A instrução como escultora da sociedade: a construção do estado nacional brasileiro em seu primeiro momento de autonomia política 1822-1831

Pós-graduação em História - FCLAS

Companhia Brasileira de Cimento Portland Perus: contribuição para uma história da indústria pioneira do ramo no Brasil (1926-1987)

Pós-graduação em Economia - FCLAR

América Latina: evolución del índice de precios de los principales productos de exportación, 1980-2005

Incluye Bibliografía

Modelos não-lineares de teoria de campos e mundos-brana

Pós-graduação em Física - FEG

Aspecto da literatura brasileira: o ritmo estético

Tem-se como objetivo mostrar um dos aspectos da concepção de literatura brasileira desenvolvida por Antonio Candido em um conjunto de textos publicados entre 1953/5 e 1997. Dentre os três aspectos possíveis – os outros dois são o ritmo histórico e social e o sistema literário – o escolhido foi o ritmo estético, regido pela dialética do local e do cosmopolita, que, para o autor, funcionaria como “lei de evolução da nossa vida espiritual”– “se fosse possível estabelecer uma” (CANDIDO, 1965, p.131) –, presente, de modo decisivo, nas formas de expressão de nossa literatura, em cujo processo histórico se manifesta de modo diverso nas várias etapas do longo percurso que vai da dependência do período colonial até a integração na interdependência cultural de nosso tempo. O autor constrói sua concepção de literatura brasileira em tensão com a noção nacionalista de literatura do Brasil, que, de origem romântica, prossegue no Naturalismo e Modernismo, atingindo tempos ulteriores. Complementam a exposição algumas considerações sobre o processo de difusão e recepção das obras que propagam suas idéias, expressões de sua visão de mundo, “fiel à tradição do humanismo ocidental”(CANDIDO, 2008, p.11).

Formas não-golpistas de presença militar no estado

Conforme nossa percepção, a esperada retirada dos militares dos locais de poder e de decisão no Estado, pelos dúbios processos de transição à democracia, não apenas ficou incompleta, mas também, em muitos casos, tem retrocedido, colocando a democracia no limite de sua definição quando não aquém dela. Propomos um modelo tipológico que pretende facilitar o tes-te de algumas variáveis das relações entre civis e militare, permitindo diag­nosticar, classificar e ordenar os fenômenos desse tipo de relacionamento; assim, o esquema funcionaria como um termômetro da saúde das incipientes democracias latino-americanas.

Múltiplos fluxos ópticos e o processamento atentivo da informação visual

The environment in which we live in, we constantly deal with a huge amount of dynamic information, thus, attention is an indispensable cognitive resource that allows an effective selection of stimuli for our survival. From this, investigating how we process our encouragement in movements and how the attention spreads into a space to serve more than one stimuli simultanously is something very important. The behavioural urgence hipothesis suggests that the encouragement in a movement of approaching shows a certain priority in the process related to objects which are in a movement away, but there are researches that point out that it might not happen in an attentive phase, but instead as a priorization of motor response. There are also many controversies found in researches about attentive focalization, in which some studies suggest that the focus of attention would work in a similar manner to a zoom lens, while some searches indicate that the focus of attention could be shared to answer some stimuli in non contiguous regions. This study tried to investigate through two experiments the effect of attentive priorization by encouragement in movements and how the attention is spread with distractors stimuli. The first experiment investigated if the amount of moving flows really influenced in the process of information. The results indicate an effect of priorization of the flows guided in relation to aleatory ones and also from the unique flow due to dual flow. The second experiment investigated how the distribution of attention is in a space with the use of flows as an exogenous cue. The results indicate that the focus of attention works as the one suggested in the zoom lens model.

