Pollen record from sediment core M77/2_056-3 (Bay of Guayaquil, Peru)

We analyzed the pollen content of a marine core located near the bay of Guayaquil in Ecuador to document the link between sea surface temperatures (SST) and changes in rainfall regimes on the adjacent continent during the Holocene. Based on the expansion/regression of five vegetation types, we observe three successive climatic patterns. In the first phase, between 11,700 and 7700 cal yr BP, the presence of a cloud (Andean) forest in the mid altitudes and mangroves in the estuary of the Guayas Basin, were associated with a maximum in boreal summer insolation, a northernmost position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a land- sea thermal contrast, and dryness. Between 7700 and 2850 cal yr BP, the expansion of the coastal herbs and the regression of the mangrove indicate a drier climate with weak ITCZ and low ENSO variability while austral winter insolation gradually increased. The interval between 4200 and 2850 cal yr BP was marked by the coolest and driest climatic conditions of the Holocene due to the weak influence of the ITCZ and a strengthening of the Humboldt Current. After 2850 cal yr BP, high variability and amplitude of the Andean forest changes occurred when ENSO frequency and amplitude increased, indicating high variability in land-sea connections. The ITCZ reached the latitude of Guayaquil only after 2500 cal yr BP inducing the bimodal precipitation regime we observe today. Our study shows that besides insolation, the ITCZ position and ENSO frequency, changes in eastern equatorial Pacific SSTs play a major role in determining the composition of the ecosystems and the hydrological cycle of the Ecuadorian Pacific coast and the Western Cordillera in Ecuador.

Guidelines of natural zeolites characterization for acid mine drainage treatment. Case study Guayaquil, Ecuador

Zeolites constitute one of the less common groups of tectosilicates. Zeoli1es with pores between -2 to 10 A in their structures have strong sorption capacity and are widely used in industrial and municipal operations to eliminate toxic substances. One of the major environmental problems in the mining activity is the treating of acid mine drainage. In this context, it is very important to search alternatives to manage this challenge. One feasible alternative is using zeolitic tuffs. The results of the physical-chemical characterization of zeolitic tuffs are the c1ue lo continue or not with deeper analysis and tests 01 acid mine drainage treatments. The guidelines to reach this purpose are the main goal of this work. Zeolite 1uff samples (named as XB_01 and XB_02) studied in this work were laken rn the Late Cretaceous Coastal Cayo Arch Ecuador, specifically in the Guaraguao River, showing the most important characteristics of heulandite zeolitic tuffs. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) tests were developed in order to confirm that the samples belong to the heulandite-type zeoli1ic tuffs. Additionally, Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) of the samples was necessary in order to define the Si/Al ratio and the main mineralogical phases. The XB_01 sample shows a higher ratio Si/Al than XB_02 sample. The cation exchange capacity est was the fundamental step to define the potentiality of the zeolite to use in acid mine drainage treatment Three methodologies were employed to determine the cation exchange capacity. The Cuban standard 626 and the ammonium exchange methodologies reflect results more consistent with each other. This is the starting point to continue with deeper studies such as breakthrough curves for heavy metal ions found in acid mine waters.

La Semana trájica: Guayaquil criminal; dad al César lo que es del César, y a Dios los que es Dios.

Mode of access: Internet.

Contestación de la Compañía del Ferrocarril de Guayaquil a Quito al Informe de los ingenieros Páez y Navarro, marzo y abril de 1911.

Mode of access: Internet.

La entrevista de Guayaquil (el libertador y San Martín)

At head of title: Ernesto de la Cruz, J.M. Goenaga, B. Mitre, Carlos A. Villanueva.

Compendio histórico de la provincia, partidos, ciudades, astilleros, ríos y puerto de Guayaquil ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Ecosistemas circuitos de consumo de obras pìctóricas y escultóricas en Guayaquil y su extensión Samborondón, de octubre de 2012 a septiembre de 2013

Esta investigación, pretende hacer visibles los circuitos de arte pictórico y escultórico de la ciudad de Guayaquil, estudiando durante el periodo de octubre de 2012 a septiembre de 2013, la conformación de su sistema, la identificación de sus actores, sus visiones del arte, las interdependencias que los vinculan y la influencia del entorno, bajo una perspectiva de ecosistema. Este estudio no pretende ser un inventario de artistas, ni galerías, sino una primera exploración de la compleja temática del consumo del arte.

