Potencial in vitro de rizobactérias para o controle de nematóides-chave da cana-de-açúcar, dinâmica populacional e manejo de Pratylenchus zeae

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Agressividade comparada de Pratylenchus brachyurus com P. zeae e eficácia de métodos de controle de nematoides em cana-de-açúcar

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Aggressiveness of pratylenchus brachyurus to sugarcane, compared with key nematode p. zeae

Pratylenchus zeae, Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita are considered key species of nematodes in sugarcane in Brazil, but P. brachyurus is also frequently found. This study was conducted to determine the aggressiveness of P. brachyurus compared with P. zeae to sugarcane. Plants were grown in pots (100 L) in an open area with initial inoculation of 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000 and 100,000/plant for P. brachyurus and P. zeae. The nematode inocula were from in vitro, carrot-cylinder cultures. Sampling was performed every 60 days until 300 days after inoculation. At harvest, we evaluated the population dynamics of the nematodes and plant growth characteristics. The population for the initial levels of 10 and 100,000 specimens/plant, for P. brachyurus and P. zeae at 300 days after inoculation were similar. This fact shows that, upon detection of nematodes in a certain place during the planting of sugarcane, the ratoon on this area should be treated so as to control populations of P. brachyurus and/or P. zeae. The damage caused by the initial population of 10 specimens of P. brachyurus was similar to those of 10.000 specimens of P. zeae. The variety CTC 2 was classified as susceptible to P. zeae and intolerant to P. brachyurus. Compared to the control, the losses as measured by the volume and fresh weight of shoots by the nematode species were 29.82% and 40.34%, respectively. Pratylenchus brachyurus was more aggressive than P. zeae to the CTC 2 sugarcane variety.

Comparison of lipase production on crambe oil and meal by Fusarium sp (Gibberella fujikuroi complex)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Chicken fat and inorganic nitrogen source for lipase production by Fusarium sp. (Gibberella fujikuroi complex)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Structure Variation And Dynamics of the Nuclear Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Region in Key Gibberella Fujikuroi Complex Species

The intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the ribosomal DNA was cloned and sequenced in eight species within the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex with anamorphs in the genus Fusarium , a group that includes the most relevant toxigenic species. DNA sequence analyses revealed two categories of repeated elements: long repeats and short repeats of 125 and 8 bp, respectively. Long repeats were present in two copies and were conserved in all the species analyzed, whereas different numbers of short repeat elements were observed, leading to species-specific IGS sequences with different length. In Fusarium subglutinans and Fusarium nygamai , these differences seemed to be the result of duplication and deletion events. Here, we propose a model based on unequal crossing over that can explain these processes. The partial IGS sequence of 22 Fusarium proliferatum isolates was also obtained to study variation at the intraspecific level. The results revealed no differences in terms of number or pattern of repeated elements and detected frequent gene conversion events. These results suggest that the homogenization observed at the intraspecific level might not be achieved primarily by unequal crossing-over events but rather by processes associated with recombination such as gene conversion events.

The P450–1 gene of Gibberella fujikuroi encodes a multifunctional enzyme in gibberellin biosynthesis

Recent studies have shown that the genes of the gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis pathway in the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi are organized in a cluster of at least seven genes. P450–1 is one of four cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes in this cluster. Disruption of the P450–1 gene in the GA-producing wild-type strain IMI 58289 led to total loss of GA production. Analysis of the P450–1-disrupted mutants indicated that GA biosynthesis was blocked immediately after ent-kaurenoic acid. The function of the P450–1 gene product was investigated further by inserting the gene into mutants of G. fujikuroi that lack the entire GA gene cluster; the gene was highly expressed under GA production conditions in the absence of the other GA-biosynthesis genes. Cultures of transformants containing P450–1 converted ent-[14C]kaurenoic acid efficiently into [14C]GA14, indicating that P450–1 catalyzes four sequential steps in the GA-biosynthetic pathway: 7β-hydroxylation, contraction of ring B by oxidation at C-6, 3β-hydroxylation, and oxidation at C-7. The GA precursors ent-7α-hydroxy[14C]kaurenoic acid, [14C]GA12-aldehyde, and [14C]GA12 were also converted to [14C]GA14. In addition, there is an indication that P450–1 may also be involved in the formation of the kaurenolides and fujenoic acids, which are by-products of GA biosynthesis in G. fujikuroi. Thus, P450–1 displays remarkable multifunctionality and may be responsible for the formation of 12 products.

SIG e distribuição espacial da ferrugem tropical do milho (Physopella zeae) no cenário de mudanças climáticas no Brasil.