Tributos indiretos na cadeia produtiva do camarão

The state of Rio Grande do Norte counts with a relevant potential in the shrimp farming supply chain. In the larviculture step the state responds for more than half of the national production. In the farming step it is the second largest producer. In the industrial step, its industries have almost 40% of the shrimp processing capacity of the northeast of Brazil. However, this country has the highest tax rate comparing with the main shrimp producer countries. Considering the influence of taxes in the competition among companies, the main goal of this research is to analyze the impact of indirect taxes in the above steps of the supply chain. To achieve it, it will be used the data of the 2011 Census of the Shrimp Farming and it will be applied the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index to identify the market form of those steps. In order to contribute with the characterization of the supply chain, CEO´s of farms and industries will be interviewed. The price-elasticity of the shrimp larvae, the in natura shrimp and the processed shrimp will be analyzed in order to verify the possibility that each one of those three steps has to pass-through the onus of the end of benefit over the ICMS. The data analysis shows that the larviculture step functions as a duopoly and, facing the end of that benefit, it will be able to pass-through most its onus to the farming step. On the other hand, this step functions similar to a perfect competing market, which diminishes its capacity to pass-through that onus to the processing step. This step operates as oligopoly with a lower concentration than the larviculture step but, due to the fact that it faces an oligopsony, it will end up assuming most of that onus, which will cause a decrease in the amount of processed shrimp. It is concluded that the end of that benefit would impact negatively, in this state, the supply chain at all, but mainly the farming and the industrial steps

Tributos indiretos na cadeia produtiva do camarão

The state of Rio Grande do Norte counts with a relevant potential in the shrimp farming supply chain. In the larviculture step the state responds for more than half of the national production. In the farming step it is the second largest producer. In the industrial step, its industries have almost 40% of the shrimp processing capacity of the northeast of Brazil. However, this country has the highest tax rate comparing with the main shrimp producer countries. Considering the influence of taxes in the competition among companies, the main goal of this research is to analyze the impact of indirect taxes in the above steps of the supply chain. To achieve it, it will be used the data of the 2011 Census of the Shrimp Farming and it will be applied the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index to identify the market form of those steps. In order to contribute with the characterization of the supply chain, CEO´s of farms and industries will be interviewed. The price-elasticity of the shrimp larvae, the in natura shrimp and the processed shrimp will be analyzed in order to verify the possibility that each one of those three steps has to pass-through the onus of the end of benefit over the ICMS. The data analysis shows that the larviculture step functions as a duopoly and, facing the end of that benefit, it will be able to pass-through most its onus to the farming step. On the other hand, this step functions similar to a perfect competing market, which diminishes its capacity to pass-through that onus to the processing step. This step operates as oligopoly with a lower concentration than the larviculture step but, due to the fact that it faces an oligopsony, it will end up assuming most of that onus, which will cause a decrease in the amount of processed shrimp. It is concluded that the end of that benefit would impact negatively, in this state, the supply chain at all, but mainly the farming and the industrial steps

MEDIDAS DE NÚCLEO INFLACIONARIO PARA COSTA RICA

En este documento se elaboran y evalúan medidas alternativas de núcleo inflacionario para Costa Rica. La idea fundamental contempla al núcleo inflacionario como un indicador de la tendencia subyacente de la inflación capaz de capturar el componente del cambio total de precios común a todos los bienes y servicios, cuya persistencia se mantendría en el mediano y largo plazo y que excluye los cambios en los precios relativos de estos. La medida de núcleo inflacionario seleccionada se contrasta con el Índice de Núcleo Inflacionario (INI), indicador de inflación subyacente actualmente utilizado por el Banco Central de Costa Rica (BCCR).El Índice Subyacente de Inflación (ISI), definido como una medida de núcleo inflacionario que excluye un 30,7% del peso total del Índice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC), refleja más fielmente la tendencia subyacente de la inflación y logra capturar el movimiento más permanente del nivel general de precios, aislando las variaciones en precios relativos. Además, el ISI es fácil de calcular e interpretar lo cual ayuda a incrementar la transparencia y credibilidad de la política monetaria. También es un indicador oportuno, aumentando su valor para los que formulan la política monetaria. Por último, el ISI supera algunas de las limitaciones del INI, como son la falta de un criterio estadístico para definir el punto de corte de los bienes y servicios a excluir y el alto porcentaje del peso total del IPC eliminado. AbstractThis paper builds and evaluates several alternative measures of core inflation for Costa Rica. The chosen measure of core inflation is contrasted with the core inflation index (INI), which is the indicator of underlying inflation used today by the Central Bank of Costa Rica (BCCR). The main idea is that core inflation is a good indicator of the underlying inflation and catches the part of overall price change common to all the goods and services that is expected to persist in the medium-term and long-term, and excludes changes in the relative prices of goods and services.The Underlying Inflation Index (ISI) is defined as a measure of core inflation which excludes 30,7% of the total weight of the Consumer Price Index (IPC), it is the most closely related with inflation´s underlying trend and catches the component of overall price change that is expected to persist in the general level of prices. Furthermore, the ISI is easy to compute and to follow, increasing the transparency and credibility of monetary policy and moreover is an timely indicator increasing its value for the monetary policy makers. Finally, the ISI exceed some limitations of INI, as the absence of statistic criterion to define the cutting point of goods and services to exclude and the high percent of total weight eliminated of IPC.

