Outgoing longwave radiation due to directly transmitted surface emission

A frequently used diagram summarizing the annual- and global-mean energy budget of the earth and atmosphere indicates that the irradiance reaching the top of the atmosphere from the surface, through the midinfrared atmospheric window, is 40 W m−2; this can be compared to the total outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) of about 235 W m−2. The value of 40 W m−2 was estimated in an ad hoc manner. A more detailed calculation of this component, termed here the surface transmitted irradiance (STI), is presented, using a line-by-line radiation code and 3D climatologies of temperature, humidity, cloudiness, etc. No assumption is made as to the wavelengths at which radiation from the surface can reach the top of the atmosphere. The role of the water vapor continuum is highlighted. In clear skies, if the continuum is excluded, the global- and annual-mean STI is calculated to be about 100 W m−2 with a broad maximum throughout the tropics and subtropics. When the continuum is included, the clear-sky STI is reduced to 66 W m−2, with a distinctly different geographic distribution, with a minimum in the tropics and local peaks over subtropical deserts. The inclusion of clouds reduces the STI to about 22 W m−2. The actual value is likely somewhat smaller due to processes neglected here, and an STI value of 20 W m−2 (with an estimated uncertainty of about ±20%) is suggested to be much more realistic than the previous estimate of 40 W m−2. This indicates that less than one-tenth of the OLR originates directly from the surface.

Les trésors des vaincues, roman de moeurs exotiques,

At Head of title: Scènes de la vie au Paraguay.

Jornadas de agonía : novela.

Mode of access: Internet.

La civilizacion derroca la tirania /

Reprinted from "Nacion Argentina" Buenos Aires, Febrero 19 de 1865.

Estatutos y reglamento del Centro de Guerreros del Paraguay.

Mode of access: Internet.

Curupayty, homenaje a la memoria del teniente general Bartolomé Mitre en el primer centenario de su nacimiento.

"Obras del autor": p. [229]-230.

Report of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, on the Memorial of Porter C. Bliss and George F. Masterman, in relation to their imprisonment in Paraguay.

Running title: Paraguayan investigation.

La Guerre du Paraguay.

Mode of access: Internet.

Miscellaneous works.

1. The harmony of interest. Letters on international copyright, ed. 2. Money. Letters to the President, on the foreign and domestic policy of the union. Financial crises: their causes and effects. --2. Letters to Schuyler Colfax on the paper, the iron, the farmer's, the railroad and the currency questions. The public debt, local and national. Contraction or expansion? Repudiation or resumption? British free trade. Review of the decade 1857-67. Reconstruction: industrial, financial and political. The finance minister, the currency, and the public debt. Shall we have peace?: Letters to the President elect of the U.S. Review of the report of D. A. Wells. Resumption. Review of the farmer's question. Wealth: of what does it consist? International copyright question considered. Memoir of Stephen Colwell.

Memoria sobre el estado del Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza de Salamanca : que en la solemne apertura de los estudios /

Leida por: Salustiano Ruiz, director (1859-1864), Manuel Caballero, vicedirector y posteriormente director (1865, 1870, 1877), Justo de la Riva Otero, director (1867), Lucas Cuesta y Herrero, secretario (1872-1877), Angel Gonzalo y Goya, secretario (1878-1882) y Mariano Reymundo Arroyo, secretario (1891-1896)

Siete años de aventuras en el Paraguay /

Includes bibliographical references and index

The history of Paraguay,

Mode of access: Internet.

The ballads of Scotland,

Mode of access: Internet.