The effect of the cattle tick on growth rates and reproductive rates of Bos indicus cross heifers in north Queensland

Tick infestation occurs over 1.3 x 106 km2 in northern Australia. It has been difficult to estimate the economic effects of ticks due to a lack of information on their effects on growth and reproduction (Anon 1975). 12th Biennial Conference. February 1978. Melbourne, Victoria

Follicle stimulating hormone secretion and dominant follicle growth during treatment of Bos indicus heifers with intra-vaginal progesterone releasing devices, oestradiol benzoate, equine chorionic gonadotrophin and prostaglandin F-2 alpha

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion and dominant follicle (OF) growth, of treatment of Bos indicus heifers with different combinations of intra-vaginal progesterone releasing devices (IPRD), oestradiol benzoate (ODB), PGF(2 alpha), and eCG. Two-year-old Brahman (BN; n=30) and Brahman-cross (BNX; n=34) heifers were randomly allocated to three IPRD-treatments: (i) standard-dose IPRD [CM 1.56 g; 1.56 g progesterone (P-4); n = 17]; (ii) half-dose IPRD (CM 0.78 g; 0.78 g p(4); n=15); (iii) half-dose IPRD + 300 IU eCG at IPRD removal (CM 0.78 g+G; n=14); and, (iv) non-IPRD control (2 x PGF(2 alpha); n=18) 500 mu g cloprostenol on Days -16 and -2. IPRD-treated heifers received 250 mu g PGF(2 alpha) at IPRD insertion (Day 10) and IPRD removal (Day -2) and 1 mg ODB on Day -10 and Day -1. Follicular dynamics were monitored daily by trans-rectal ultrasonography from Day -10 to Day 1. Blood samples for determination of P-4 were collected daily and samples for FSH determination were collected at 12 h intervals from Day -9 to Day -2. A significant surge in concentrations of FSH was observed in the 2 x PGF(2 alpha), treatment 12 h prior and 48 h after follicular wave emergence, but not in the IPRD-treated heifers. Estimated mean concentrations of total plasma P-4 during the 8 days of IPRD insertion was greater (P<0.001) in the CM 1.56 g P-4 treated heifers compared to the CM 0.78 g P-4 treated heifers (18.38 ng/ml compared with 11.09 ng/ml, respectively). A treatment by genotype interaction (P=0.036) was observed in the mean plasma P4 concentration in heifers with no CL during IPRD insertion, whereby BN heifers in the CM 1.56 g treatment had greater plasma P-4 than the BNX heifers on Days-9, -7, -6, -5, and -4. However, there was no genotype effect in the CM 0.78 g +/- G or the 2 x PGF(2 alpha) treatment. Treatment had no effect on the DF growth from either day of wave emergence (P=0.378) or day of IPRD removal (P=0.780) to ovulation. This study demonstrates that FSH secretion in B. indicus heifers treated with a combination of IPRD's and ODB to synchronise ovulation was suppressed during the period of IPRD insertion but no significant effect on growth of the DF was observed. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of the impacts of spaying by either the dropped ovary technique or ovariectomy via flank laparotomy on the welfare of Bos indicus beef heifers and cows

The welfare outcomes for Bos indicus cattle (100 heifers and 50 cows) spayed by either the dropped ovary technique (DOT) or ovariectomy via flank laparotomy (FL) were compared with cattle subjected to physical restraint (PR), restraint by electroimmobilization in conjunction with PR (EIM), and PR and mock AI (MAI). Welfare assessment used measures of morbidity, mortality, BW change, and behavior and physiology indicative of pain and stress. One FL heifer died at d 5 from peritonitis. In the 8-h period postprocedures, plasma bound cortisol concentrations of FL, DOT, and EIM cows were not different and were greater (P < 0.05) than PR and MAI. Similarly, FL and DOT heifers had greater (P < 0.05) concentrations than PR and MAI, with EIM intermediate. Creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in FL and EIM heifers compared with the other treatments, with a similar pattern seen in the cows. Haptoglobin concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the FL heifers compared with other treatments in the 8- to 24-h and 24- to 96-h periods postprocedures, and in cows were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the FL and DOT compared with PR in the 24- to 96-h period. Behavioral responses complemented the physiological responses; standing head down was shown by more (P < 0.05) FL cows and heifers to 3 d postprocedures compared with other treatments, although there was no difference between FL and DOT heifers at the end of the day of procedures. At this same time, fewer (P < 0.05) FL and DOT heifers and cows were observed feeding compared with other treatments, although in cows there was no difference between FL, DOT, and EIM. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between treatments in BW changes. For both heifers and cows, FL and DOT spaying caused similar levels of acute pain, but FL had longer-lasting adverse impacts on welfare. Electroimmobilization during FL contributed to the pain and stress of the procedure. We conclude that: i) FL and DOT spaying should not be conducted without measures to manage the associated pain and stress; ii) DOT spaying is preferable to FL spaying; iii) spaying heifers is preferable to spaying cows; and iv) electroimmobilization causes pain and stress and should not be routinely used as a method of restraint.

