Effects of exercise training on intrauterine growth restriction in an animal model

Résumé Selon l'OMS, la retard de croissance intra-utérine (RCIU; 10% en dessous du poids normal pendant la grossesse) affecte 5-10% des grossesses et est une cause principale de la morbidité et de la mortalité périnatales. Dans notre étude précédente sur un modèle de souris transgénique de prééclampsie (R+A+), nous avons constaté que l’entraînement physique (ExT) avant et pendant la grossesse réduisait la pression artérielle maternelle et empêchait la RCIU en améliorant le développement placentaire. Dans le cadre de mon projet, nous avons confirmé les bénifices de l’ExT dans un modèle de RCIU (souris déficiente en p57Kip2 (p57-/+). Ainsi, nous avons observé la présence de RCIU, d’une masse placentaire réduite, d’une augmentation de la pathologie placentaire ainsi qu’une plus petite taille des portées chez les souris p57-/+ sédentaire. L’ExT prévient la RCIU ainsi que tous les paramètres mentionnés ci-haut. Nous avons observé que l'expression du facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire, un régulateur clé de l'angiogenèse lors de la croissance placentaire, était réduite dans le placenta des souris p57-/+ et normalisée par l’ExT. Nous avons également trouvé que l'expression en ARN dans le placenta de 2 facteurs inflammatoires (interleukine-1β et MCP-1) était augmenté chez les souris sédentaires p57-/+ alors que ceci n’était pas présent chez les souris entraînées, ce qui suggère que l'inflammation placentaire peut contribuer à la pathologie placentaire. Toutefois, contrairement aux souris R+A+, le système rénine-angiotensine placentaire chez les souris p57-/+ était normale et aucun effet de l’ExT a été observé. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’ExT prévient la RCIU en normalisant la pathologie placentaire, l’angiogenèse et l’inflammation placentaire.

Dysregulation of placental cystathionine-β-synthase promotes fetal growth restriction

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is characterized by the birth weight and body mass below the tenth percentile for gestational age. FGR is a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality and babies born with FGR are prone to develop cardiovascular diseases later in life. The underlying pathology of FGR is inadequate placental transfer of nutrients from mother to fetus, which can be caused by placental insufficiency. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous messenger is produced endogenously by cystathionine-lyase (Cth), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST), which are present in human placenta. Recently, we demonstrated that the dysregulation of H2S/Cth pathway is associated with preeclampsia and blockade of CSE activity induces preeclampsia-like condition in pregnant mice. We hypothesized that defect in H2S pathways promote FGR and H2S donor restores fetal growth in mice where CBS or CSE activity has been compromised. Western blotting and qPCR revealed that placental CBS expressions were significantly reduced in women with FGR. ELISA analysis showed reduced placental growth factor production (PlGF) from first trimester (8–12 weeks gestation) human placental explants following inhibition of CBS activity by aminooxyacetic acid (AOA). Administration of AOA to pregnant mice had no effects on blood pressure, but caused fetal growth restriction. This was associated with reduced PlGF production. Histological analysis revealed a reduction in the placental junction zone, within which trophoblast giant cells and glycogen cells were less prominent in CBS inhibitor treated mice. These results imply that placental CBS is required for placental development and that dysregulation of CBS activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of FGR but not preeclampsia.

Dysregulation of placental cystathionine-β-synthase impact on fetal growth restriction

