirements, in order to, adequately, perform its function, such as biocompatibility (so that its use does not c ause damage on the health of its user), mechanical strength, radiopacity (so that it is easy to view), longitudinal flexibility, ease of handling, corrosion resistance and having high strength and high radial expansion ability to recover. Stents can be made of different materials, but metals, particularly stainless steel, are the most common. However, metallic stents present several dRawbacks such as corrosion and restenosis, leading to health complications for the patient, or even death. In order to minimize these disadvantages, new materials, like fibrous materials, have been used [2]. Monofilaments present high potential for stents development because, in addition to its biocompatibility, these materials allow the application of various surface treatments, such as antibacterial coatings. Furthermore, monofilament exhibit excellent mechanical properties, like greater stiffness and good results when subjected to compression, tensile and bending forces, since these forces will be directly supported by the monofilament [3]. To minimize the reaction of the human body and Limit the adhesion of microorganisms to the stent surface, some coatings have been developed, including the use of novel metals with antimicrobial properties, like silver. The main objective of this study was the development of fibrous stents, incorporation of silver oxide nanocoating. For the development of the stent, polyester monofilaments with 0.27mm of diameter were used in braiding technology, with a mandrel diameter of 6mm and a braiding angle of 35⁰. The mechanical behaviour of the stent were evaluated by mechanical testing under longitudinal and radial compression, bending. The results of compressive strength tests are according with value from literature: 1.13 to 2.9 N for radial compression and 0. 16-5.28N to longitudinal compression. From literature is also possible to verify that stents must present 75% of unchanged diameter during the bending test and must possess a porosity between 70% and 80% [4]. The produced polyester stent presents values of 1.29N for radial compression, 0.23N for longitudinal compression, 80% of porosity and 85.5% of unchanged diameter, during bending tests. For the antibacterial functionalization, silver oxide nanocoatings were prepared, through reactive magnetron g, with an Ag target in an Ar +O2 atmosphere. In order to evaluate the nanostructure and morphology of the coatings, d ifferent technique s like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and and X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS were used. From the analyses of XRD it is possible to verify that the peaks corresponds to planes of Ag2 O and MATERIAIS 2015 Porto, 21-23 June, 2015 characterize a cubic phase. The presence of Ag2 O is corroborated by XPS spectrum, where it is possible to observe silver, not only, in oxide state, but a lso in mettalic state, and it is possible to verify the presence of silver clusters, confirmed by SEM analysis. Films’ roughness and topography, parameters influencing the wettability of the surface and microorganism adhesion, were measured by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and it was observed that the roughness is very low (under 10 nm). Coatings’ hydrophobicity and surface tension parameters were determined by contact angle measurement, and it was verified the hydrophobic behavior of the coatings. For antibacterial tests were used Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (IE186) and Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 6538), and halo inhibition zone tests were realized. Ag+release rates were studied by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP -MS). The obtained results suggest that silver oxide coatings do not modify significantly surface properties of the substrate, like hydrophobicity and roughness, and present antimicrobial properties for both bacteria used.

Morphology and oxygen incorporation effect on antimicrobial activity of silver thin films

Ag and AgxO thin films were deposited by non-reactive and reactive pulsed DC magnetron sputtering, respectively, with the final propose of functionalizing the SS316L substrate with antibacterial properties. The coatings were characterized chemically, physically and structurally. The coatings nanostructure was assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while the coatings morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD and XPS analyses suggested that Ag thin film is composed by metallic Ag, which crystallizes in fcc-Ag phase, while the AgxO thin film showed both metallic Ag and Ag-O bonds, which crystalize in fcc-Ag and silver oxide phases. The SEM results revealed that Ag thin film formed a continuous layer, while AgxO layer was composed of islands with hundreds of nanometers surrounded by small nanoparticles with tens of nanometers. The surface wettability and surface tension parameters were determined by contact angle measurements, being found that Ag and AgxO surfaces showed very similar behavior, with all the surfaces showing a hydrophobic character. In order to verify the antibacterial behavior of the coatings, halo inhibition zone tests were realized for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Ag coatings did not show antibacterial behavior, contrarily to AgxO coating, which presented antibacterial properties against the studied bacteria. The presence of silver oxide phase along with the development of different morphology were pointed as the main factors in the origin of the antibacterial effect found in AgxO thin film. The present study demonstrated that AgxO coating presented antibacterial behavior and its application in cardiovascular stents is promising.

Silver nanoparticles to fight Candida coinfection in the oral cavity

[Exert] This chapter is focused on the activity of silver nanoparticles (SN) as an antifungal agent against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata biofilms, which are involved in oral candidosis. A discussion focusing on the influence of the stabilizing agent, diameter of SN on its antibiofilm activity, influence of chemical stability of SN on Candida biofilms, the effect of SN against adhered cells and biofilms, the effect on extracellular matrix composition and structure of Candida biofilms, the combination of SN with conventional antifungal drugs, and the incorporation of SN into denture acrylic resin is incorporated in the present chapter. Because of the resistance of Candida biofilms to conventional drugs and the positive effect of SN against them, these nanoparticles can be used as an alternative antifungal agent (...).