Animal-Level Factors Affecting Ovarian Function in Bos indicus Heifers Treated to Synchronize Ovulation with Intravaginal Progesterone-Releasing Devices and Oestradiol Benzoate

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of animal-level factors including energy balance and environmental/management stress, on the ovarian function of Bos indicus heifers treated to synchronize ovulation. Two-year-old Brahman (BN) (n = 30) and BN-cross (n = 34) heifers were randomly allocated to three intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (IPRD) treatment groups: (i) standard-dose IPRD [Cue-Mate (R) (CM) 1.56 g; n = 17]; (ii) half-dose IPRD [0.78 g progesterone (P4); CM 0.78 g; n = 15]; (iii) half-dose IPRD + 300 IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin at IPRD removal (CM 0.78 g + G; n = 14); (iv) and a control group, 2x PGF2a [500 mu g prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a)] on Day -16 and -2 (n = 18). Intravaginal progesterone-releasing device-treated heifers received 250 mu g PGF2a at IPRD insertion (Day -10) and IPRD removal (Day -2) and 1 mg oestradiol benzoate on Day -10 and -1. Heifers were managed in a small feedlot and fed a defined ration. Ovarian function was evaluated by ultrasonography and plasma P4 throughout the synchronized and return cycles. Energy balance was evaluated using plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and glucose concentrations. The impact of environmental stressors was evaluated using plasma cortisol concentration. Heifers that had normal ovarian function had significantly higher IGF-I concentrations at commencement of the experiment (p = 0.008) and significantly higher plasma glucose concentrations at Day -2 (p = 0.040) and Day 4 (p = 0.043), than heifers with abnormal ovarian function. There was no difference between the mean pre-ovulatory cortisol concentrations of heifers that ovulated or did not ovulate. However, heifers that ovulated had higher cortisol concentrations at Day 4 (p = 0.056) and 6 (p = 0.026) after ovulation than heifers that did not ovulate.

Comparison of the pregnancy rates and costs per calf born after fixed-time artificial insemination or artificial insemination after estrus detection in Bos indicus heifers

This study compared pregnancy rates (PRs) and costs per calf born after fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) or AI after estrus detection (i.e., estrus detection and AI, EDAI), before and after a single PGF2α treatment in Bos indicus (Brahman-cross) heifers. On Day 0, the body weight, body condition score, and presence of a CL (46% of heifers) were determined. The heifers were then alternately allocated to one of two FTAI groups (FTAI-1, n = 139) and (FTAI-2, n = 141) and an EDAI group (n = 273). Heifers in the FTAI groups received an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (IPRD; 0.78 g of progesterone) and 1 mg of estradiol benzoate intramuscularly (im) on Day 0. Eight days later, the IPRD was removed and heifers received 500 μg of PGF2α and 300 IU of eCG im; 24 hours later, they received 1 mg estradiol benzoate im and were submitted to FTAI 30 to 34 hours later (54 and 58 hours after IPRD removal). Heifers in the FTAI-2 group started treatment 8 days after those in the FTAI-1 group. Heifers in the EDAI group were inseminated approximately 12 hours after the detection of estrus between Days 4 and 9 at which time the heifers that had not been detected in estrus received 500 μg of PGF2α im and EDAI continued until Day 13. Heifers in the FTAI groups had a higher overall PR (proportion pregnant as per the entire group) than the EDAI group (34.6% vs. 23.2%; P = 0.003), however, conception rate (PR of heifers submitted for AI) tended to favor the estrus detection group (34.6% vs. 44.1%; P = 0.059). The cost per AI calf born was estimated to be $267.67 and $291.37 for the FTAI and EDAI groups, respectively. It was concluded that in Brahman heifers typical of those annually mated in northern Australia FTAI compared with EDAI increases the number of heifers pregnant and reduces the cost per calf born.

