东天山地区金矿床成矿流体地球化学及其成矿机制

The mechanism of gold ore formation in the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, that has been dealt with from various aspects, remains unclear. On the basis of investigations of regional geology, ore deposit geology, and microscopic observations of ores and related rocks of the Jinwozi, the 210, and the Mazhuangshan gold ore deposits, this thesis made a systematic research on the microthermometry of gangue quartz-hosted fluid inclusions, gas, liquid ion and rare earth element compositions and hydrogen, oxygen isotope compositions of sulfide- and quartz-hosted fluid inclusions, and sulfur and lead isotope compositions of sulfide ore minerals from the major ores in the three deposits. On the basis of the above synthetic studies, sources of ore-forming fluids and metals, and mechanism of gold ore formation in the region were discussed. Gas compositions of pyrite- and sphalerite-hosted fluid inclusions were first analyzed in this thesis. Compared with gangue quartz-hosted fluid inclusions, the sulfide-hosted ones are richer in gaseous species CO2, CO, and CH4 etc. Both gas and liquid CO2 are commonly observed in fluid inclusions, whereas halite daughter minerals rarely occur. Ore-forming fluids for the three gold ore deposits are characteristically of medium to low temperatures, medium to low salinities, are rich in CO2 and Na+, K+, Cl" ions. Gas covariation diagrams exhibit linear trends that are interpreted as reflecting mixing between the magamtic fluid and meteoric-derived groundwater. Regarding rare earth element compositions, the Jinwozi and the 210 deposits show moderate to strong LREE/HREE fractionations with negative Eu anomalies. However, the Mazhuangshan deposit shows little LREE/HREE fractionation with positive Eu anomalies. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of pyrite-hosted fluid inclusions that were first analyzed in this thesis indicate the presence of magmatic water. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of pyrite- and quartz-hosted fluid inclusions suggest mixing between magmatic water and meteoric-derived groundwater. Sulfur and lead isotope compositions of sulfide ore minerals indicate multi-sources for the metallogenetic materials that range from the crust to the mantle. On the basis of the above synthetic studies, genesis of the gold ore deposits in the eastern Tianshan Mountains was approached. From the Middle-Late Hercynian to Early Indosinian, geodynamic regime of the region was changing from the collisional compression to the post-collisional extension. During the period, magmas were derived from the crust and the mantle and carried metallogenetic materials. Magma intrusion in the upper crust released the magmatic fluids, and drove circulation of groundwater. Mixing of magmatic fluid with groundwater, and extraction of metallogenetic materials from the country rocks are the mechanism for the gold ore formation in the eastern Tianshan Mountains.