INTRODUCTION: Fetal growth restriction (FGR), which causes perinatal morbidity and mortality, is characterized by birth weight and body mass being below 10th percentile for gestational age. FGR babies are prone to develop cardiovascular diseases later in life. Inadequate placental transfer of nutrients from mother to fetus due to placental insufficiency is considered the underlying cause of FGR. Recently, we demonstrated that blockade of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) activity induces preeclampsia-like condition in pregnant mice. We hypothesized that defect in cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) / H2S pathway may promote FGR. METHODS: Placental CBS expressions were determined in women with FGR (n=9) and normal controls (n=14) by Western blotting and real-time qPCR. ELISA was used to determine angiogenic factors levels in plasma and first-trimester (8–12 weeks gestation) human placental explants. Time pregnant mice were treated with CBS inhibitor, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA). Mean arterial blood pressure (MBP), histological assessments of placenta and embryos were performed. RESULTS: Placental CBS expressions were significantly reduced in women with FGR. Inhibition of CBS activity by AOA reduced PlGF production from first-trimester human placental explants, Administration of AOA to pregnant mice had no effects on blood pressure, but caused fetal growth restriction, which was associated with reduced placental PlGF production. Histological analysis revealed a reduction in the placental junction zone, within which trophoblast giant cells and glycogen cells were less prominent in CBS inhibitor-treated animals. Furthermore, H2S donor GYY4137 treatment restored fetal growth in pregnant mice exposed to high level of sFlt-1. CONCLUSIONS: These results imply that placental CBS is required for placental development and that dysregulation of CBS activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of FGR but not preeclampsia opening up the therapeutic potentials of H2S therapy in this condition.

Low birth weight in response to salt restriction during pregnancy is not due to alterations in uterine-placental blood flow or the placental and peripheral renin-angiotensin system

A number of studies conducted in humans and in animals have observed that events occurring early in life are associated with the development of diseases in adulthood. Salt overload and restriction during pregnancy and lactation are responsible for functional (hemodynamic and hormonal) and structural alterations in adult offspring. Our group observed that lower birth weight and insulin resistance in adulthood is associated with salt restriction during pregnancy On the other hand, perinatal salt overload is associated with higher blood pressure and higher renal angiotensin II content in adult offspring. Therefore, we hypothesised that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) function is altered by changes in sodium intake during pregnancy. Such changes may influence fetoplacental blood flow and thereby fetal nutrient supply, with effects on growth in utero and, consequently, on birth weight. Female Wistar rats were fed low-salt (LS), normal-salt (NS), or high-salt (HS) diet, starting before conception and continuing until day 19 of pregnancy, Blood pressure, heart rate, fetuses and dams` body weight, placentae weight and litter size were measured on day 19 of pregnancy. Cardiac output, uterine and placental blood flow were also determined on day 19. Expressions of renin-angiotensin system components and of the TNF-alpha gene were evaluated in the placentae. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, as well as plasma and placental levels of angiotensins I, II, and 1-7 were measured. Body weight and kidney mass were greater in HS than in NS and LS dams. Food intake did not differ among the maternal groups. Placental weight was lower in LS dams than in NS and HS dams. Fetal weight was lower in the US group than in the NS and HS groups. The PRA was greater in IS dams than in NS and HS dams, although ACE activity (serum, cardiac, renal, and placental) was unaffected by the level of sodium intake. Placental levels of angiotensins I and II were lower in the HS group than in the ISIS and IS groups. Placental angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT(1)) gene expression and levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were higher in HS dams, as were uterine blood flow and cardiac output. The degree of salt intake did not influence plasma sodium, potassium or creatinine. Although fractional sodium excretion was higher in HS dams than in NS and LS dams, fractional potassium excretion was unchanged. In conclusion, findings from this study indicate that the reduction in fetal weight in response to salt restriction during pregnancy does not involve alterations in uterine-placental perfusion or the RAS. Moreover, no change in fetal weight is observed in response to salt overload during pregnancy. However, salt overload did lead to an increase in placental weight and uterine blood flow associated with alterations in maternal plasma and placental RAS. Therefore, these findings indicate that changes in salt intake during pregnancy lead to alterations in uterine-placental perfusion and fetal growth. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Early neonatal morbidity and mortality in growth-discordant twins