A field investigation of a modified intravaginal progesterone releasing device and oestradiol benzoate based ovulation synchronisation protocol designed for fixed-time artificial insemination of Brahman heifers

Pregnancy rates (PR) to fixed-time AI (FTAI) in Brahman heifers were compared after treatment with a traditional oestradiol-based protocol (OPO-8) or a modified protocol (OPO-6) where the duration of intravaginal progesterone releasing device (IPRD) was reduced from 8 to 6 days, and the interval from IPRD removal to oestradiol benzoate (ODB) was increased from 24 to 36 h. Rising 2 yo heifers on Farm A: (n = 238 and n = 215; two consecutive days AI); B (n = 271); and C (n = 393) were allocated to OPO-8 or OPO-6. An IPRD was inserted and 1 mg ODB i.m. on Day 0 for OPO-8 heifers and Day 2 for OPO-6 heifers. On Day 8, the IPRD was removed and 500 μg cloprostenol i.m. At 24 h, for OPO-8 heifers, and 36 h, for OPO-6 heifers, post IPRD removal all heifers received 1 mg ODB i.m. FTAI was conducted at 54 and 72 h post IPRD removal for OPO-8 and OPO-6 heifers. At Farm A, OPO-6 heifers, AI on the second day, the PR was 52.4 to FTAI (P = 0.024) compared to 36.8 for OPO-8 heifers. However, no differences were found between OPO-8 and OPO-6 protocols at Farm A (first day of AI) (39.9 vs. 35.7), or Farms B (26.2 vs. 35.4) and C (43.2 vs. 40.3). Presence of a corpus luteum at IPRD insertion affected PR to FTAI (43.9 vs. 28.8; P < 0.001). This study has shown that the modified ovulation synchronisation protocol OPO-6 may be a viable alternative to the OPO-8 protocol for FTAI in B. indicus heifers.

Preliminary investigation of some physiological responses of Bos indicus heifers to surgical spaying

Objective To determine the value of peripheral blood concentrations of cortisol, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and haptoglobin as indicators of welfare in Brahman heifers spayed by either the Willis dropped ovary technique (WDOT) or the flank laparotomy method. Design A total of 24, 2-year-old Brahman heifers were allocated to: crush (head-bail) restraint alone (Control, n = 5); crush restraint and ear-punch (Ear-punch, n = 5); crush restraint, WDOT spay and ear-punch (WDOT, n = 9); or crush restraint, elecrtoimmobilisation, flank spay and ear-punch (Flank; n = 5). Cattle were blood sampled frequently to 8 h, and then daily to day 4 and were monitored to 42 days post-procedure. Peripheral blood concentrations of bound and unbound cortisol, CPK, AST, NEFAs and haptoglobin were determined. Results Concentrations of plasma bound cortisol peaked in the spayed heifers 3-4 h post-procedure; values in the Flank (1603 nmol/L) and WDOT (1290 nmol/L) groups were similar and significantly greater (P < 0.05) than in the Controls (519 nmol/L). Flank heifers had elevated plasma haptoglobin levels to day 4 postprocedure. Liveweights were significantly lower in the spayed compared with the Control heifers at 21 and 42 days post-procedure, with liveweight gains also significantly reduced at day 21. Conclusions Bound cortisol responses in spayed heifers were elevated to 6 h post-procedure and similar in WDOT- and flank-spayed animals, indicating comparable levels of pain and stress. An inflammatory response, indicated by haptoglobin concentrations, was sustained for longer in Flank than in WDOT spayed heifers, suggesting longer-lasting adverse effects on welfare from flank spaying than WDOT spaying. © 2011 The State of Queensland (Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation). Australian Veterinary Journal © 2011 Australian Veterinary Association.

