Ambient Noise in the Kitimat Fjord System

Sound is an important medium for communication and marine organisms have evolved to capitalize on the efficiency with which sound energy travels through water. Anthropogenic and natural sound sources contribute to ocean ambient noise, which can interfere with the use of this sensory modality by marine animals. Anthropogenic noise sources have been increasing steadily over recent decades largely due to coastal population growth, increased global transportation, and offshore industrialization. Understanding the potential impacts of anthropogenic noise requires the establishment of ambient acoustic baselines from which to measure change. Establishing baselines, especially in quiet areas still largely unaffected by anthropogenic stressors, is particularly crucial in the face of the expansion of offshore industries, increasing coastal population and growing reliance on the ocean for global transportation. Global demand for liquid natural gas (LNG), catalyzed primarily by a growing Asian market, is expected to increase significantly in the next 20 years. The geographic position of British Columbia relative to these markets, a growing supply of LNG and new technology for extraction and shipping situate British Columbia as a strong competitor in the lucrative market. The LNG industry could have many adverse impacts on these territories and ecosystems. The Kitimat Fjord System is slated for the development of these LNG export facilities increasing shipping traffic for the port and thus increasing ambient noise in the fjord system. The purpose of this study is to 1) quantify the existing sound levels in the area surrounding Gil Island and 2) identify potential source mechanisms in order to provide a baseline study of the acoustic environment in the Kitimat Fjord system prior to potential increases from LNG shipping.

Effect of elevated CO2 on the dynamics of particle-attached and free-living bacterioplankton communities in an Arctic fjord

In the frame of the European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA), the response of an Arctic pelagic community (<3 mm) to a gradient of seawater pCO(2) was investigated. For this purpose 9 large-scale in situ mesocosms were deployed in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (78 degrees 56.2' N, 11 degrees 53.6' E), in 2010. The present study investigates effects on the communities of particle-attached (PA; >3 mu m) and free-living (FL; <3 mu m > 0.2 mu m) bacteria by Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA) in 6 of the mesocosms, ranging from 185 to 1050 mu atm initial pCO(2), and the surrounding fjord. ARISA was able to resolve, on average, 27 bacterial band classes per sample and allowed for a detailed investigation of the explicit richness and diversity. Both, the PA and the FL bacterioplankton community exhibited a strong temporal development, which was driven mainly by temperature and phytoplankton development. In response to the breakdown of a picophytoplankton bloom, numbers of ARISA band classes in the PA community were reduced at low and medium CO2 (similar to 185-685 mu atm) by about 25 %, while they were more or less stable at high CO2 (similar to 820-1050 mu atm). We hypothesise that enhanced viral lysis and enhanced availability of organic substrates at high CO2 resulted in a more diverse PA bacterial community in the post-bloom phase. Despite lower cell numbers and extracellular enzyme activities in the post-bloom phase, bacterial protein production was enhanced in high CO2 mesocosms, suggesting a positive effect of community richness on this function and on carbon cycling by bacteria.

Regio- and stereo-selective dioxygenase-catalysed cis-dihydroxylation of fjord-region polycyclic arenes

Bacterial dioxygenase-catalysed cis-dihydroxylation of the tetracyclic arenes benzo[c]phenanthrene 2, and the isosteric compounds benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]furan 8, and benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene 9, has been found to occur exclusively at fjord-region bonds. The resulting cis-dihydrodiols 7, 10 and 11 were found to be enantiopure and of similar absolute configuration. cis-Dihydroxylation was also observed in the pseudo-fjord region of the 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-precursors (12 and 13) of benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]furan 8, and benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene 9, to yield the corresponding enantiopure hexahydro cis-diols 14 and 15. A novel tandem cis-dihydroxylation and bis-desaturation of the tetrahydro-substrate, tetrahydrobenzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene 13, catalysed by biphenyl dioxygenase, was found to yield the fjord-region cis-dihydrodiol 17 of benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene 9.