Objective. To evaluate early neonatal morbidity and mortality in twin pregnancies with growth discordance. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Tertiary teaching hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Population. A total of 151 twin pregnancies managed and delivered at the Multiple Pregnancy Unit at Sao Paulo University Hospital between 1998 and 2004. Methods. Comparison between twin pregnancies with weight discordance 20% and pregnancies concordant for fetal weight. Cases with fetal death, abnormalities, twin-to-twin transfusion and delivery before 26 weeks or in another hospital were excluded. Outcome measures. Early neonatal morbidity (Apgar at 5 minutes 7, respiratory or neurological complications, infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, length of hospital stay) and mortality. Results. Forty (26.5%) pregnancies presented discordance 20% and 111 (73.5%) were concordant. In the discordant group, 75% of pregnancies had at least one growth restricted fetus (10th centile). In concordant twin pregnancies, monochorionic cases (22.5%) presented with lower gestational age (34.3 vs. 36.2 weeks), lower birthweight (2,067 vs. 2,334 g) and a longer period of hospital stay (5.5 vs. 3.0) compared to dichorionic concordant twins. No differences between monochorionic and dichorionic subgroups were observed in discordant twins. Pregnancies in which at least one baby was born with a birthweight below the 10th centile showed that discordant pregnancies had a lower gestational age at delivery (35.2 vs. 36.8 weeks) and a longer period of hospital stay (9 vs. 4 weeks) compared to concordant cases. Neonatal mortality was similar in discordant (3.7%) and concordant (4.5%) twins. Conclusion. Early perinatal morbidity is increased in twin pregnancies with birthweight discordance 20% only when associated with fetal growth restriction and low birthweight.

Growth hormone binding protein in normal and aneuploid pregnancy: a paradoxical decrease in trisomy 18

Objective To explore whether abnormalities in growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) may underlie the growth restriction associated with fetal aneuploidy. Design A retrospective casecontrol study. Setting Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Population Twenty-one trisomy 18, and 30 trisomy 21 pregnancies, and 170 chromosomally normal pregnancies at 15-18 weeks of gestation representing three to five controls per case matched for source, gestation and duration of storage. Methods GHBP was measured using a ligand immunofunctional assay. Results In the chromosomally normal pregnancies GHBP levels decreased slightly but significantly across the narrow gestational window studied. Compared with controls, levels of GHBP, expressed as median (95% CI) multiples of the median (MoM), in the trisomy 21 pregnancies were similar, 1.0 (0.92-1.39) MoM and 1.27 (1.04-1.50) MoM, respectively; P = 0.061 (Mann-Whitney CI test) but were significantly reduced in the trisomy 18 pregnancies, 0.68 (0.51-0.84) MoM; P = 0.0014 (Mann-Whitney U test). Conclusions These data suggest that decreased levels of maternal growth hormone binding protein, and by implication growth hormone receptor complement, may underlie the early severe growth restriction that is characteristic of trisomy 18.

Protective effects of maternal nutritional supplementation with lactoferrin on growth and brain metabolism.

Background:Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a major risk factor for both perinatal and long-term morbidity. Bovine lactoferrin (bLf) is a major milk glycoprotein considered as a pleiotropic functional nutrient. The impact of maternal supplementation with bLf on IUGR-induced sequelae, including inadequate growth and altered cerebral development, remains unknown.Methods:IUGR was induced through maternal dexamethasone infusion (100 μg/kg during last gestational week) in rats. Maternal supplementation with bLf (0.85% in food pellet) was provided during both gestation and lactation. Pup growth was monitored, and Pup brain metabolism and gene expression were studied using in vivo (1)H NMR spectroscopy, quantitative PCR, and microarray in the hippocampus at postnatal day (PND)7.Results:Maternal bLf supplementation did not change gestational weight but increased the birth body weight of control pups (4%) with no effect on the IUGR pups. Maternal bLf supplementation allowed IUGR pups to recover a normalized weight at PND21 (weaning) improving catch-up growth. Significantly altered levels of brain metabolites (γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, N-acetylaspartate, and N-acetylaspartylglutamate) and transcripts (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT-1), and glutamate receptors) in IUGR pups were normalized with maternal bLf supplementation.Conclusion:Our data suggest that maternal bLf supplementation is a beneficial nutritional intervention able to revert some of the IUGR-induced sequelae, including brain hippocampal changes.