Evaluación productiva y reproductiva de la raza holstein friesian canadiense bajo explotación intensiva en el trópico seco de Nicaragua

El presente trabajo se realizó en base a los registros productivos y reproductivos del hato Holstein. Friesian Canadiense existente en el distrito tres de la Empresa Genética "Roberto Alvarado" (Chiltepe); ubicada en el Departamento de Managua, Nicaragua, a una latitud 12º 14' y una longitud de 86º 25' y a una elevación promedio de 49 msnm, con una temperatura promedio anual de 28.43°C, humedad relativa promedio anual 68.38% y una precipitación promedio anual de 87.72 mm. distribuida en dos épocas: Época lluviosa (Mayo - Octubre ) y época seca (Noviembre - Abril). A partir de la información proporcionada se evaluó el efecto de distintos factores ambientales : número de partos (NUMPA), época de parto (EPOCA) y año de parto (AP); sobre las variables productivas y reproductivas: producción de leche total (PLT), duración de la lactancia (DL), producción de leche diaria (PLD), intervalo entre partos (IEP) y producción de leche por día de intervalo entre partos (PLDIEP), las cuales resultaron todas altamente significativas (P < 0.01), considerando para la variable PLT el efecto de la covariable DL con Numpa. También se caracterizó el comportamiento productivo y reproductivo del hato, basado en el cálculo de los promedios de mínimos cuadrados de las características productivas y reproductivas en los diferentes niveles de cada uno de los factores estudiados, resultando promedios generales de: PLT 3,207.53 ± 54.37 Kg., DL 321.98 ± 3.89 días, PLD 10.67 ± 0.17 Kg., IEP 468;63 ± 4.29 días y PLDIEP 7.51 ± 0.14 Kg. Además se estimaron las correlaciones lineales fenotípicas entre las variables y los factores NUMPA y EPAR , resultando entre ellos los valores más altos para: EPAR -NUMPA (r= + 0.96), DL - IEP (r= + 0.80), PLD - PLDIEP (r= + 0.80), PLT - PLDIEP (r= + 0.76) y valores absolutos para r más bajos entre NUMPA - PLDIEP (r= + 0.18), NUMPA - PLT (r= -0.19), NUMPA - PLD (r= + 0.23) y EPAR - PLT (r= - 0.21).

Influencia de humedad y temperatura sobre la fertilidad de vacas holstein, en la Península de Chiltepe

Se analizó los resultados de 2,419 inseminaciones al primer servicio (782 en vaquillas y 1,637 en vacas) realizadas en la Empresa Genética Roberto Alvarado (EGRA), ubicada en la península de Chiltepe (km 24 carretera a León), durante los años 1987 y 1988. Estos resultados fueron cotejados con los datos de humedad y temperatura ambiente del día de su realización provenientes de la estación meteorológica Agusto Cesar Sandino, ubicada en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Managua. Se estudió la influencia de cuatro variables de temperatura, lo mismo que de humedad relativa: Máxima diaria, mínima diaria, promedio diario y promedio diurno. Además se estudió la combinación de temperatura y humedad: Máxima diaria con máxima diaria, mínima diaria con mínima diaria, etc. Se encontró que la fertilidad de las vaquillas parece no ser influenciada por ninguna de las variables estudiadas, a excepción de HMX Humedad Relativa Máxima del día de inseminación) cuya influencia parece ser muy débil. De acuerdo con las Pruebas de Independencia de Chi cuadrado las variables más relacionadas con la fertilidad de las vacas son HDA (Humedad Relativa Promedio del día de inseminación) y HMX. Las variables de temperatura ambiental más relacionadas con la fertilidad de las vacas son TDA (Temperatura Promedio del día de inseminación) y TDU (Temperatura Promedio diurna del día de inseminación). Un incremento de TDA o TDU parece afectar positivamente la fertilidad de las vacas con valores de TDA 24 – 29°c se obtuvieron tasas de concepción entre 34 y 35% y con valores de TDA de 29- 31.5°c se obtuvo una tasa de concepción del 47%. Todas las variables de humedad relativa parecen afectar negativamente la fertilidad de las vacas: la tasa de concepción bajó de un 46.6% con valores de HDA de 48 – 65% a un 29.7% con valores de HDA de 80 – 96%. Al estudiar el efecto combinada de temperatura y humedad se muestra una tendencia de la tasas de concepción a disminuir conforme la humedad relativa aumenta y a incrementarse 1igeramente conforme aumenta 1a temperatura, aun cuando esta última tendencia puede variar según el nivel de humedad presente. Los valores medios de temperatura combinados con valores medios y altos de humedad resultan muy adversos a la fertilidad de las vacas. La Humedad Relativa parece ser el principal factor responsable de la caída en las tasas de concepción durante algunos meses del año.