EVALUACIÓN DE LA PROPUESTA PARA EL ESTABLECIMIENTO DE UN SISTEMA DE GARANTÍA DE DEPÓSITOS EN EL SISTEMA FINANCIERO COSTARRICENSE

El objetivo principal de este documento consiste en evaluar el impacto que tendría sobre la exposición neta de los pasivos de los intermediarios financieros, el establecimiento de un sistema de seguro de depósitos tal como se encuentra propuesto en el Proyecto de Ley de Reformas de la Ley Orgánica del Banco Central de Costa Rica, la Ley Orgánica del Sistema Bancario Nacional y otras Leyes. Para tal efecto se recurre a la estimación de diferentes coberturas de pasivos y se realiza el análisis de diferentes escenarios.Los principales resultados indican que en el caso de los bancos estatales, contar con un fondo como el propuesto en el Proyecto analizado, permite reducir la exposición neta de los pasivos de un 40% a un 18% aproximadamente, lo cual significa que el aporte que deberá realizar el Gobierno se reduce considerablemente y con ello los costos que debe asumir la sociedad en términos de inflación ante un eventual problema financiero de un banco estatal.En cuanto a los bancos privados, existe diversidad en cuando a la capacidad de cubrir los pasivos, hay entidades que representan un mayor peso para el Fondo de Seguro de Depósitos propuesto, en tanto otras no presentan mayores problemas de cobertura.Por último debe destacarse que la metodología empleada constituye en si misma un aporte para ser considerada dentro de un sistema de indicadores de alerta temprana, puesto que muestra en forma indirecta el comportamiento de la calidad de activos y el apalancamiento.

¿EXISTE DISCIPLINA DE MERCADO EN EL SISTEMA BANCARIO COSTARRICENSE?

El objetivo principal del presente estudio consistió en evaluar la existencia o no de disciplina de mercado en el sistema bancario costarricense lo cual puede ser una evidencia importante previo al posible establecimiento de un Fondo de Garantía de los depósitos bancarios en Costa Rica.De acuerdo con los resultados de las estimaciones, podría afirmarse que la hipótesis de la existencia de disciplina de mercado en el sistema bancario costarricense se comprobó aunque de una manera muy débil o incipiente.La mayor parte de las variables fundamentales del desempeño y que reflejan el nivel de riesgo asumido por los intermediarios bancarios no parecen tener influencia sobre el comportamiento de los depósitos al igual que con la mayoría de las variables macroeconómicas.Los resultados también indican que la captación en cada uno de los bancos comerciales, si bien reacciona de igual manera ante los cambios en las variables explicativas, cada una de las instituciones presenta ciertas particularidades que los hacen diferentes entre sí. AbstractThe primary target of the present study consisted of evaluating the existence or not of market discipline in the Costa Rican banking system which can be previous an important evidence to the possible establishment of a guarantee system of the banking deposits in Costa Rica.In agreement with the results of the estimations, it could affirm that the hypothesis of the existence of market discipline in the Costa Rican banking system was verified although of a very weak or incipiente way.Most of the fundamental variables of the performance and that they reflect the level of risk assumed by the banking intermediaries does not seem to have influence on the behavior of the deposits like with most of the macroeconomic variables.The results also indicate that the pick up of funds in each one of the commercial banks, although reacts of equal way before the changes in the explanatory variables, each one of the institutions displays certain characteristics that are reflected in different intercepts.

