Prevalência de Obstrução numa População Exposta ao Fumo do Tabaco - Projecto PNEUMOBIL

A espirometria não atingiu ainda a divulgação que se justificaria em patologia respiratória, ou indivíduos que se encontram em risco relativamente a esta patologia, cujo diagnóstico é insuficiente, havendo um escasso conhecimento, e consequente controlo, dos custos atribuíveis a estas doenças, com destaque para a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica (DPOC). O PNEUMOBIL, iniciativa que visa esta divulgação entre fumadores e ex -fumadores, foi reactivado, após 10 anos de aplicação em Portugal, revelando agora, numa amostra de 5324 indivíduos, em que cerca de 50% ainda mantêm os hábitos tabágicos, sejam do sexo masculino ou feminino, que houve uma elevada prevalência de obstrução detectada por espirometria (30% e 25%, respectivamente) nas pessoas rastreadas perto de centros de saúde (grupo público) e em empresas (grupo privado). Este risco não se explica em regra por exposição ocupacional, nem se relaciona com a maioria dos sintomas respiratórios, muito frequentes nos rastreados. Apenas a dispneia (OR=1,28; p=0,02) e os episódios frequentes de expectoração (OR=1,21; p=0,008) ou de bronquite aguda (OR=1,31; p=0,05) revelam alguma relação com a obstrução. O reconhecimento prévio da DPOC é muito reduzido e a presença de obstrução não se correlaciona (p=0,204) com o assumir da condição de portador.

Doença de Hodgkin Pulmonar

Relatamos três casos de doença de Hodkin com envolvimento pulmonar. Três doentes tinham sintomas sistémicos e apenas dois respiratórios. Estudos imagiológicos revelaram uma massa sólida no lobo inferior esquerdo no primeiro caso, infiltrados nodulares com cavitação no segundo e uma consolidação pneumónica no terceiro. O diagnóstico de doença de Hodgkin foi feito em biópsias: brônquica no caso um, pulmonar por toracoscopia no caso dois e ganglionar no caso três. Os achados histológicos destes casos eram típicos da doença. Todos os doentes foram tratados com quimioterapia. Responderam bem ao tratamento mostrando regressão franca das lesões na reavaliação passados três meses.

Distrofia Miotónica

Os autores apresentam dois casos de distrofia miotónica em adultos jovens com compromisso cardíaco. Sublinham a raridade desta afecção, o seu envolvimento multissistémico e a dificuldade em estabelecer um diagnóstico definitivo na ausência do quadro clássico da doença.

Terapêutica Redutora Intensiva do Colesterol: a Certeza da Segurança

A terapêutica antidislipidémica redutora do colesterol é um paradigma da melhor aplicação da evidência científica na prática clínica. Face às opções disponíveis, é fundamental que as estatinas tenham um perfil claro de segurança e tolerabilidade e uma relação de benefícios e risco favorável. A terapêutica intensiva do colesterol não está associada a consequências deletérias, dependentes da maior eficácia, ou a efeitos laterais graves. As estatinas não são hepatotóxicas. A flutuação enzimática é um fenómeno corrente na dislipidemia. O risco de aumento das transamínases está directa e intimamente relacionada com a dose (e com o tipo de estatina usada). Alterações pouco importantes do perfil hepático basal não são uma contra-indicação ao seu uso (doentes com um risco cardiovascular justificável). A monitorização iterada do perfil hepático não está justificada. A causa da miotoxicidade com as estatinas não está devidamente esclarecida. O risco de miopatia ou rabdomiólise não tem relação com a redução percentual ou absoluta do LDL-C (nem com o valor de LDL-C alcançado). Os efeitos adversos das estatinas podem depender das características físico-químicas da molécula e das suas características farmacocinéticas. Numa estratégia de farmacovigilância, o doente tem também uma palavra. A partilha de propósitos obriga o doente a responsabilidades partilhadas com a sua Equipa de Saúde, motivadoras de tratamentos mais seguros e de melhor prevenção cardiovascular. Aperfeiçoar o ingresso em programas de Saúde de qualidade e aprimorar o tratamento e os objectivos alcançados são as razões que devem fundamentar a terapêutica e a redução efectiva intensiva das dislipidemias.

