Relato integrado: utopia ou realidade

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças

El rol de las redes de apoyo transnacional en la evolución del régimen de trata de personas en la región del mekong, 2004-2015

Con el fin de la unipolaridad no sólo se fortalecieron mecanismos de gobernanza global como los Regímenes Internacionales, sino también se fortalecieron actores no estatales. A pesar de la importancia que tomaron estos dos elementos aún no existe una teoría que explique exhaustivamente la relación que existe entre ellos. Es por lo anterior que, la investigación busca responder de qué manera el rol de las Redes de Apoyo Transnacional ha incidido en la evolución del régimen de tráfico de personas en la Región del Mekong. Asimismo tiene como objetivo comprender las relación entre el Régimen y las Redes de Apoyo Transnacional a través de la formulación de un caso de estudio basado en metodologías cualitativas, específicamente, en el análisis teórico-constructivista y el análisis de contenido de documentos producidos por actores estatales y no estatales.

Retos en la implementación de las normas internacionales al interior de los estados. estudio de caso: la región del Mekong y el protocolo de Palermo contra la trata de personas. (2007-2014)

El presente estudio de caso tiene como principal objetivo el de analizar la manera como las características sociopolíticas de los Estados del Mekong, específicamente en el caso de Camboya y Myanmar, dificultan la implementación de las normas enunciadas en el Protocolo de las Naciones Unidas para Prevenir, Reprimir y Sancionar la Trata de Personas, Especialmente Mujeres y Niños, también conocido como el Protocolo de Palermo. En este sentido, se parte de las características principales del Protocolo y de la manera como el tráfico de personas se presenta en el Mekong para posteriormente analizar la forma como la corrupción, la impunidad y la desigualdad de género representan retos sociopolíticos que obstruyen la implementación de los mandatos internacionales enmarcados en este instrumento

Papel de la comunidad internacional en la resocialización de niños soldados desvinculados del ejército de resistencia del señor en Uganda (2002-2013)

El objetivo de esta investigación diagnóstica es evaluar las acciones de la Comunidad Internacional en materia de resocialización de niños soldados desvinculados del Ejército de Resistencia del Señor (ERS) en Uganda durante el periodo de 2002 a 2013. Para ello, se hace un análisis de las causas de la existencia de niños soldados, donde se tiene en cuenta la evolución del concepto de la infancia y las particularidades que éste representa en el contexto africano. Así mismo, son analizados los alcances y limitaciones del modelo de asistencia humanitaria para la protección de la niñez enfatizando en los procesos de resocialización brindados a los niños desvinculados del ERS. Esto con el fin de evidenciar las limitaciones de la actuación de la Comunidad Internacional, y brindar una serie de recomendaciones para la implementación de programas de resocialización enfocados en la infancia.

Environmental reporting and its relation to corporate environmental performance

This study examines how both the level and the nature of environmental information voluntarily disclosed by Australian firms relate to their underlying environmental performance. Disclosure is scored using an index developed by Clarkson et al. (2008) based on Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Guidelines and the environmental performance measure is based on emission data available from the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI). The sample consists of 51 firms that reported to the NPI in both 2002 and 2006. The findings are as follows. First, descriptive statistics indicate that while there was modest improvement in disclosure between 2002 and 2006, the highest disclosure score obtained was just slightly in excess of 50% of the maximum available based on the GRI Guidelines. Second, the results consistently indicate that not only do firms with a higher pollution propensity disclose more environmental information; they also rely on disclosures that the GRI views as inherently more objective and verifiable. Taken together, these results suggest that concerns regarding the reliability of voluntary environmental disclosures in the Australian context remain valid and thereby potentially signal a need for both enhanced mandatory reporting requirements and improved enforcement. In this regard, our study also informs regulatory policy on mandatory disclosures of environmental performance.