COMPETITIVIDAD INTERNACIONAL DE COSTA RICA: ANÁLISIS DE LOS RESULTADOS DEL CAN

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los resultados de la matriz de competitividad y sus implicaciones para la economía costarricense, mediante la aplicación del Analysis of Nations (CAN), el cual es un instrumento computacional y base de datos de comercio internacional.Dentro de los resultados se observó, que en el mercado meta “países del mundo”, los trece productos seleccionados, representaron un 45,3 % del valor total de exportaciones en 1998. Adicionalmente el 17,2% de este porcentaje, se clasificaron como dinámicos y competitivos, el 48,9 % se catalogaron como estacionarios y no competitivos, el 5,8 % son estacionarios competitivos, y los dinámicos no competitivos representaron el 28,1%. El índice de adaptabilidad muestra que esta economía ha disminuido su nivel de especialización y su cuota de mercado, lo cual indica que los productos analizados no se adaptaron bien a las condiciones imperantes en el mercado mundial. ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the results of the competitiveness array and its implications for Costa Rican Economy, after applying the Competitive Analysis of Nations (CAN), a software for international trade database. This instrument makes a diagnosis of the competitiveness situation in Costa Rica and it’s a fundamental base, so it can be make a competitiveness indicator for the economy.The results showed that the thirteen selected products represented a 45,3% of the 1998 total exports. Additionally, 17,2% of these products were classify as dynamic and competitive sectors, 48,9% are steady and no competitive sectors and 5.8% are steady and competitive. Finally, the dynamics products that are no competitive represent a 28.1%. Additionally, the adaptability index shows that the economy has decrease its level of specialization and its market share. This result indicates that these products does not have a good adaptation to the market conditions.

DETERMINACIÓN DE MODELOS PARA LA EXTRACCIÓN DE SEÑALES Y EL PRONÓSTICO DE LAS SERIES TRIMESTRALES DE LA OFERTA Y DEMANDA GLOBALES

El objetivo de este estudio es modelar las series trimestrales de los componentes de la oferta y demanda globales de Costa Rica, mediante el empleo de métodos ARIMA, a fin de extraer los componentes de tendencia-ciclo, estacional e irregular que conforman dichas series con el propósito de evaluar la evolución del sector real en el corto plazo y realizar pronósticos.Para ello se utilizan las series trimestrales recientemente estimadas de los componentes de oferta y demanda globales basadas en las series anuales compiladas utilizando el año 1991 como periodo de referencia a precios constantes. El periodo de análisis abarca del primer trimestre de 1991 al cuarto trimestre del 2000. Se analizaron un total de treinta y cinco variables.Para obtener los resultados, se hizo uso del paquete computacional TRAMO/SEATS, en su versión para Windows, lo que constituye una primera aplicación de esta herramienta en el Banco Central de Costa Rica. Se emplea este instrumento puesto que se basa en modelos y no en métodos empíricos, lo que permite realizar inferencia estadística de las estimaciones de los modelos ajustados para cada componente. Adicionalmente, se aplicó el método de desestacionalización directo e indirecto a algunas variables.Como conclusiones generales se señalan que el software TRAMO/SEATS constituye una herramienta poderosa, flexible y de fácil uso en el análisis de series de tiempo. En general, este paquete permitió discriminar entre modelos y descomposiciones alternativas. Además, se observó una descomposición final adecuada para cada variable. Sin embargo, falta darle una explicación económica a las series desestacionalizadas. Finalmente, los resultados del ajuste estacional indican que el método indirecto fue significativo en el caso de dos variables (agricultura e industria).