Dinoflagellate cyst-based reconstructions of mid to late Holocene winter sea-surface temperature and productivity from an anoxic fjord in the NE Pacific Ocean

Published contemporary dinoflagellate distributional data from the NE Pacific margin and estuarine environments (n = 136) were re-analyzed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and partial Canonical Correspondence Analysis (pCCA). These analyses illustrated the dominant controls of winter temperature and productivity on the distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in this region. Dinoflagellate cyst-based predictive models for winter temperature and productivity were developed from the contemporary distributional data using the modern analogue technique and applied to subfossil data from two mid to late Holocene (~5500 calendar years before present–present) cores; TUL99B03 and TUL99B11, collected from Effingham Inlet, a 15 km long anoxic fjord located on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island that directly opens to the Pacific Ocean through Barkley Sound. Sedimentation within these basins largely comprises annually deposited laminated couplets, each made up of a winter deposited terrigenous layer and spring to fall deposited diatomaceous layer. The Effingham Inlet dinoflagellate cyst record provides evidence of a mid-Holocene gradual decline in winter SST, ending with the initiation of neoglacial advances in the region by ~3500 cal BP. A reconstructed Late Holocene increase in winter SST was initiated by a weakening of the California Current, which would have resulted in a warmer central gyre and more El Niño-like conditions.

The fate of biologically produced methane in an anoxic fjord in British Columbia

Senior thesis written for Oceanography 445

Sources and transport of surface sediment and metals in B.C. fjord, Tahsis Inlet

Senior thesis written for Oceanography 445

Accuracy assessment of depth estimates from variation in pre- and post-processing of multi-beam SONAR surveys in a fjord environment

Senior thesis written for Oceanography 445

Un fjord, une rivière, un lac et des ruisseaux : variabilité culturelle paléohistorique sur le bassin hydrographique de la rivière Saguenay (Québec, Canada)

En archéologie, l’identification des identités culturelles spécifiques pose souvent problème. Cependant, lorsqu’on en arrive à la fin de la Paléohistoire et plus particulièrement au cours de la Protohistoire, les vestiges archéologiques trouvent alors des alliées sous la forme de sources littéraires et iconographiques qui documentent tant bien que mal la géographie humaine de l’époque. Sur le bassin hydrographique de la rivière Saguenay, quelques-unes de ces mentions révèlent que se trouvaient au cours de la Protohistoire un certain nombre de groupes distincts parmi lesquels des Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent, des Montagnais de Tadoussac, des Kakouchacks et autres groupes du Nord. Les vestiges archéologiques des 393 sites archéologiques qui comptent au moins une composante de la Protohistoire ou de la Paléohistoire récente sur le bassin hydrographique de la rivière Saguenay ont été mis à contribution afin de déterminer si ce qui est mentionné où illustré dans les documents historiques est vérifiable du point de vue archéologique. Que ce soit les vestiges céramiques, lithiques, ostéologiques ou autres, ceux-ci ont en effet révélé certaines tendances qui ne peuvent s’expliquer que par des trames culturelles spécifiques. Après avoir constaté la présence de cette mosaïque culturelle au cours de la Protohistoire, le défi était de déterminer depuis quand celle-ci s’était mise en place et surtout d’en identifier les causes. Si l’environnement très variable qui caractérise le bassin hydrographique de la rivière Saguenay (incluant le lac Saint-Jean) a certes joué un rôle, d’autres événements ou comportements ont assurément contribué à diversifier les populations. Parmi ceux-ci, il y a la provenance des populations qui fréquentaient la rivière et ses affluents, les axes de circulations qu’ils empruntaient dans le cadre de leur cycle saisonnier, de même que le contexte des échanges qui se pratiquaient à l’échelle pan-bassin hydrographique. Tous ces aspects ont assurément joué un rôle dans la détermination de ce qu’était une population des basses terres du lac Saint-Jean versus une population du Bas-Saguenay.

Geochemistry of manganese nodules from a British Columbia fjord

Concretions of iron and manganese oxides and hydrous oxidesóobjects commonly called manganese nodulesóare widely distributed not only on the deep-sea floor but also in shallow marine environments1. Such concretions were not known to occur north of Cape Mendocino in the shallow water zones bordering the North-East Pacific Ocean until the summer of 1966 when they were recovered by one of us (J. W. M.) in dredge samples from Jervis Inlet, a fjord approximately 50 miles north-west of Vancouver, British Columbia.