A mudança climática é um processo decorrente do efeito acumulativo contínuo das emissões excessivas de gases de efeito estufa e de aerossóis provenientes da intensificação de algumas atividades antrópicas, produzindo mudanças no clima do planeta. Tais mudanças podem alterar a incidência de doenças nas plantas. O conhecimento de técnicas de geoprocessamento pode ser de grande importância para aplicações no setor agrícola, auxiliando na elaboração de estratégias para minimizar prejuízos futuros causados pelos impactos climáticos globais. A ferrugem tropical do milho, causada por Physopella zeae, é responsável por grandes danos na produção nacional. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição geográfica dessa doença com o uso de ferramentas SIG (Sistema de Informações Geográficas). Foram obtidos mapas de favorabilidade climática para o desenvolvimento da doença na cultura do milho, utilizando condições climáticas propícias definidas por Casela et al. (2006), entre os meses de janeiro a junho, para a normal climatológica (1961-1990) e para o clima futuro de 2080, do IPCC (Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas). Os resultados indicam que haverá um deslocamento da ncidência da doença das regiões Norte, Nordeste para as regiões Sudeste e Sul no futuro, permanecendo também na região Centro-Oeste.

Crop rotation in center-pivot for phytonematode control: density variation, pathogenicity and crop loss estimation

Crop rotation in center-pivot for phytonematode control: density variation, pathogenicity and crop loss estimation A field study conducted over three consecutive years, on a farm using crop rotation system under center-pivot and infested with the nematodes Pratylenchus brachyurus, P. zeae, Meloidogyne incognita, Paratrichodorus minor, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Mesocriconema ornata and M. onoense, demonstrated that intensive crop systems provide conditions for the maintenance of high densities of polyphagous phytonematodes. Of the crops established on the farm (cotton, maize, soybean and cowpea), cotton and soybean suffered the most severe crop losses, caused respectively by M. incognita and P. brachyurus. Since maize is a good host for both nematodes, but tolerant of M. incognita, its exclusion from cropping system would be favorable to the performance of cotton, soybean and cowpea. Results from experiments carried out in controlled conditions confirmed the pathogenicity of P. brachyurus on cotton. Additional management with genetic resistance was useful in fields infested with M. incognita, although the soybean performance was affected by low resistance of the cultivars used for P. brachyurus. In conclusion, crop rotation must be carefully planned in areas infested with polyphagous nematodes, specifically in the case of occurrence of two or more major pathogenic nematodes.

Fauna of plant-parasitic nematodes in natural and cultivated areas of the Amazon forest, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

The aim of this work was to study the diversity of the fauna of plant-parasitic nematodes in preserved areas of the Amazon forest, Mato Grosso state (MT), and to assess the effect of agricultural land use on plant-parasitic nematode communities. Soil and root samples were collected in each location in the late spring during the rainy season of 2005, in two areas of primary vegetation in Nova Maringa (Northwest) and Guaranta do Norte (North) and two adjacent areas planted with teak trees (Tectona grandis) and pasture (Brachiaria brizantha). Four-teen taxa of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified at species level: Discocriconemella degrissei, D. limitanea, Dolichodorus minor, Helicotylenchus erythrinae, H. pseudorobustus, Meloidogyne exigua, M javanica, Mesocriconema ornata, Paratrichodorus minor, Pratylenchus loosi, P zeae, Rotylenchus caudaphasmidius, Xiphinema ensiculiferum and X luci (for the first report of this in Brazil) and five at genus level (Atalodera sp., Hemicriconemoides sp., Meloidogyne sp., Paratylenchus sp., and Trophotylenchulus sp). These taxa, mainly those from primary vegetation, belong to families with different parasitic behavior, probably due to great plant diversity in the Amazon forest. Comparison between the two preserved areas revealed low index of similarity, as a consequence of the endemic flora in the Amazon forest, and no similarity was observed between preserved native vegetation and adjacent cultivated areas, demonstrating the high influence of agricultural activity on the plant-parasitic nematode communities. There is evidence of recent introduction of plant-parasitic nematodes in these cultivated areas; therefore measures should be taken to prevent the loss of economic sustainability in Amazonian soils. Keywords: abundance, Amazonia, diversity, Brachiaria brizantha, plant-parasitic nematode fauna, Tectona grandis.

Evaluation of ent-Kaurenoic Acid Derivatives for their Anticariogenic Activity

Ent-kaur-16(17)-en-19-oic acid (kaurenoic acid, KA) is a tetracyclic diterpene prototype for natural anticaries agents. Six KA derivatives were prepared and their antimicrobial activity against the main microorganisms involved in the caries process evaluated. The sodium salt of KA (KA-Na) was the most active, displaying very promising MIC values for most pathogens. Time-kill assays against the primary causative agent of caries (Streptococcus mutans) indicated that KA and KA-Na only inhibited growth in the first 12 h, suggesting a bacteriostatic effect. After this period (12-24 h), their bactericidal effect was clearly noted. KA and KA-Na showed no synergy when combined with the gold standard anticariogenic (chlorhexidine dihydrochloride, CHD) in the checkerboard assays against S. mutans.