西江流域环境河水地球化学研究

River is a major component of the global surface water and CO2 cycles. The chemistry of river waters reveals the nature of weathering on a basin-wide scale and helps us understand the exogenic cycles of elements in the continent-river-ocean system. In particular, geochemical investigation of large river gives important information on the biogeochemical cycles of the elements, chemical weathering rates, physical erosion rates and CO2 consumption during the weathering of the rocks within the drainage basin. Its importance has led to a number of detailed geochemical studies on some of the world's large and medium-size river systems. Flowing in the south of China, the Xijiang River is the second largest river in the China with respect to its discharge, after the Yangtze River. Its headwaters drain the YunGui Plateau, where altitude is approximately 2000 meters. Geologically, the carbonate rocks are widely spread in the river drainage basin, which covers an area of about 0.17xl06 km2, i.e., 39% of the whole drainage basin. This study focuses on the chemistry of the Xijiang river system and constitutes the first geochemical investigation into major and trace elements concentrations for both suspended and dissolved loads of this river and its main tributaries, and Sr isotopic composition of the dissolved load is also investigated, in order to determine both chemical weathering and mechanical erosion rates. As compared with the other large rivers of the world, the Xijiang River is characterized by higher major element concentration. The dissolved major cations average 1.17, 0.33, 0.15, and 0.04 mmol I"1 for Ca, Mg, Na, and K, respectively. The total cation concentrations (TZ+) in these rivers vary between 2.2 and 4.4 meq I'1. The high concentration of Ca and Mg, high (Ca+Mg)/(Na+K) ratio (7.9), enormous alkalinity and low dissolved SiO2/HCO3 ratio (0.05) in river waters reveal the importance of carbonate weathering and relatively weak silicate weathering over the river drainage basin. The major elements in river water, such as the alkalis and alkaline-earths, are of different origins: from rain water, silicate weathering, carbonate and evaporite weathering. A mixing model based on mass budget equation is used in this study, which allows the proportions of each element derived from the different source to be calculated. The carbonate weathering is the main source of these elements in the Xijiang drainage basin. The contribution of rainwater, especially for Na, reaches to approximately 50% in some tributaries. Dissolved elemental concentration of the river waters are corrected for rain inputs (mainly oceanic salts), the elemental concentrations derived from the different rock weathering are calculated. As a consequence, silicate, carbonate and total rock weathering rates, together with the consumption rates of atmospheric CO2 by weathering of each of these lithologies have been estimated. They provide specific chemical erosion rates varying between 5.1~17.8 t/km2/yr for silicate, 95.5~157.2 t/km2/yr for carbonate, and 100.6-169.1 t/km2/yr for total rock, respectively. CO2 consumptions by silicate and carbonate weathering approach 13><109and 270.5x10 mol/yr. Mechanical denudation rates deduced from the multi-year average of suspended load concentrations range from 92-874 t/km2/yr. The high denudation rates are mainly attributable to high relief and heavy rainfall, and acid rain is very frequent in the drainage basin, may exceed 50% and the pH value of rainwater may be <4.0, result from SO2 pollution in the atmosphere, results in the dissolution of carbonates and aluminosilicates and hence accelerates the chemical erosion rate. The compositions of minerals and elements of suspended particulate matter are also investigated. The most soluble elements (e.g. Ca, Na, Sr, Mg) are strongly depleted in the suspended phase with respect to upper continent crust, which reflects the high intensity of rock weathering in the drainage basin. Some elements (e.g. Pb, Cu, Co, Cr) show positive anomalies, Pb/Th ratios in suspended matter approach 7 times (Liu Jiang) to 10 times (Nanpan Jiang) the crustal value. The enrichment of these elements in suspended matter reflects the intensity both of anthropogenic pollution and adsorption processes onto particles. The contents of the soluble fraction of rare earth elements (REE) in the river are low, and REE mainly reside in particulate phase. In dissolved phase, the PAAS-normalized distribution patterns show significant HREE enrichment with (La/Yb) SN=0.26~0.94 and Ce depletion with (Ce/Ce*) SN=0.31-0.98, and the most pronounced negative Ce anomalies occur in rivers of high pH. In the suspended phase, the rivers have LREE-enriched patterns relative to PAAS, with (La/Yb) SN=1 -00-1 .40. The results suggest that pH is a major factor controlling both the absolute abundances of REE in solution and the fractionation of REE of dissolved phase. Ce depletion in river waters with high pH values results probably from both preferential removal of Ce onto Fe-Mn oxide coating of particles and CeC^ sedimentation. This process is known to occur in the marine environment and may also occur in high pH rivers. Positive correlations are also observed between La/Yb ratio and DOC, HCO3", PO4", suggesting that colloids and (or) adsorption processes play an important role in the control of these elements.