The Association between Growth and Neurodevelopment in Very Preterm Infants – A Follow-up Study in the PIPARI Study

Placental insufficiency is one major cause of intrauterine growth restriction and also relates to neurodevelopment. Preterm infants with very low birth weight are at risk of postnatal growth restriction as well as neurodevelopmental impairments. However, the optimal postnatal growth for long-term neurodevelopment is still unclear. The objective of this study was thus to investigate the association between growth and neurodevelopment in very preterm infants. The study populations consisted of 83 (I), 55 (II), 36 (III) and 181 (IV) infants with very low birth weight (below 1501 grams), and very or extremely low gestational age (below 32 and 26 weeks). Foetal blood circulation in relation to two-year neurodevelopment and the association between early growth and brain maturation at term age were studied. Postnatal growth, and its association with five-year cognitive outcome, was analysed. Changes in foetal blood circulation related to placental insufficiency associated with an adverse two-year cognitive outcome. Early postnatal growth in extremely preterm infants was comparable to a similar Swedish cohort. Preterm infants with slow intrauterine growth had less mature brains at term age; rapid catch-up growth until term age did not eliminate this difference. Weight gain and head circumference growth from birth until two years of age associated positively with five-year cognitive outcome in appropriate for gestational age infants. In small for gestational age infants, head circumference growth from term age to four months (corrected age) associated positively with their five-year cognitive outcome. The association between postnatal growth and neurodevelopment was different for prenatally normally grown versus slow grown preterm infants.

Influence of intrauterine and extrauterine growth on neurodevelopmental outcome of monozygotic twins

There have been indications that intrauterine and early extrauterine growth can influence childhood mental and motor function. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of intrauterine growth restriction and early extrauterine head growth on the neurodevelopmental outcome of monozygotic twins. Thirty-six monozygous twin pairs were evaluated at the corrected age of 12 to 42 months. Intrauterine growth restriction was quantified using the fetal growth ratio. The effects of birth weight ratio, head circumference at birth and current head circumference on mental and motor outcomes were estimated using mixed-effect linear regression models. Separate estimates of the between (interpair) and within (intrapair) effects of each measure on development were thus obtained. Neurodevelopment was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition, by a psychologist blind to the exposure. A standardized neurological examination was performed by a neuropediatrician who was unaware of the exposures under investigation. After adjustment, birth weight ratio and head circumference at birth were not associated with motor or mental outcomes. Current head circumference was associated with mental but not with motor outcomes. Only the intrapair twin effect was significant. An increase of 1 cm in current head circumference of one twin compared with the other was associated with 3.2 points higher in Mental Developmental Index (95%CI = 1.06-5.32; P < 0.03). Thus, no effect of intrauterine growth was found on cognition and only postnatal head growth was associated with cognition. This effect was not shared by the co-twin.

Maternal protein restriction affects gene expression and enzyme activity of intestinal disaccharidases in adult rat offspring

This study investigated the consequences of intrauterine protein restriction on the gastrointestinal tract and particularly on the gene expression and activity of intestinal disaccharidases in the adult offspring. Wistar rat dams were fed isocaloric diets containing 6% protein (restricted, n = 8) or 17% protein (control, n = 8) throughout gestation. Male offspring (n = 5-8 in each group) were evaluated at 3 or 16 weeks of age. Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy produced offspring with growth restriction from birth (5.7 ± 0.1 vs 6.3 ± 0.1 g; mean ± SE) to weaning (42.4 ± 1.3 vs 49.1 ± 1.6 g), although at 16 weeks of age their body weight was similar to control (421.7 ± 8.9 and 428.5 ± 8.5 g). Maternal protein restriction also increased lactase activity in the proximal (0.23 ± 0.02vs 0.15 ± 0.02), medial (0.30 ± 0.06vs 0.14 ± 0.01) and distal (0.43 ± 0.07vs 0.07 ± 0.02 U·g-1·min-1) small intestine, and mRNA lactase abundance in the proximal intestine (7.96 ± 1.11vs 2.38 ± 0.47 relative units) of 3-week-old offspring rats. In addition, maternal protein restriction increased sucrase activity (1.20 ± 0.02 vs 0.91 ± 0.02 U·g-1·min-1) and sucrase mRNA abundance (4.48 ± 0.51 vs 1.95 ± 0.17 relative units) in the duodenum of 16-week-old rats. In conclusion, the present study shows for the first time that intrauterine protein restriction affects gene expression of intestinal enzymes in offspring.