Densidade populacional de Pratylenchus spp. em pastagens de Brachiaria spp. e sua influência na disponibilidade e na qualidade da forragem

Objetivando avaliar a densidade populacional de Pratylenchus brachyurus e Pratylenchus zeae, associados à Brachiaria brizantha, B. decumbens e B. humidicola, e sua influência na disponibilidade e na qualidade da forragem, realizou-se este trabalho. O experimento foi conduzido na Agropecuária Hisaeda, em Terenos, MS. Coletaram-se amostras de solo, raízes e parte aérea, em dez repetições ao acaso, de 1 m² cada, dos seguintes tratamentos: Bom, Intermediário e Ruim, caracterizados visualmente, considerando-se a percentagem de material verde das plantas. As densidades de P. brachyurus e P. zeae foram avaliadas nas amostras de solo e raízes. Na parte aérea, avaliou-se a disponibilidade de matéria seca dos materiais verde, morto e da rebrota, estado nutricional das plantas e qualidade da forragem. A fertilidade do solo foi determinada em todas as unidades amostrais. Ambos os nematoides foram identificados em todas as amostras, com maior número nas raízes (entre 87-311 P. brachyurus e 1-61 P. zeae.10 g-1) que no solo (de 0-8 P. brachyurus a 1-39 P. zeae.200 cm-3), no entanto, não houve diferenças significativas, na quantidade de espécimes, entre os tratamentos. Considerando-se que essas forrageiras são perenes e hospedam Pratylenchus spp., há tendência ao aumento da população desses patógenos, ao longo do tempo, podendo se tornar um sério problema fitossanitário.

Basidiomycosis: a review of the literature

The basidiomycosis, fungal infections provoked by basidiomycetes or agaric fungi have been recorded at growing frequencies in the medical literature, especially after the advent of AIDS in 1991. The basidiospores of these fungi, scattered in the atmosphere and transported by winds or air currents, reach the maxillary sinuses through the nasal route, most of the times causing signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis. Basidiomycetes have also been isolated from sputum, especially Schizophyllum commune. Lesions of the buccal mucosa, brain abscesses, onychomycosis and endocarditis have been described, with a growing interest in this type of deep mycosis on the part of mycologists and infectologists. The present paper reports descriptions of mycetism as well as infectious processes caused by basidiomycetes, such as Schizophyllum commune, Ustilago maydis (= Ustilago zeae) and Coprinus cinereus

Nematoides fitoparasitas associados à mandioca na Amazônia brasileira

A cultura da mandioca (Manihot esculenta) tem importância socioeconômica no Brasil, no entanto há ainda uma escassez de informações sobre a associação de nematoides fitoparasitas, bem como ao comportamento de cultivares de mandioca ao parasitismo desses agentes. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar a distribuição geográfica e novas ocorrências das principais espécies de nematoides encontradas associadas à mandioca em diferentes municípios dos estados do Acre, Amapá, Pará e Rondônia. Além disso, estudou-se, em casa de vegetação, a reação de algumas cultivares de mandioca ao parasitismo de Meloidogyne incognita raça 3, Pratylenchus brachyurus e P. zeae. Nematoides foram extraídos de 10 g de raízes ou 250 cm³ de solo e identificados sob microscópio de luz. A espécie mais prevalente foi P. brachyurus, presente em 37,1% das amostras analisadas (n=35), seguida de M. incognita, encontrada em de 14,2% das amostras. Constituíram novas ocorrências para mandioca no Brasil: Helicotylenchus erythrinae, M. enterolobii e Xiphinema longicaudatum. As cultivares de mandioca provenientes do Amapá (Amazonas, Colônia Matapi, Manteiga, Pretinha e Pó-da-China) e as cultivares de mandioca Colonial e Caipora, provenientes do Acre, comportaram-se como suscetíveis a M. incognita raça 3. Por outro lado, as cultivares Caipora e Colonial comportaram-se como resistentes a P. brachyurus (fator de reprodução = 0,5 e 0,9, respectivamente) e imunes a P. zeae. Informações geradas neste estudo podem ser úteis para o manejo de áreas cultivadas com mandioca e infestadas pelos nematoides das lesões, P. brachyurus e/ou P. zeae.

Nematóides associados a plantas invasoras

O presente trabalho trata de nematóides associados a raízes de 71 plantas invasoras, nas quais revelou-se a presença de 8 gêneros e 18 espécies parasitas. As espécies, pela ordem decrescente de freqüência foram: Helicotylenchus dihystera (46%) ; Meloidogyne javanica (24%) ; Meloidogyne incognita (23%); Macroposthonia ornata (17%); Pratylenchus brachyurus (16%) ; Pratylenchus zeae (14%) ; Xiphinemaseiariae (11%); Xiphinema krugi (10%); Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (5,6%); Meloidogyne arenaria (4,2%); Helicotylenchus dUiysteroides (4,2%) ; Tylenchorhynchus martini (4,2%) ; Aphelenchoides sp. (2,8%) ; Ditylenchus sp. (2,8%) ; Helicotylerfichus microcephalus (2,8%) ; Xiphinema elongatum (2,8%) ; Helicotylenchus egyptiensis (1,4%) e Meloidogyne coffeicola (1,4%). São feitas considerações sobre as implicações para a agricultura de tão ampla distribuição de nematóides em plantas colonizadoras e gramíneas utilizadas como forrageiras.