Nutrição mineral de Andropogon gayanus Kunth var. bisquamulatus (Hochst) Hack: I. recrutamento de macronutrientes

Sendo o capim gambá (Andropogon gayanus Kunth, var. bisquamalatus (Hochst) Hack) uma espécie promissora para a pecuária brasileira, este trabalho foi conduzido a fim de se determinar o peso de matéria seca, concentração e acúmulo de macronutrientes a partir dos 20 dias após a germinação até o florescimento. Foi plantada uma area de meio hecta-situada em uma terra roxa estruturada, convenientemente adubada. Em intervalos de 20 dias após a germinação até aos 140 dias, plantas foram coletadas e sub-divididas em folhas e caules. O material seco a 80°C foi analizado para N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S. A produção maxima de matéria seca foi verificada aos 80 dias representada, por 13,82 g/planta, correspondendo a 50.000 kg por hectare. Aos 80 dias de idade, a gramínea extraiu as seguintes quantidades dos nutrientes: 156,85 mg de N; 16,23 mg de P; .....278,70 mg de K; 38,45 mg de Ca; 22,92 mg de Mg; 7,76 mg de S. Verificou-se que a concentração em P, K diminui nas folhas com a idade da planta; sendo que a concentração em N, Ca, Mg, S nas folhas não foi afetada. No caule houve uma diminuição em N, P, K, Ca e Mg com o aumento da idade, sendo que a concentração de S não foi afetada.

Nutrição mineral de Andropogon gayanus Kunth var. bisquamulatus (Hochst) Hack: II. recrutamento de micronutrientes

Sendo o capim gambá (Andropogon gayanus var. bisquamulatus) uma espécie promissora para a América Tropical, o trabalho foi conduzido no sentido de se determinar a concentração e acúmulo de micronutrientes a partir dos 20 dias após a germinação até o florescimento aos 140 dias. Foi plantada uma área de meio hectare situada em uma terra roxa estruturada e convenientemente adubada. Em intervalos de 20 dias após a germinação até aos 140 dias, plantas foram coletadas e sub-divididas em folhas e caule. 0 material seco a 80°C foi analisado para B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Aos 80 dias de idade, a gramínea extrai por planta (colmo): 0,15 mg B; 0,05 mg Cu; 3,74 mg Fe; 1,15 mg Mn e 0,23 mg Zn. A concentração de Mn diminui nas folhas com a idade da planta, sendo que a concentração de B nas folhas não é afetada. No caule há diminuição na concentração de B, Cu e Fe com o aumento da idade, sendo que a concentração de Mn e Zn não é afetada.

Nutrição mineral de Andropogon gayanus Kunth var. bisquamulatus (Hochst) Hack. III. nível critico de fósforo

0 capim gambá (Andropogon gayanus Kunthe var. bisquamulatus) é uma espécie promissora para a pecuária brasileira. 0 presente trabalho foi conduzido no sentido de se determinar o nível crítico de fósforo. Em casa de vegetação, procedeu-se à semeadura em vasos contendo quartzo finalmente moído como substrato. As plântulas recebiam por percolação soluções nutritivas carentes em fósforo, acrescidas dos seguintes níveis de fósforo em mg/l: 0,0001; 0,001; 0,007; 0,030; 0,120; 0,480; 1,940; 7,750 e 31,80. Com a idade de 75 dias, as plantas foram coletadas, secas e analisadas para fósforo total. O nível crítico de fósforo correspondente à produção máxima de matéria seca aos 75 dias foi de 0,022%,e o nível externo foi de 0,480 mg de fósforo por litro de solução nutritiva.

Nutrição mineral de Andropogon gayanus Kunth var. bisquomulatus (Hochst) Hack: IV. produção de matéria seca, concentração de nutrientes e coeficiente de digestibilidade

De uma área adubada e plantada, situada em uma terra roxa estruturada, amostras de Andropogon gayanus bisquamulatus foram coletadas em intervalos de 20 dias após a germinação, até aos 140 dias de idade e secas à 80°C. No material seco foi determinado o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente in vivo empregando-se a técnica do "saco de nylon". Na época de produção máxima de matéria seca, aos 80 dias, foi determinada a concentração de macro e micronutrientes. Observou-se que o coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca diminuiu com o aumento da idade das folhas. Aos 80 dias, época de maxima produção de matéria seca. O coeficiente de digestibilidade para as folhas foi 71,21% e para caules 66,47%. Aos 80 dias de idade, as folhas e caules apresentavam as seguintes concentrações: N% 1,36 a 0,79; P% 0,12 a 0,11; K% 1,79 a 2,41; Ca% 0,27 a 20,7; Mg% 0,16 a 0,16; S%0,07 a 0,06; B ppm 11,75 a 11,0; Cu ppm 4,75 a 3,75; Fe ppm 236,75 a 341,75; Mn ppm 74,50 a 94,00 e Zn ppm 22,25 a 21,00.