Telomere length in circulating leukocytes is associated with lung function and disease

Several clinical studies suggest the involvement of premature ageing processes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Using an epidemiological approach, we studied whether accelerated ageing indicated by telomere length, a marker of biological age, is associated with COPD and asthma, and whether intrinsic age-related processes contribute to the interindividual variability of lung function. Our meta-analysis of 14 studies included 934 COPD cases with 15 846 controls defined according to the Global Lungs Initiative (GLI) criteria (or 1189 COPD cases according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria), 2834 asthma cases with 28 195 controls, and spirometric parameters (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC) of 12 595 individuals. Associations with telomere length were tested by linear regression, adjusting for age, sex and smoking status. We observed negative associations between telomere length and asthma (β= −0.0452, p=0.024) as well as COPD (β= −0.0982, p=0.001), with associations being stronger and more significant when using GLI criteria than those of GOLD. In both diseases, effects were stronger in females than males. The investigation of spirometric indices showed positive associations between telomere length and FEV1 (p=1.07×10−7), FVC (p=2.07×10−5), and FEV1/FVC (p=5.27×10−3). The effect was somewhat weaker in apparently healthy subjects than in COPD or asthma patients. Our results provide indirect evidence for the hypothesis that cellular senescence may contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD and asthma, and that lung function may reflect biological ageing primarily due to intrinsic processes, which are likely to be aggravated in lung diseases.

Does the GRI influence sustainability disclosures in Asia-Pacific banks?

This article examines sustainability disclosures by the major banks in the Asia-Pacific region (the six largest banks from each of four countries: Australia, Japan, China and India) during the period 2005 to 2012. The findings show sustainability disclosures by banks that participate in the global reporting initiative (GRI) are significantly higher than disclosures by those banks that have not participated in the GRI. Amongst those banks that have participated in the GRI there is is a higher rate of disclosure by externally assured banks than by non-externally assured banks. Among the GRI

CSR in forest industry – Case study of reporting and implementation of social responsibility in three international companies

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly important topic in forest industries, and other global companies, in recent years. Globalisation, faster information delivery and demand for sustainable development have set new challenges for global companies in their business operations. Also the importance of stakeholder relations, and pressure to become more transparent has increased in the forest industries. Three dimensions of corporate responsibility economic, environmental and social, are often included in the concept of CSR. Global companies mostly claim that these dimensions are equally important. This study analyses CSR in forest industry and has focus on reporting and implementation of social responsibility in three international companies. These case-companies are Stora Enso, SCA and Sappi, and they have different geographical base, product portfolios and therefore present interesting differences about forest industry strategy and CSR. Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has created the most known and used reporting framework in CSR reporting. GRI Guidelines have made CSR reporting a uniform function, which can also be measured between companies and different sectors. GRI Guidelines have also made it possible to record and control CSR data in the companies. In recent years the use of GRI Guidelines has increased substantially. Typically CSR reporting on economic and environmental responsibility have been systematic in the global companies and often driven by legistlation and other regulations. However the social responsibility has been less regulated and more difficult to compare. Therefore it has previously been often less focused in the CSR reporting of the global companies. The implementation and use of GRI Guidelines have also increased dialogue on social responsibility issues and stakeholder management in global companies. This study analyses the use of GRI´s framework in the forest industry companies´ CSR reporting. This is a qualitative study and the disclosure of data is empricially analysed using content analysis. Content analysis has been selected as a method for this study because it makes it possible to use different sources of information. The data of this study consists of existing academic literature of CSR, sustainability reports of thecase-companies during 2005-2009, and the semi-structured interviews with company representatives. Different sources provide the possibility to look at specific subject from more than one viewpoint. The results of the study show that all case-companies have relatively common themes in their CSR disclosure, and the differences rise mainly from their product-portfolios, and geographic base. Social impacts to local communities, in the CSR of the companies, were mainly dominated by issues concerning creating wealth to the society and impacting communities through creation of work. The comparability of the CSR reporting, and especially social indicators increased significally from 2007 onwards in all case-companies. Even though the companies claim that three dimensions of CSR economic, environmental and social are equally important economic issues and profit improvement still seem to drive most of the operations in the global companies. Many issues that are covered by laws and regulations are still essentially presented as social responsibility in CSR. However often the unwelcome issues in companies like closing operations are covered just briefly, and without adequate explanation. To make social responsibility equally important in the CSR it would demand more emphasis from all the case-companies. A lot of emphasis should be put especially on the detail and extensiveness of the social reponsibility content in the CSR.