鲁西临朐地区中生代铁寨杂岩体的岩石化学与地球化学特征及其成因研究

The Tiezhai intrusive complex is located in the north of the Luxi block, Shandong province, eastern China. It lies ～30 km west of the Tanlu fault, and is at the cross of the Wujing and Jiushan faults. The Tiezhai complex was formed about 120～130 Ma, when large-scale magmatism was active in eastern part of North China. This paper carries out petrochemical and geochemical study on the Tiezhai intrusive complex, and discusses its genesis in detail. The Tiezhai intrusive complex can be subdivided into three rock series. The first is the gabbro-diorite series formed in early stage. Its composition variation shows 01 and Cpx fractional crystallization trend. The second is the porphyritic diorite and monzonite series, showing dominating Hb fractional differentiation. Their composition variation shows Hb fractional crystallization trend. The third is the porphyritic quartz monzonite with K-feldspar megacrysts, showing weakly Hb and Bi fractional crystallization trend. All types of rocks in the Tiezhai complex are belonging to the high-K cac-alkaline series. They have elevated Sr (450-1660 ppm), Ba (210-1780 ppm) and relatively low Rb (30-100 ppm). For the gabbro-dioritic rocks in the early stage, the abundances of Ni (20-250 ppm), Cr (50-350 ppm), V(l30-250 ppm) and Co (20-40 ppm) are high, indicating a mantle origin. All rocks have negative anormalies of Nb, Ta, Ti and P, and enriched LREE and strong differentiated REE patterns. The porphyritic monzonites and quartz monzonites have very low HREE, Yb and Y contents and positive Eu anormalies, similar to adakite. Most rocks have lowε_(Nd)(t) of-1.5～-10.9, and high (~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i of 0.704～0.709. The data have characters of enriched lithosphere mantle (EMI). In summary, the Tiezhai intrusive complex was inferred to be generated by a mantle derived magma through fractional crystallization. When the primary magma gathered in some place between crust and mantle, the crystallization started and causing magma evolution. The remaining / evolved magma ascended and emplaced again and again in the upper crust in Tiezhai area. Then Tiezhai complex formed. The porphyritic monzonites and quartz monzonites have major and trace element characters of typical adakite, but they are likely to be generated by Hb fractional crystallization.

北京周边地区沙尘基的数值模拟与风成物质的REE分析

The sandstorms in 2001 were numerically simulated with NARCM that is a dust emission and transport model developed by Meteorological Service of Canada. In this paper, the dataset of NARCM model is processed and analyzed. The results of processing and analyzing show fair images about influence ranges and transport routes of sandstorms in 2001. The outcomes are compared with aerosol concentrations of atmosphere over Beijing, China and Tango, Japan. It confirms that sandstorm occurs when AK TK K and Si concentration in the air increases. It can be concluded that the NARCM model is appropriate for modeling sandstorm in North of China. The processing and analyzing show that the dust is produced and transported in the Otindag and Bashang. So the Otindag and Bashang are parts of source areas of sandstorms in East Asia. Another focus of this study is the REE of aeolian sediments in Otindag、Bashang、Tianmo Badain Jara、Hulunbeier and Kalahali, South Africa. The analysis on REE shows: There is clear distinction in HREE and LREE's Fractionation Degree (HLFD) between the deserts. HLFD is very high in Hulunbeier, with a value of (La/Lu)N 16.0. The value of (La/Lu)N is 12.7 inTianmo and 8.1 in Octindag. The HREE's Fractionation Degree(HFD) is about 4.0, quite similar in all samples. (3) The LREE's Fractionation Degree(LFD) varies slightly, from 1.5(Badain Jaran) to 2.3(Tianmo).