Mixomas Cardíacos, 13 Anos de Experiência no seu Diagnóstico Ecocardiográfico

INTRODUCTION: Transthoracic echocardiography is the method of choice for the diagnosis of cardiac myxomas, but the transesophageal approach provides a better definition of the location and characteristics of the tumor. The authors review their thirteen years' experience on the echocardiographic diagnosis of this pathology. METHODS: From 1994 to 2007, 41 cardiac tumors were diagnosed in our echocardiographic laboratory, of which 27 (65.85%) were cardiac myxomas. The exams and the patients' clinical files were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 27 patients, 22 (81.5%) were female, with a mean age of 62.1 +/- 13.6 years (25-84 years). The predominant clinical features were due to the obstruction caused by the tumor in more than two thirds of the patients, followed by constitutional symptoms in one third and embolic events in 30%. In the lab results, anemia was found in three patients and elevated sedimentation rate and CRP in two. In two patients the myxoma was found by chance. All the cases were of the sporadic type, although we found a prevalence of thyroid disease of 14% (4 patients). All patients underwent urgent surgical resection except one, in whom surgery was refused due to advanced age and comorbidities. The myxomas followed a typical distribution with 24 (88.8%) located in the left atrium, 18 of them attached to the atrial septum (AS) and two to the mitral valve. In one patient, the tumor involved both atria. The other two cases originated in the right atrium at the AS. Embolic phenomena were more frequent in small tumors (p = 0.027) and in those with a villous appearance (p = 0.032). Obstructive manifestations were associated with larger tumors (p = 0.046) and larger left atria (p = 0.048). In our series, there were no deaths during hospitalization or in the follow-up period of 5.2 +/- 3.7 years in 19 patients. There were two recurrences, both patients being successfully reoperated. CONCLUSION: Myxoma is the most common cardiac tumor. Transesophageal echocardiography provides excellent morphologic definition, aiding in diagnosis and follow-up. Most clinical manifestations are obstructive and are associated with larger tumors. Small tumors with a friable appearance have a higher chance of embolization. Surgical resection is usually curative and the long-term prognosis is excellent.

Propriedades Psicométricas da Versão Portuguesa do Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire na Miocardiopatia Dilatada com Insuficiência Cardíaca Congestiva

Several studies have shown that patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have a compromised health-related quality of life (HRQL), and this, in recent years, has become a primary endpoint when considering the impact of treatment of chronic conditions such as CHF. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of a new specific instrument to measure HRQL in patients hospitalized for CHF: the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ). METHODS: The KCCQ was applied to a sample of 193 consecutive patients hospitalized for CHF. Of these, 105 repeated the assessment 3 months after admission, with no events during this period. Mean age was 64.4 +/- 12.4 years (21-88), and 72.5% were 72.5% male. CHF was of ischemic etiology in 4% of cases. RESULTS: This version of the KCCQ was subjected to statistical validation, with assessment of reliability and validity, similar to the American version. Reliability was assessed by the internal consistency of the domains and summary scores, which showed similar values of Cronbach alpha (0.50-0.94). Validity was assessed by convergence, sensitivity to differences between groups and sensitivity to changes in clinical condition. We evaluated the convergent validity of all domains related to functionality, through the relationship between them and a measure of functionality, the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. Significant correlations were found (p < 0.01) for this measure of functionality i patients with CHF. Analysis of variance between the physical limitation domain, the summary scores and NYHA class was performed and statistically significant differences were found (F = 23.4; F = 36.4; F = 37.4, p = 0.0001) in the ability to discriminate severity of clinical condition. A second evaluation was performed on 105 patients at the 3-month follow-up outpatient appointment, and significant changes were observed in the mean scores of the domains assessed between hospital admission and the clinic appointment (differences from 14.9 to 30.6 on a scale of 0-100), indicating that the domains assessed are sensitive to changes in clinical condition. The correlation between dimensions of quality of life in the KCCQ is moderate, suggesting that the dimensions are independent, supporting the multifactorial nature of HRQL and the suitability of this measure for its evaluation. CONCLUSION: The KCCQ is a valid instrument, sensitive to change and a specific measure of HRQL in a population with dilated cardiomyopathy and CHF.

Cardiac Hydatid Cyst in a Child

Cardiac hydatid cyst is a rare disease, especially in children. An 11-year-old boy with a previous anaphylactic reaction and episodes of abdominal pain was admitted for workup of an acquired long systolic murmur. Echocardiographic investigation disclosed a tumor of the right ventricular anterior wall, with multiple loculations. Magnetic resonance imaging characterized it as a multilobular tumor with cyst formation and disclosed another cyst in the right pulmonary artery. With a positive ELISA reaction the child was admitted for surgery with the diagnosis of cardiac and pulmonary hydatid cysts. Cardiac surgery was performed with good results, followed by medical treatment with albendazole.