Evaluación de tres tipos de dietas (calostro: leche) en terneras holstein friesian bajo crianza artificial

El presente trabajo se realizó en la Empresa Genética Roberto Alvarado (Chiltepe), ubicada en la península de Chiltepe, en el departamento de Managua, con el objetivo de establecer la mejor forma de suministrar dietas liquidas, establecer la asociación entre los niveles de calostro con los comportamientos productivos de terneras bajo crianza artificial. Se emplearon 18 terneras de raza Holstein F., con un promedio de 40 Kg+- 8 kg de peso vivo, las que fueron distribuidas aleatoriamente en tres grupos asignándoles los siguientes tratamientos: T15 litros de leche entera/día (testigo) ; T2: 5 Litros de mezcla de calostro y leche/día (20:80) y T3: 5 Litros de mezcla de calostro y leche/día (40:60). Adicionalmente todos los tratamientos recibieron "adibitum", alimento solido a base de forraje Taiwán picado, heno de pasto estrella, agua y concentrado iniciador. El manejo de las terneras se realizó de manera similar a la utilizada en los centros de crianza de las empresas. Se efectuaron pasajes semanales individuales y se registró el consumo de concentrado. Se realizó análisis bromatológico de las dietas liquidas según metodología A.O.A.C. (1984), así como un análisis económico de las mismas. Al realizar ANDEVA para la variable GMD28, GMD49 y GMD70, se encontró para la primera que no existen diferencias (P<0.05) y para la dos últimas si existen diferencias significativas (P<0.05). El ANDECOVA (mínimo cuadrado realizado para la variable P28, utilizando la covariable PI mostró que no existen diferencias entre las dietas, y diferencias significativas (P<0.05) para la covariable. Para la variable Cons28, utilizando como variable el PI, se encontró diferencias significativas entre las dietas y no significativas para la variable concomitante. Al analizar la variable P49 usando como variable concomitante el P28, mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P<0.05) tanto para las dietas como para la covariable. Para la variable P70, utilizando como covariable P49, se encontró que existen diferencias significativas para las dietas suministradas así como para la variable concomitante. Posteriormente al realizar prueba de separación de medidas con rangos múltiples utilizando test de Duncan, para las variables GMD14, GMD28, GMD49 y GMD70 se encontró el siguiente orden de mérito para las dietas: Calostro: Leche (40:60) a; Calostro: Leche (20:80)a, y Calostro: Leche (0:100) b. El análisis económico mostro que las dietas T3 y T2 tiene costos notablemente inferiores en relación al costo del T1. Estos análisis conllevan a establecer un orden decreciente del efecto de las dietas liquidas sobre la GMD y el PF según el siguiente esquema: T3 (40:60)>T2 (20:80)>T1 (0.100). Encontrando que la dieta más efectiva es la del T3.

Caracterización de la curva de lactancia y el comportamiento reproductivo de vaquillas Holstein bajo implementación de medidas de manejo en el período pre-parto

Con el objetivo de caracterizar la curva de lactancia y evaluar el comportamiento reproductivo se analizaron los registros mensuales (N=10) de vaquillas Holstein bajo la implementación y falta de implementación de medidas de manejo pre-parto en la Empresa Agropecuaria “San Ignacio” Mateare, Nicaragua. Para caracterizar la curva de lactancia, se utilizó el modelo de Wood (1967) de forma linealizada Ln Yx = Lna + b Lnx - ex , donde Yx es la producción diaria en el período x, a representa la producción inicial, b el ascenso al pico, c el descenso de producción, a partir del mismo se generaron la Persistencia (S), Rendimiento al pico (RP), Tiempo al pico (TP), también se evaluó el Intervalo parto - concepción (IPC) y el Número de servicios por concepción (NSPC) . Al presentar problemas reproductivos la proporción de curvas atípicas encontradas en este Trabajo fue de 40%. Al analizar la curva de lactancia del grupo experimental se observa un a= 11.00212 kg, b = 0.083528 kg, e = 0.00407148 kg, RP = 12.790 kg, TP = 29.54 días, S = 6.126. El grupo testigo presenta un a = 6.4384 kg, b = 0.193048 kg, e = 0.00466974 kg, RP = 9.49 kg, TP = 34.32 días, S = 6.421. En el análisis de varianza se encontró que el RP tiene diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos a un nivel de significancia (P<0.05). Los parámetros reproductivos IPC y NSPC para el grupo experimental fueron de 243.6 días y 3 servicios respectivamente, el grupo testigo presentó un IPC = 221.8 días y NSPC = 3.6 servicios .