La néoglucogenèse rénale : un nouvel aspect dans la restriction de croissance intra-utérine chez le rat

Bien que l’environnement intra-utérin défavorable soit associé à des conditions pathologiques à l’âge adulte, les mécanismes mis en place in utero ne sont pas encore élucidés. Nous avons établi un modèle de restriction de croissance intra-utérine (RCIU) en donnant une diète faible en sodium à la rate pendant la dernière semaine de gestation. Ce modèle se caractérise par une diminution de perfusion placentaire et une redistribution du flot sanguin, favorisant l’irrigation des organes nobles (cœur et cerveau) au détriment du rein fœtal. De plus, l’expression rénale du facteur de croissance endothéliale vasculaire (VEGF) est diminuée chez le fœtus. L’hypothèse de travail est que la néoglucogenèse hépatique et rénale augmente chez les fœtus RCIU afin de compenser la diminution de perfusion placentaire, et que l’expression rénale des récepteurs de VEGF (Flt-1 et Flk-1) est altérée à la suite de la redistribution du flot sanguin. Nos objectifs étaient de comparer l’expression protéique des enzymes de la néoglucogenèse et des récepteurs de VEGF entre les fœtus témoins et RCIU. L’aldolase B, la fructose-1,6-biphosphatase et la glucose-6-phosphatase augmentent dans les reins de fœtus RCIU par rapport aux témoins alors qu’aucun changement n’est observé dans le foie. De plus, l’expression de ces enzymes est différente selon le sexe du fœtus. Une diminution de Flt-1 est notée dans les reins de fœtus RCIU. Nos résultats démontrent que des adaptations surviennent chez le fœtus à la suite d’une insulte intra-utérine favorisant sa survie mais ayant des conséquences telles que la dysfonction rénale observée chez les adultes de ce modèle animal. À long terme, ces travaux pourront permettre d’entrevoir des avenues pour mieux identifier les approches de prévention lors de naissance à la suite d’une RCIU.

Caractérisation de la voie de signalisation du récepteur des minéralocorticoïdes dans le rein foetal suite à une restriction de croissance intrautérine