Será que a Definição de Síndroma Metabólica pela International Diabetes Federation Melhora a Capacidade Preditora para Doença Coronária e do Espessamento da Íntima-Média Carotídea?

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with increased incidence of diabetes and atherosclerotic complications. The new definition of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) increases the population with this entity, compared to the NCEP ATP III definition. OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in patients with and without MS, according to the NCEP ATP III and IDF definitions, and the predictive ability of carotid IMT for CAD. METHODS: We studied 270 consecutive patients admitted for elective coronary angiography due to suspicion of CAD. All patients underwent ultrasound study of the carotid arteries to measure IMT (the highest value between the right and left common carotid arteries was used in the analysis). Coronary stenosis of > or =70% (or 50% for the left main coronary artery) was considered significant. RESULTS: By the ATP III definition, 14% of the patients had MS, and these patients had a higher prevalence of CAD (87% vs. 63%, p = 0.004), but no significant difference was found for carotid IMT (1.03 +/- 0.36 mm vs. 0.95 +/- 0.35 mm, p=NS). With the IDF definition, 61% of the patients had MS; this group was slightly older and included more women. There were no differences in terms of CAD (68% vs. 63%) or carotid IMT (0.97 +/- 0.34 vs. 0.96 +/- 0.39 mm). On multivariate analysis, the ATP III definition of MS predicts CAD (OR 4.76, 95% CI 1.71-13.25, p = 0.003), but the IDF definition does not (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.74-2.27, p = 0.37). On ROC curve analysis, an IMT of > or = 0.95 mm predicts CAD (AUC 0.66, p < 0.001), with a sensitivity of 52% and specificity of 75%. CONCLUSIONS: The new IDF definition increases the population with MS, decreasing the capacity to predict the presence of CAD. In our population, neither the ATP III nor the IDF definition showed differences in terms of carotid IMT. Carotid IMT can predict CAD, but with only modest sensitivity.

Enfarte Agudo do Miocárdio na Criança

A retrospective study was made of 6 children, with nonsurgical-related acute myocardial infarction (AMI), between January 1987 and December 1994. The ratio for gender was 1 and mean age at AMI was 49 days, 4 cases being associated with congenital heart disease (Fallot's tetralogy, truncus arteriosus and DiGeorge syndrome, one case each, and anomalous origin of left coronary artery, 2 cases). Kawasaki disease and coronary embolisation from thrombosis of the renal vein occurred in the other 2 cases respectively. All developed congestive cardiac failure and cardiomegaly. In the ECG pathologic q waves with more than 35 msec occurred in all, and QT prolongation occurred in 3. Five children (83%) all with AMI in the anterior and lateral wall of the left ventricle died, death being related with cardiac mechanical failure and not with arrhythmias.

Ressurgimento da Febre Reumática. Novas Causas ou Velhas Atitudes?

Dado que nos últimos anos se tem verificado um aumento da incidência da Febre Reumática (F.R.), assumiu-se como objectivo deste trabalho tentar avaliar as causas dos casos ocorridos recentemente entre nós. Analisaram-se os processos de três crianças nascidas e residentes em Portugal, com o primeiro surto conhecido de F.R., observadas entre Junho de 1993 e Março de 1994. Um caso apresentou-se com poliartrite, um com poliartrite e cardite e outro com coreia e cardite. Apenas num deles a hipótese de F.R. foi colocada de início e no global foi possível identificar falhas na profilaxia e no diagnóstico ecocardiográfico da valvulopatia. Concluiu-se que entre nós, e face a estes exemplos, o recrudescimento e a morbilidade da Febre Reumática, se deve provavelmente mais ao esquecimento de velhas atitudes do que a novas causas. Os atrasos no diagnóstico e a profilaxia secundária podem influenciar os resultados a longo prazo.

Cardiologia Pré-Natal. Da Suspeita à Confirmação

The mortality rate is high and prognosis is worse among new-borns with prenatal diagnosis of heart malformation, mainly due to factors such as its association with other malformations, and a range of more severe diseases probably resulting from the predominance of the obstetric use of the four chamber view. In this study we retrospectively assessed the range of cardiopathies diagnosed by foetal echocardiography and their evolution, compared with previous years. From January 1994 to December 1995, 1173 foetal echocardiograms were performed at a gestation age of 24 weeks. Sixty-one foetuses (5.2%) had cardiac anomalies, structural in 56 and arrhythmia in 5. The risks and indications were maternal in 37%, foetal in 31%, familial in 17% and environmental in 15%. Three were false negatives (VSD:2; truncus arteriosus: 1). Five died in utero, and 18 were assessed after birth with a mean gestational age of 37 weeks and birth weight of 3 Kg, a caesarean section was performed in 9. All but one were born in central hospitals. Six children were operated on. Two children died, one after surgery. Compared with the four previous years of activity, indication due to foetal risk rose from 6 to 31%, the number of cases diagnosed with heart disease increased from 14 to 30 per year, and the mortality decreased from 59 to 11%. Despite this, we still observe that the vast majority of new-borns who are hospitalised due to a severe heart disease had no prenatal diagnosis, indicating the need to continue our educational policy in this field.