El escenario de las artes visuales contemporáneas en la ciudad de Guayaquil durante el presente siglo

La investigación presenta un análisis valorativo sobre el escenario de las Artes Visuales contemporáneas en Guayaquil durante el presente siglo y analiza el funcionamiento de los distintos componentes del mundo del arte, así como las relaciones entre ellos, a partir de la incidencia del ITAE en el contexto artístico de la ciudad. El estudio opta por una estrategia teórico-metodológica de orientación cualitativa y su método empleado permite considerar al ITAE como caso de estudio. Como consecuencia, se apuesta por un diseño de investigación flexible e interactivo, que permite la construcción del conocimiento y el análisis en profundidad con relación al contexto que genera la propia investigación. Los principales hallazgos demuestran que el escenario artístico local se ha revitalizado en el siglo XXI producto del surgimiento de una nueva y vasta generación de artistas en la ciudad. Tanto las obras, como los artistas, el público, las ciencias del arte, los medios de difusión, los espacios expositivos, el mercado del arte y la formación artística han tenido importantes transformaciones como consecuencia de la emergente producción de arte contemporáneo y del destacado papel que el Instituto Superior Tecnológico de Artes del Ecuador ha tenido en la formación de los jóvenes artistas y de la incidencia directa que estos han alcanzado en los distintos agentes de la escena cultural de la ciudad

Homosexuales y travestis. Memorias de Guayaquil

Este trabajo, que fue ganador de un estímulo a la creación, del Ministerio de Cultura en el año 2013, recoge 18 historias que retratan la cotidianidad y los sucesos en los que estuvieron involucrados homosexuales y travestis que habitaron o tuvieron algún otro tipo de vínculo con el sector de Guayaquil en el centro de la ciudad de Medellín. El trabajo partió de una investigación histórica y periodística para luego convertirse en un ejercicio literario; tuvo como fuente principal el periódico Sucesos Sensacionales, semanario que circuló entre 1954 y 1976. En este trabajo se rescriben algunas historias que aparecieron en la prensa, y que, miradas desde el bagaje de los autores, por su trabajo investigativo y su activismo, han permitido imaginar sus vidas, cómo se hicieron, cómo se enfrentaron a la cotidianidad, sus sueños, sus temores, sus decisiones, los desenlaces y sus tragedias; su relación con el espacio y todo aquello que les permitió vivir Guayaquil, como zona de diversión, de transgresión y margen geográfico de lo correcto, lo incorrecto, lo permitido y lo prohibido.

Megaprojects managements in Ecuador : challenges and opportunities

Megaprojects are described as large, complex and expensive construction projects. Recent studies have shown that megaprojects often result in cost overruns, time extensions and undesired outcomes. Regardless, megaprojects are common, particularly in developing countries, as they are a trigger for social and economic development (Li et al., 2010). Since 2007, the Government of Ecuador has begun an unprecedent investment in infrastructure. Through the National Water Secretary, the government has 16 projects in agenda accounting for over $ 3 billion, with 6 projects currently under construction. These projects are considered flagship infrastructure in the endeavour to enhance the country´s productivity.The Bulubulu-Naranjal-Cañar project, a $406 million multi-purpose hydraulic project for irrigation and flood control, consists of over 1,000 activities and was proposed to be completed by 2015. This novel project for Ecuador, presented as a case study, represents a challenge for project management and financing. The purpose of this preliminary study is to provide an insight to megaproject management in Ecuador, and propose improvements to megaproject management through optimization of stochastic project schedules.

SME international performance in Latin America: The role of entrepreneurial and technological capabilities

SMEs from emerging markets in Latin America are increasingly engaging in internationalization. Nevertheless, there is limited research into how these firms achieve international performance. This study proposes and tests a conceptual model that considers managerial and technology-related capabilities and their impact on international performance of SMEs. The model uses confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to develop the underlying multi-item constructs and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the model with data from 233 Chilean SMEs. Specifically, the model considers the role of international entrepreneurial orientation and Internet capabilities on international market performance, taking into account the mediating effect of international entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and technology-related international networks. Results show that international entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and international networks mediate the relationship between international entrepreneurial orientation and Internet marketing capabilities on SME international performance.