Enpresen gizarte erantzukizuna eta honen komunikazioa: Espainiako herrialdean GRI txostenen erabilpenaren azterketa

[EU] Lan honen jorrapenarekin enpresen erantzukizun sozialaren definizioa finkatzeaz gain, honi lotutako funtseko hainbat puntu argitzea izan da nire nahia. Gizarte erantzukizun honen aplikazioak enpresengan ez du beti garrantzi berdina izan, horregatik izandako eboluzioaren jarraipena burutu da, historian zehar jasandako etapa desberdinak antzemanez. Eboluzio iraunkor horren errudunaren bila ere aritu naiz, maila internazionalean hedapen maila handiena izan duten ekimenen garapena ikertuz; horien artean: Munduko Ituna, ISO eta “Global Reporting Initiative” (GRI). Ikerketan gizarte erantzukizun mundu honetan komunikazioak izan duen garrantzia ikusi da eta hau dela medio, GRI erakundeak argitaratutako giden azterketa egitea ere ezinbestekoa izan da. Ekimen honen lanketan Espainia gainerako herrialdeengandik bereizten dela nabarituz, eragin esanguratsu hori sorrarazi duten arrazoien bila ere aritu naiz lanean zehar. Horretarako lehenbizi Espainiako enpresen erantzukizunaren garapena aztertu da; alde praktikoari dagokionez, ordea, herrialde horretan zerbitzuen sektorean diharduten bi enpresek argitaratutako jasangarritasun txostena eredu moduan hartuz bien arteko konparaketa bat eraman da aurrera. Lanari amaiera emateko aurrez aipatutako ikerkuntza guztietatik ateratako ondorio orokorren aipamena egiten da, kalitatezko gizarte erantzukizunaren garapenerako beharrezkoa dena azpimarratuz.

Social economy and economic crisis in the basque country abstract

This article examines the socio-economic evolution of the social economy sector in the Basque Country during the 2008-2014 period of economic crisis. Data have been obtained within a framework of collaboration between university, Basque Government and private sector of the social economy. The results suggest that such entities have evolved better, both in terms of number of enterprises and employment, than the general economy of the Basque Country, while the context of public policies aimed at social economy has worsened over the years. However, in economic terms (measured through the Gross Value Added generated), they have not been able to cope with the crisis in equal conditions to the general economy. The main contribution of this research lies in that, unlike similar studies, it discusses the evolution of the whole sector of the social economy, taking as reference a broad period of the current economic crisis.

Die Prozesskostenrechnung zum Kosten- und Leistungsmanagement der Herbarbeleg-Digitalisierung

Die Prozesskostenrechnung untersucht die Verteilung der Vollkosten auf die bei der Herbarbeleg-Digitalisierung anfallenden Tätigkeiten (hier exemplarisch in 2010). Außerdem stellt dieses Modell ein Instrument zum Monitoring neu eingesetzter Produkt- und Prozessinnovationen dar. Die Tätigkeiten sind in Projektkostenstellen abgegrenzt, um z. B. nach Einzel- und Gemeinkosten zu unterscheiden. Der Fokus liegt auf der Methodenentwicklung. Die Führungsaufgaben und unterstützenden Tätigkeiten sind in Bezug auf die Leistungsmenge neutral. Ihre Kosten werden auf leistungsmengeninduzierende Kerntätigkeiten umgelegt, die in sieben Phasenbereiche konsolidiert wurden. Für die untersuchten Projekte „Willdenow“ und „Global Plant Initiative“ ergaben sich jeweils Leistungs- und Kostenkennzahlen für die einzelnen Phasenbereiche. Entwicklungsbedarf des Modells besteht u. a. bei der Validität der Kostenträger, Zeichenerfassung, Kosten ehrenamtlicher Tätigkeiten, Reduktion der Komplexität und sonstiger Störungen. Die Prozesskostenrechnung ist als ein weiterführendes Instrument der Vollkostenrechnung entwickelt worden und kann auch als Deckungsbeitragsrechnung betrieben werden. Mit den Ergebnissen wird keine Kontrolle der Aufgabenwahrnehmung einzelner Mitarbeiter verfolgt.