安多地区早中侏罗世岩浆岩岩石地球化学和同位素年代学研究及其对构造演化的制约

Anduo area is located in the Central Tibet, the middle segment of the Bangonghu-Nujiang suture. Anduo Block is the northern part of Lhasa terrane. The relationships among the different geological bodies were determined during the 1: 250000 regional geological surveying. Petrography, petrologic geochemistry, isotopic geochemistry and geochronology of igneous rocks from the suture and granitoids from Anduo Block were analyzed systematically as a whole for the first time. Then, their tectonic setting and history are discussed.Anduo ophiolitic melange consists of metamorphic peridotites, cumulates, plagiogranites, sheeted dykes swarm, pillow lava and radiolarian cherts. The concentration of Cr and Ni in the metamorphic peridotites is very high, with Mg# about 0.94 ~ 0.97, higher 87Sr/86Sr and Pb isotopic ratios, and lower 143Nd/i44Nd ratio. LREE is enriched relative to HREE and positive Eu anomaly is very clear. The REE distribution curve is U shape. Nb and Ta anomalies from cumulate gabbro and sheeted dyke swarm are not clear, while that are slightly negative from pillow lava. Plagiogranite belongs to strong calc-alkaline series with high Si, middle Al, low Fe, Mg and low K contents. Eu anomaly (~ 1.23) from plagiogranites is slightly positive. The character of all components of ophiolite is similar to that of the MORB, while to some extent the ophiolite was influenced by crustal material. Anduo ophiolite formed in a mature back-arc basin. Additionally, intermediate acidity volcanic rocks within Anduo phiolite melange are island arc calc-alkline rocks related to ocean subduction.The early-middle Jurassic plutonic rocks are tonalite, granodiorite bearing-phenocryst, magaporphyritic hornblende monzogranite, magaporphyritic monzogranite, monzogranite bearing-phenocryst and syenogranite in turn. They belong to calc-alkaline series which developed from middle K to high K series temporally. REE distribution curves of all plutonic rocks are similar and parallel to each other. SREE and negative Eu anomaly values decrease. In the multi-element spider diagram, the curves of different plutons are similar to each other, but troughs of Nb, Sr, P and Ti from young plutons become more evident. This suggests that thereare some closely petrogenetic affinities among plutonic rocks which make up amagma plutonism cycle of the early-middle Jurassic. Magma source is mainly crustal,but abundant mafic microgranular enclaves within granitoids indicate that crastalmagma should be mixed with mantle-derived magma and the mantle-derived magmadecreased subsequently. Tonalite has features of I-type granite, magaporphyriticmonzogranite is transition type, and monzogranite bearing-phenocryst is S-typegranite. The characteristic of granitoids from Anduo Block suggest that the formingtectonic setting is active continental margin.Reliable zircon U-Pb SHRIMP ages are obtained in the study area firstly. Plagiogranite from the Anduo ophiolite of the Bangonghu-Nujiang suture is 175.1 Ma, and granitoids from Anduo Block is 172.6-185.4 Ma. Additionally, plagioclase from the plagiogranite dates a 40Ar/39Ar age of 144 Ma, while biotite and hornblend from granitoids of Anduo Block give a 163-165 Ma.Similar cooling ages of plagiogranite from the Anduo ophiolitic melange and granitoids from Anduo Block and the spatial distribution of the ophiolitic rocks between Anduo, Naqu, and Shainzha area suggest that bilateral subduction of the Bangonghu-Nujiang oceanic basin took place in the early-middle Jurassic. During this subduction, Anduo ophiolitic rocks were related to north subduction of the Bangonghu-Nujiang oceanic basin and Anduo back-arc basin spreading, while granitoids from Anduo Block were related to south subduction.

新疆阿尔泰可可托海3号伟晶岩脉磷灰石矿物中稀土元素“四分组效应”及其意义

新疆阿尔泰可可托海3号伟晶岩脉磷灰石矿物中稀土元素（REE）和其他微量元素的ICP－MS分析结果表明，Y／Ho,Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta明显偏离球粒陨石中对应的比值，并存在显著的REE“四分组效应”，REE“四分组效应”量化特征参数TE3，4主要与Y／Ho,Nb/Ta分异程度有关，与δEu负异常演化程度相一致，锰铝榴石也呈现REE“四分组效应”和Y／Ho,Nb/Ta显著分异，指示REE“四分组效应”是形成伟晶岩熔体的一个基本特征，并不是由富LREE矿物（如独居石）和富HREE矿物（如四榴子石）结晶引起的残余熔体REE含量的异常变化，其机制可能是富F，B和P的过铝质窝本与含水流体间相互作用，REE在流体相／熔体相的分配受温度，压力和流体相组成复合控制的综合结果。