Síndrome de Sheehan

Os autores descrevem um caso de síndrome de Sheehan surgido na sequência de complicação hemorrágica grave por interrupção voluntária tardia de gravidez sublinhando a infrequência de alterações lipídicas no contexto desta afecção. A pretexto deste exemplo particular de hipopituitarismo sublinham conceitos fundamentais sobre a fisiopatogenia, diagnóstico, terapêutica e complicações decorrentes de uma entidade nosológica cada vez mais rara nos tempos actuais.

Teratoma do Mediastino com Transformação Maligna do Componente Mesenquimatoso: A Propósito de um Caso Clínico

Os tumores de células germinativas (TCG) do mediastino, são neoplasias raras dentro das lesões com esta localização. Classificam-se em seminomas puros, TCG não seminomatosos malignos e teratomas. A transformação maligna de um teratoma à custa do seu componente somático com degenerescência em sarcoma ou carcinoma é uma entidade ainda mais rara. Descrevemos um caso clínico de um homem de 32 anos de idade com quadro de toracalgia direita intensa. Os exames de imagem revelaram a existência de uma lesão expansiva com 7.7 cm de diâmetro, heterogénea, com áreas de densificação lipomatosa e imagem cálcica de configuração dentária no mediastino anterior projectado à direita, adjacente aos grandes vasos, sendo os aspectos radiológicos compatíveis com teratoma. A biopsia transtorácica guiada por TC, revelou aspectos morfológicos sugestivos de sarcoma. Foi submetido a cirurgia de ressecção em bloco da massa mediastínica, pulmão direito, segmento de pericárdio e timo. O exame histológico revelou tratar-se de um teratoma com transformação maligna do componente mesenquimatoso, com diferenciação muscular em leiomiosarcoma e rabdomiosarcoma. Fez quimioterapia com doxorrubicina e ifosfamida. Os aspectos essenciais desta entidade clínica, bem como o seu tratamento, nomeadamente cirúrgico, são, neste artigo, objecto de discussão, apoiada numa revisão da literatura mais recente dedicada ao tema.

Expressão de Aterosclerose Sub-Clínica para Diferentes Factores de Risco Cardiovasculares em Populações Jovens

INTRODUCTION: Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is considered an early marker for atherosclerosis, but there are few studies on the expression of this marker in younger populations. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cIMT in younge patients (aged 30-50 years) and its expression according to cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: We analyzed individuals admitted for an invasive cardiac procedure. Normal cIMT was defined as < 0.90 mm, thickened as 0.90-1.50 mm and atherosclerotic plaque as > 1.50 mm. Lipid profile, anthropometric parameters, fasting blood glucose and estimated GFR were also determined. RESULTS: A total of 106 patients were included (59% male), with a mean age of 43 +/- 5 years, 36% with hypertension, 22% smokers, 32% with known hyperlipidemia, 16% with diabetes, 39% under statin therapy and 40% with metabolic syndrome (AHA/NHLBI definition). Mean cIMT was 0.69 +/- 0.26 mm, and was normal in 74% of the patients, thickened in 20% and with atherosclerotic plaques in 6%. cIMT correlated directly with age (r = 0.26, p = 0.007), log fasting glucose (r = 0.21, p = 0.04), and log triglycerides (r = 0.24, p = 0.017), and tended to correlate with the number of components of metabolic syndrome (r = 0.17, p = 0.08). However, on multivariate analysis, only age remained as an independent predictor (r = 0.29, p = 0.005). Diabetic patients had greater cIMT (0.81 +/- 0.22 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.26 mm, p = 0.039) and there was a trend for greater cIMT in those with metabolic syndrome (0.75 +/- 0.29 vs. 0.66 +/- 0.23 mm, p = 0.09). There were no differences for the other risk factors, A higher number of risk factors in a single patient showed a trend for increased cIMT (p = 0.083) CONCLUSIONS: Age is the only independent determinant of cIMT in a young population. Diabetic patients have greater cIMT and a trend was seen in those with metabolic syndrome, possibly influenced by its relation with diabetes, one of the components of the metabolic syndrome.