Silver Thrust

Combined media on photographic paper. 87" x 40"

Dark Clouds or Silver Linings? Knightian Uncertainty and Climate Change

This paper examines the impact of Knightian uncertainty upon optimal climate policy through the prism of a continuous-time real option modelling framework. We analytically determine optimal intertemporal climate policies under ambiguous assessments of climate damages. Additionally, numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the properties of the model. The results indicate that increasing Knightian uncertainty accelerates climate policy, i.e. policy makers become more reluctant to postpone the timing of climate policies into the future.

An improved silver staining procedure for schizodeme analysis in polyacrylamide gradient gels

A simple protocol is described for the silver staining of polyacrylamide gradient gels used for the separation of restriction fragments of kinetoplast DNA [schizodeme analysis of trypanosomatids (Morel et al., 1980)]. The method overcomes the problems of non-uniform staining and strong background color which are frequently encountered when conventional protocols for silver staining of linear gels. The method described has proven to be of general applicability for DNA, RNA and protein separations in gradient gels.

In-situ revascularisation for secondary aorto-enteric fistulae: the success of silver-coated Dacron is closely linked to a suitable bowel repair.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess short- and mid-term results of in-situ revascularisation (ISR) using silver-coated Dacron prostheses and bowel repair for management of secondary aorto-enteric fistulae (SAEF). DESIGN: Single-centre retrospective chart review. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study includes all the patients treated by ISR using silver-coated Dacron for SAEF between 2006 and 2010. Primary end points were mortality and survival rates. Secondary end points were reinfection-free survival and secondary patency rates. RESULTS: Eighteen male patients with SAEF with a median age of 64 years were operated by ISR using silver-coated Dacron during the study period without operative death. The 30-day mortality was 22% and the in-hospital mortality rate was 39%. Indeed, during hospitalisation, a duodenal leak was observed in four patients including three who died. Four others patients died due to multi-system organ failure. Median follow-up was 16 months (range 1-66). The survival rate at 12 months was 55%. One duodenal leak was observed leading to death. The reinfection-free survival and the secondary patency rates at 12 months were 60% and 89%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In-situ revascularisation with silver-coated Dacron provides acceptable results in terms of mortality. This treatment may be useful for simple vascular reconstruction and allow greater attention to bowel repair that is a determinant in short- and mid-term survival.

Wet chemical silver treatment of endotracheal tubes to produce antibacterial surfaces.

Mechanically ventilated patients in hospitals are subjected to an increased risk of acquiring nosocomial pneumonia that sometimes has a lethal outcome. One way to minimize the risk could be to make the surfaces on endotracheal tubes antibacterial. In this study, bacterial growth was inhibited or completely prevented by silver ions wet chemically and deposited onto the tube surface. Through the wet chemical treatment developed here, a surface precipitate was formed containing silver chloride and a silver stearate salt. The identity and morphology of the surface precipitate was studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray powder diffraction. Leaching of silver ions into solution was examined, and bacterial growth on the treated surfaces was assayed using Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild type (PAO1) bacteria. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration of silver ions was determined in liquid- and solid-rich growth medium as 23 and 18 microM, respectively, for P. aeruginosa.

Silver nanoparticle production by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum: nanoparticle characterisation and analysis of antifungal activity against pathogenic yeasts

The microbial synthesis of nanoparticles is a green chemistry approach that combines nanotechnology and microbial biotechnology. The aim of this study was to obtain silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using aqueous extract from the filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum as an alternative to chemical procedures and to evaluate its antifungal activity. SNPs production increased in a concentration-dependent way up to 1 mM silver nitrate until 30 days of reaction. Monodispersed and spherical SNPs were predominantly produced. After 60 days, it was possible to observe degenerated SNPs with in additional needle morphology. The SNPs showed a high antifungal activity against Candida and Cryptococcus , with minimum inhibitory concentration values ≤ 1.68 µg/mL for both genera. Morphological alterations of Cryptococcus neoformans treated with SNPs were observed such as disruption of the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane and lost of the cytoplasm content. This work revealed that SNPs can be easily produced by F. oxysporum aqueous extracts and may be a feasible, low-cost, environmentally friendly method for generating stable and uniformly sized SNPs. Finally, we have demonstrated that these SNPs are active against pathogenic fungi, such as Candida and Cryptococcus .

City of Silver City, Auditor of State's Report on Reaudit, For the Period July 1, 2002 through June 30, 2003

City Audit Report