喀斯特河流溶解态稀土元素组成变化及其控制因素

以化学萃取一反萃取分离法为手段，结合等离子质谱分析仪测量了喀斯特地区乌江、沅江两大水系的枯水期河流的溶解态稀土元素含量。该两河流的化学组成代表了流经碳酸盐岩地层的河水的化学组成。与世界其它地区低pH的河水不同，喀斯特地区河水溶解态稀土元素含量较低，页岩标准化配分模式并不平坦，轻、重稀土元素分异因河流的不同而不同，乌江水系上游轻稀土元素(LREE)相对重稀土元素(HREE)富集，中下游HREE相对于LREE富集，沅江水系河水HREE相对于LREE富集，页岩标准化配分模式具明显的Ce、Eu负异常。乌江、沅江及其支流有高的溶解盐，含有较高的溶质浓度，河水水化学(高碱度、高离子含量、高pH值)和水／粒相互作用控制了喀斯特河水中溶解态稀土元素的含量和轻、重稀土元素的分异。

赣中变质岩带变泥砂质岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

赣中变质岩带主要由变泥砂质岩石和少量斜长角闪岩组成。30个变泥砂质岩石样品分析表明，稀土元素分布模式显示明显富集轻稀土元素及Eu负异常[∑REE=129～296μg／g，δEu=0．51～0．86，(La／Yb)N=3．95～12．91，其小相容元素比值高(Th／Sc=0．57～3．59、La／Sc=1．46～12．4、La／Yb=5．84～19．0、La／Sm=4．69～6．87、Th／U=3．40～6．42)，大离子亲石元素富集，Zr、Hf、Sc、Ti、Y、HREE和Sr含量较低，其原岩应为一套砂泥质岩石，沉积于远离陆地的克拉通大陆架浅海环境；δBa=0．10～0．93，Nd同位素亏损地幔模式年龄tDM=1597～2525Ma，εNd(0)=-9．9～-15．8，其源区物质主体由占元占代富铝富钾的花岗质岩石和(或)碎屑沉积岩构成，经历了较强的化学风化作用。

低级变质岩在热液蚀变过程中的微量元素地球化学行为——以赣东北银山地区双桥山群为例

对江西银山地区双桥山群绢云母千枚岩及其原岩的稀土及微量元素的研究表明，热液蚀变过程中它们的地球化学行为十分复杂：热液蚀变作用并不使REE淋滤降低，反而导致ΣREE较其原岩普遍升高，但岩体接触带附近蚀变围岩的ΣREE则低于原岩。蚀变岩出现Eu亏损，ΣLREE／ΣHREE值降低。定量计算显示，ΣREE总升幅中有29～45％是由围岩质量迁移引起的表观浓缩效应，而另外的55～91％则是流体带入了REE；在绢云母千枚岩中绢云母可能是REE的主要寄主矿物相，REE主要以吸附作用的形式

银山矿床成矿作用微量元素地球化学研究

对银山矿床中矿石、岩体和矿体的蚀变围岩及其原岩的稀土及微量元素特征研究表明，热液蚀变作用导致蚀变岩的ΣREE普遍升高，而近岩体和矿体ΣREE则低于原岩。蚀变围岩出现Eu亏损，LREE／HREE值亦较原岩降低。定量计算表明，ΣREE总升幅中有31％以下是由围岩质量迁移引起的表观浓缩现象，而另外的69％以上的效应则因流体带入了REE所致。热液具有LREE/HREE值低、强Eu正异常的特征。热液的还原性质促使Eu3+还原为Eu2+而被活化迁出，导致围岩的Eu负异常扩大；Sr普遍地比

海南土壤中稀土元素含量及分布特征

对海南四种不同母质来源的土壤样品中的稀土元素含量及分布特征进行了研究,结果表明:除砂岩母质外,海南省其它母质的土壤中稀土元素总量都高于全国土壤、世界土壤和地壳中稀土元素的平均含量;各母质类型土壤中Eu 亏损明显。花岗岩上发育的土壤中稀土元素含量最高,总量达419. 42 mg/ kg。砂岩和花岗岩上发育的土壤中LREE 相对富集。LREE 和HREE 在不同母质来源的土壤剖面中的富集、迁移等地球化学行为不完全相同,这说明:土壤发育过程中,稀土元素的含量和分布不仅仅和成土过程、气候及其它地球化学因素有关,而且与母质也有重要的关系,母质往往制约着风化成土过程中稀土元素的地球化学行为。