La restriction de croissance intrautérine (RCIU) est associée à l’apparition de maladies à l’âge adulte et le phénotype de la condition pathologique peut être différent selon le sexe. Notre laboratoire a développé un modèle de RCIU chez le rat en administrant une diète faible en sodium lors du dernier tiers de la gestation entraînant une réduction de l’expansion volémique maternelle et de la perfusion utéroplacentaire. L'activité rénine et la concentration d'aldostérone plasmatique sont augmentées chez la mère et les foetus RCIU. Antérieurement, notre laboratoire a démontré une augmentation de l’expression génique et protéique rénale de la Na+-K+-ATPase-α1 uniquement chez les foetus femelles RCIU. Ainsi, nous émettons l’hypothèse que la diminution du volume circulant chez la rate gestante entraîne une augmentation et une expression différentielle, selon le sexe, des éléments de la cascade de signalisation du récepteur des minéralocorticoïdes (MR) dans les reins de foetus RCIU. L’expression des gènes est réalisée par qRT-PCR et celle des protéines par immunobuvardage de type Western. Bien que les résultats démontrent que la transcription génique de SGK1, α-ENaC et GILZ soit augmentée dans les reins de foetus RCIU, l’expression protéique de SGK1, pSGK1(Thr 256) et α-ENaC est similaire à celle des témoins. La protéine GILZ est indétectable. Pour CNKSR3, aucune différence de l’ARNm ou de la protéine n’a été observée entre les deux groupes. Par contre, même si l’expression génique du MR n’est pas différente, l’expression protéique est diminuée chez les RCIU. Aucun effet du sexe n’a été observé. En conclusion, l’augmentation d'aldostérone plasmatique chez les foetus ayant subi une RCIU stimule la transcription des gènes associés à la voie de réabsorption sodique, mais la quantité protéique demeure inchangée. Ceci suggère qu’il peut avoir des mécanismes de régulation post-transcriptionnelle ou une dégradation accélérée des protéines. Malgré la pertinence du sexe dans le développement de maladies, le sexe n’influence pas l’expression des composantes de la voie de rétention sodique chez le foetus. Il serait important de suivre cette voie en fonction de l’âge et de corréler les expressions génique et protéique avec l’apparition de maladies.

Conséquences d’une restriction de croissance intra-utérine sur la réactivité aortique chez le rat en fonction de l’âge et du sexe biologique

Antécédents. Le tonus vasculaire est régulé par plusieurs mécanismes et réagit à plusieurs composés endogènes et exogènes, dont les hormones circulantes et les substances vasoactives libérées par l’endothélium. Plusieurs études ont démontré que les femmes pré-ménopausées seraient moins à risque d’avoir des maladies cardiovasculaires que les hommes et que cette protection serait due aux hormones stéroïdiennes oestrogéniques. De plus, des études démontrent que les artères gagnent en rigidité avec l’âge différemment selon le sexe et que la restriction de croissance intra-utérine (RCIU) prédispose au développement de maladies cardiovasculaires à l’âge adulte différemment chez les hommes et chez les femmes. On a cherché à savoir si la réactivité vasculaire aortique dépend du sexe biologique, de l’âge et de l’environnement intra-utérin et si la rigidité aortique est différente entre les mâles et les femelles. Méthode. Des anneaux d’aorte thoracique de rats mâles ou femelles, témoins ou RCIU, de 5, 12 et 20 semaines avec endothélium ont été montés dans des bains à organe isolé. La contraction à des doses croissantes de phényléphrine (Phe) avec ou sans L-Name ainsi que la relaxation à des doses croissantes de carbachol (Cbc) ou de nitroprussiate de sodium (SNP) ont été enregistrées afin d’évaluer la réactivité vasculaire de l’aorte et de comparer les différents groupes. Des anneaux d’aorte thoracique de rats mâles et femelles âgés entre 13 et 17 semaines ont été utilisées pour évaluer la rigidité artérielle. Résultats. Chez les rats mâles seulement, la contraction maximale à la Phe en absence et en présence du L-Name est augmentée à 20 semaines chez les témoins et à 12 et 20 semaines chez les RCIU. Chez les femelles, la contraction maximale n’est pas affectée par l’âge et la RCIU. Par contre, un effet du L-Name est observé à l’âge adulte, autant chez les femelles témoins que RCIU. L’effet du L-Name est plus prononcé chez les femelles que chez les mâles. Dans tous les groupes RCIU, la relaxation maximale au Cbc est réduite. Par contre, aucune différence entre les différents groupes n’est observée avec le SNP et aucune différence de rigidité n’est observée entre les mâles et les femelles. Conclusion. Les résultats au L-Name suggèrent un rôle plus important du NO chez les femelles et les résultats à la Phe suggèrent que les mâles sont plus réactifs aux stimulis vasoconstricteurs avec l’âge et que ceci est encore plus prononcé lorsque l’environnement intra-utérin a été défavorable. La différence de contraction maximale entre les mâles et les femelles n’est pas due à la rigidité artérielle.