Sustentabilidade empresarial e sua contabilidade: relatórios divulgados em Portugal, via internet

O tema da Sustentabilidade Empresarial aqui analisado, está relacionado com as respectivas práticas contabilísticas e inerentes DF - Demonstrações Financeiras divulgadas pelas empresas. A nossa motivação por esta temática resulta de sentirmos uma crescente insatisfação, manifestada por diferentes utilizadores, porque a informação contida nas DF, em modelo tradicional, é considerada muito insuficientes face às novas e crescentes necessidades sociais. Então, o objectivo principal desta nossa investigação é recolher reflexões associadas ao tema, identificar as carências informativas dominantes e possíveis soluções de melhoria. Pela revisão da literatura específica confirmamos a existência de crescentes preocupações internacionais no âmbito desta insuficiência informativa, manifestadas por académicos e profissionais de diferentes origens. O relato do desempenho empresarial tende para utilizar informação mais qualificada com rigor, abrangência e fiabilidade. Tudo isso exige maior participação da contabilidade. É imperioso que as actuais DF sejam melhoradas e na falta de normativos específicos a solução proposta, actualmente mais dominante, é da GRI-Global Reporting Initiative. Esse relato, aplicável de modo voluntário, é designado pela GRI como Relatório de Sustentabilidade o qual tende a ser divulgado, cada vez, mais, por diferentes empresas nacionais e internacionais. Procuramos saber a situação actual desses Relatórios em Portugal, pela sua divulgação via Internet. Das 83 empresas seleccionadas concluímos: 22% das mesmas já o aplicam e em modelos que se aproximam das orientações da CRI; 50% das mesmas divulgam alguns conteúdos associados ao tema mas predomina a dispersão informativa e a forma descritiva, portanto não quantificada; os restantes 28% não divulgam qualquer informação deste âmbito; os valores e indicadores de desempenho constantes dos conteúdos relatados e com base contabilística são muito reduzidos; só alguns relatórios incluem certificação por empresas especializadas; destacamos as empresas do sector financeiro com melhores relatórios, atendendo à diversidade, fundamentação e extensão de conteúdos informativos divulgados. As empresas seleccionadas não constituem uma amostra significativa de todo o universo empresarial instalado em Portugal. Então, as nossas conclusões sobre elas não poderão ser extensivas a todo esse universo mas poderão representar as melhores práticas existentes em Portugal porque essas empresas são aderentes do fórum BCSD Portugal-Conselho Empresarial para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável e das orientações da GRI. Não obstante as limitações encontradas parece-nos que este trabalho poderá propiciar um contributo válido para académicos investiga-dores desta temática e profissionais que partilhem destas novas necessidades de informação empresarial.

Conceiving modern engineers within the framework of the sustainability action plan (PASUS) of ISEP: sustainability matters!

Engineering education practices have evolved not only due to the natural changes in the contents of the curricula and skills but also, and more recently, due to the requirements imposed by the Bologna revision process. In addition, industry is becoming more demanding, as society is becoming more and more aware of the global needs and consequences of industrial practices. Under this scope, higher education needs not only to follow but also to lead these trends. Therefore, the School of Engineering of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ISEP), a Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) training partner in Portugal, prepared and presented its Sustainability Action Plan (PASUS), with the main objective of creating a new kind of engineers, with Sustainable Development at the core of their graduation and MsC degrees. In this paper, the main strategies and activities of the referred plan along with the strategic approach, which guided its development and implementation, will be presented in detail. Additionally, a reflection about the above mentioned bridge between concept and application will be established and justified, in the framework of the action plan. Although in most of the situations, there was no prior discussion or specific request, many of the graduation and post-graduation programmes offered by ISEP already include courses that attend to PASUS philosophy. As a consequence, the number of Master thesis, Graduation projects and R&D projects that address sustainability problems has grown substantially, a proof that for ISEP community, sustainability really matters!

Porto Polytechnical Engineering School sustainable development action plan

Porto Polytechnical Engineering School (ISEP), a Global Reporting Initiative training partner in Portugal, has just presented its Sustainable Development Action Plan (PASUS), which main objective is the formation of a new kind of engineers, with a Sustainable Development (SD) philosophy in the core of their academic curricula courses.

Avaliação e comunicação da sustentabilidade no sector portuário: utilização de indicadores e relatórios de desempenho

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil Gestão e Sistemas Ambientais