巢湖、龙感湖水体中稀土元素的无机形态研究

运用MINTEQ 化学平衡软件对巢湖、龙感湖中溶解态稀土的形态进行模拟。模拟结果表明, 在巢湖和龙感湖中Ln (CO3) 2- , LnCO3+ 是溶解态稀土的最主要的存在形式, 当8 > pH > 7. 19 时, REE 主要以LnCO3+ 形式存在, 当pH > 8 时, REE 主要以Ln (CO3) 2- 形式存在, 并且ΣLn (CO3) n3 - 2 n ( n = 1 和2) 形态的稀土基本上占溶解态稀土总含量的93 %以上。Ln3 + 在巢湖和龙感湖水体中平均丰度为5. 03 % , Ln3 + 的丰度和pH 值成反相关关系。LnPO4 在湖水中平均丰度为1. 61 % , 但这种形式的稀土在巢湖和龙感湖中非常重要。巢湖和龙感湖中LREE 的LnPO4 均处于过饱和状态, 甚至巢湖西半湖区丰水期HREE 的LnPO4 的也都处于过饱和状态, PO43 - 对稀土的存在有很强的限制作用。LnSO4 , LnF2 + , LnOH2 + , LnCl2 + 等形态的各元素平均丰度均小于1 % , 在富营养化的淡水中通常可以忽略不计。

氢氧化铁胶体/水界面作用与地表水中稀土元素的分异—— pH控制机理的实验研究

实验研究了pH对REE水/粒界面配分行为的影响: 氢氧化铁胶体对REE的作用在胶体形成开始以吸附为主, 然后是解吸, 最后是吸附/解吸趋向平衡; 轻稀土元素(LREE)和重稀土元素(HREE)的吸附率不同, 后者大于前者. 随pH增加, LREE和HREE在氢氧化铁胶体/水之间产生分异, 其配分系数比值(DLREE/DHREE)降低; DREE的分布模式呈现Y的异常(DY/DHo<1)并在低pH条件下呈现明显的四重效应. 实验结果证明自然界中存在REE四重效应. 除pH外, 地表水的化学类型以及离子强度也是控制REE四重效应以及微粒吸附态REE和溶解态REE之间产生分异的重要因素.

水-岩反应与稀土元素行为

大量研究表明，水-岩反应过程中REE均表现为不同程度的活动性。富含各种络合剂的流体与岩石反应时可活化REE；水-岩反应过程中既可出现HREE优先活化，亦可出现LREE优先活化, 这取决于流体的化学成分、Eh、pH以及REE的寄主相及其赋存状态；水-岩反应过程中的可出现Eu的正异常、负异常或无异常，其主要影响因素是流体的氧化-还原状态；单矿物组合的REE行为受制于矿物的晶体化学性质，而多矿物组合则取决于体系的Eh、pH、水/岩值和络合剂浓度等，目前亟待开展实验工作有：：①流体的化学组成及其性质，尤其是各种络合剂的活度及其对REE的活动性的影响；② REE在热液矿物与流体相之间的分异机制及控制因素；③T、P、pH、Eh和水/岩比如何影响REE的活动性和分异行为。

PO3-4对巢湖溶解态稀土元素的影响研究

运用MINTEQ化学平衡软件研究了巢湖磷酸盐络和形式的稀土元素.结果表明,与一般淡水体系不同,在富营养化水体中磷酸根络合形式的稀土元素在湖水中占有非常重要的地位,平均含量为2.12%.从轻稀土LaPO4到重稀土LuPO4的含量逐渐增加,平均增加4.34倍.丰水期LnPO4的含量高于枯水期,丰水期LnPO4的百分含量平均是枯水期的4.35倍,湖泊的富营养化程度对溶解态稀土的地球化学行为有着很大的影响.巢湖所有样点LREE的LnPO4都处于过饱和状态,富营养化极其严重的西半湖区丰水期HREE的LnPO4的也处于过饱和状态,湖泊的富营养化状态对稀土的存在有很强的限制作用.