Conséquences d’une restriction de croissance intra-utérine et du sexe biologique sur le métabolisme des acides gras dans les cardiomyocytes de rats foetaux

Il est désormais accepté qu'un environnement foetal défavorable prédispose à des maladies chroniques qui surviennent à l'âge adulte. Il a été démontré dans notre laboratoire qu'une diminution de perfusion placentaire induit une redistribution du débit sanguin vers le coeur chez le foetus ainsi qu’une restriction de croissance intrautérine. De plus, un remodelage et une diminution de la contractilité des cardiomyocytes ont été observés chez les femelles devenues adultes. En période périnatale, l’utilisation des acides gras comme substrat énergétique devient plus importante que celle du glucose au niveau des cardiomyocytes. Considérant qu'un mécanisme s'est mis en place in utero, nous émettons l’hypothèse que le transfert de la voie de l’utilisation du glucose vers l’utilisation des acides gras se fait plus tôt chez les foetus en restriction de croissance. L’objectif de cette étude est de mesurer, dans les coeurs foetaux, les constituants du métabolisme des acides gras, soit le transporteur principal des acides gras, la carnitine palmitoyltransférase‒1‒alpha, ainsi que ses protéines associées soit l’acyl‒CoenzymeA synthétase‒1 et le canal anionique voltage‒dépendant de type 1. Nous mesurerons l’activité du cytochrome c oxydase et le nombre de mitochondries. L’influence du sexe et la condition foetale (restriction de croissance intrautérine vs contrôle) seront comparés. Nous avons observé que l’expression protéique de la carnitine palmitoytransférase‒1α et de l’acyl‒CoenzymeA synthétase‒1 est significativement augmentée, mais pas celle du canal anionique voltage‒dépendant de type 1, dans les coeurs de foetus en restriction de croissance intrautérine femelles. Le nombre et l’activité des mitochondries est semblable dans tous les groupes. Ces résultats suggèrent que la condition foetale et le sexe altèrent la quantité du transporteur des acides gras, la carnitine palmitoytransférase‒1α, au niveau traductionnel sans toutefois affecter l’activité du cytochrome c oxydase et le nombre de mitochondries. À long terme, nos études permettront de mieux comprendre les conséquences et causes de la RCIU afin d’en permettre la prévention.

Maternal protein restriction affects gene expression and enzyme activity of intestinal disaccharidases in adult rat offspring

This study investigated the consequences of intrauterine protein restriction on the gastrointestinal tract and particularly on the gene expression and activity of intestinal disaccharidases in the adult offspring. Wistar rat dams were fed isocaloric diets containing 6% protein (restricted, n = 8) or 17% protein (control, n = 8) throughout gestation. Male offspring (n = 5-8 in each group) were evaluated at 3 or 16 weeks of age. Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy produced offspring with growth restriction from birth (5.7 ± 0.1 vs 6.3 ± 0.1 g; mean ± SE) to weaning (42.4 ± 1.3 vs 49.1 ± 1.6 g), although at 16 weeks of age their body weight was similar to control (421.7 ± 8.9 and 428.5 ± 8.5 g). Maternal protein restriction also increased lactase activity in the proximal (0.23 ± 0.02 vs 0.15 ± 0.02), medial (0.30 ± 0.06 vs 0.14 ± 0.01) and distal (0.43 ± 0.07 vs 0.07 ± 0.02 U·g-1·min-1) small intestine, and mRNA lactase abundance in the proximal intestine (7.96 ± 1.11 vs 2.38 ± 0.47 relative units) of 3-week-old offspring rats. In addition, maternal protein restriction increased sucrase activity (1.20 ± 0.02 vs 0.91 ± 0.02 U·g-1·min-1) and sucrase mRNA abundance (4.48 ± 0.51 vs 1.95 ± 0.17 relative units) in the duodenum of 16-week-old rats. In conclusion, the present study shows for the first time that intrauterine protein restriction affects gene expression of intestinal enzymes in offspring.