Concepção e desenvolvimento de um sistema de limpeza de circuitos hidráulicos

Atualmente na indústria, surge a dificuldade expressa de encontrar soluções viáveis para a limpeza dos seus circuitos hidráulicos. As soluções existentes no mercado são por vezes incomportáveis, seja devido ao elevado custo inerente ou porque têm associado um tempo de paragem do equipamento industrial demasiado elevado. Dentro das tubagens existentes nos circuitos hidráulicos é possível distinguir dois tipos: flexíveis e rígidas. As flexíveis, apesar de terem um custo superior ao das rígidas, a facilidade de montagem permite a sua substituição, sempre que se deteta algum desgaste. A concepção duma tubagem rígida é feita através de um tubo de aço inoxidável, dando-lhe a forma adequada, cravando-se, de seguida, as ponteiras. Este método apesar de mais económico é muito mais demorado e por esta razão, a solução existente para este tipo de tubagens passa pela limpeza interna das impurezas. Este tema tem um elevado interesse devido às implicações que advêm da utilização de uma instalação de tubagens com impurezas incrustadas. A libertação dessas impurezas, causam a maioria das avarias em componentes sensíveis, o que equivale a perdas monetárias consideráveis por parte das entidades industriais. A solução para este problema, passa pelo desenvolvimento de uma unidade hidráulica de flushing, capaz de efetuar a limpeza dos circuitos, assegurando no seu final uma contaminação reduzida dentro das normas reguladoras da contaminação do óleo. A tecnologia do flushing, tem por base a utilização de escoamentos turbulentos com a finalidade de aumentar a tensão de corte junto das paredes das tubagens e por consequência remover as impurezas nela inclusa. O projeto prevê a concepção e construção de uma unidade de flushing que, após ser testada e validada, esteja em condições de ser comercializada tanto a nível nacional como internacional.

Farmacologia da niacina ou ácido nicotínico

Niacina ou ácido nicotínico é uma vitamina solúvel com propriedades hipolipemiantes. Niacina reduz triglicérides (20% - 50%), LDL (5% - 25%), e aumenta HDL (15% - 35%). O estudo Coronary Drug Project mostrou que o uso de niacina foi associado com redução de eventos coronários e mortalidade total, e mais recentemente, foi demonstrado que niacina combinada com outras drogas hipolipemiantes pode atenuar a progressão da aterosclerose coronária. A niacina parece reduzir a mobilização de ácidos graxos livres dos adipócitos, agindo em receptores específicos, diminuindo a formação de lipoproteínas ricas em triglicérides pelo fígado. Existem duas formas de niacina, uma de absorção rápida (cristalina), mais comumente associada com flushing, e outra de liberação extendida, recentemente referida como de melhor tolerabilidade. O uso de niacina pode associar-se com dispepsia, aumento dos níveis plasmáticos de enzimas hepáticas e também com modestas elevações na glicose e ácido úrico, ao menos na utilização de doses até 2g / dia da forma de liberação prolongada.

Avaliação de uma técnica in vivo para medir a infestação por ácaros do gênero Raillietia Trouessart (Acari) em bovinos

In vivo flushing of the ear canals with 50 to 100 ml collected all larvae in 100% of infested cattle. All adult mites were collected from 22 ou 27 parasitized ears (81.5%). Both stages adult and larva were collected from 18 out 22 parasitized ears (82%). The technique is adequate as a measure of prevalence, incidence, density/intensity of infestation as well as in vivo diagnosis. No damage to the host ear has been noticed.

Palaeoparasitology in Japan: discovery of toilet features

The development of palaeoparasitology in Japan has occurred in recent decades. Despite the fact that archaeology in Japan has been slow to develop techniques for excavating ancient toilets, important information about the development of sanitation has been derived from the analysis of a few sites. This shows that the earliest people had very simple methods of sanitation. As populations increased, sanitation became more complex. Ditches surrounding early towns were used for excrement disposal. Eventually distinct toilets were developed followed by cesspit type toilets and flushing toilets. The parasites recovered from these toilets include many species that infect humans today. These parasite spectra reflect local use of aquatic, marine, and land animals. Fecal borne disease was an increasing problem as represented by whipworm and ascarid roundworm eggs. Interestingly, ascarid roundworms were absent in the earliest cultures and only became common with rice agriculture. Finds of pollen and seeds in toilet sediments reveal the use of medicinal plants to control the emerging problem of parasites.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis from a small bowel carcinoid tumour

BACKGROUND. Peritoneal carcinomatosis from a gastrointestinal carcinoid tumour is rare and the long-term management and prognosis have not been clearly defined. The natural history is different from gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma, although its capacity to invade regional lymph nodes and generate distal metastasis can make the management more complex. Whilst the development of carcinomatosis is uncommonly reported, it may be higher than expected. CASE PRESENTATION A 63 years-old woman underwent emergency surgery in 1993 for right iliac fossa pain and a mass that was found to be an ileal carcinoid tumour. Over the next ten years, further surgery was required for disseminated disease with peritoneal carcinomatosis and liver metastasis. Systemic chemotherapy had little effect, although Somatostatin was used effectively to relieve symptoms caused by the disseminated disease (flushing and diarrhoea). CONCLUSION. Peritoneal carcinomatosis from carcinoid tumours is not well documented in the literature. Aggressive surgery must be performed in order to control the disease since chemotherapy has not been reported to be effective. With repeated surgery long-term survival can be achieved in these patients.

Calcium antagonists as first-line therapy in hypertension: results of the Swiss Isradipine Study. Swiss Hypertension Society

In this study of the efficacy and safety of isradipine as first-line therapy in hypertension, 1,647 patients enrolled; 1,472 completed the 4-week placebo run-in period and began treatment with isradipine at 2.5 mg twice daily for 4 weeks. During placebo, 11% (n = 175) of the 1,647 patients withdrew because of normalization of blood pressure, side effects, noncompliance, violation of the study protocol, side effects from concomitant therapy, or other reasons. During isradipine therapy (n = 1,376), blood pressure decreased from 168 +/- 18/102 +/- 8 mm Hg at the end of the placebo period to 155 +/- 17/94 +/- 9 mm Hg after 2 weeks (p less than 0.001) and 151 +/- 16/92 +/- 9 mm Hg after 4 weeks (p less than 0.001). During active treatment, 6.4% (n = 94) were withdrawn because of flushing, headache, edema, palpitations, gastrointestinal side effects, skin rashes, or other side effects, and two patients because of lack of efficacy. The side effect score in the remaining patients worsened for flushing, remained unchanged for edema, but significantly improved for palpitations, fatigue, dizziness, headache, and nervousness. After 4 weeks, 60% of patients had diastolic blood pressures of less than or equal to 90 mm Hg. Thus, isradipine is effective and safe as first-line therapy in patients with primary hypertension as seen in general practice.

Influence of the timing of low-dose aspirin on tolerability of prolonged-release nicotinic acid in patients at elevated cardiovascular risk

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of low-dose aspirin administered in the morning or evening on the rate of discontinuation of prolonged-release nicotinic acid (Niaspan) due to flushing in patients at elevated cardiovascular risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was an observational, non-interventional study in patients at elevated cardiovascular risk due to cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes. Patients received prolonged-release nicotinic acid and aspirin under the usual care of their physician for 15 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measure was the rate of treatment discontinuation for flushing. Other adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were also recorded. Lipid parameters were also measured. RESULTS: The patient population included 539 subjects (70% male); 36% had type 2 diabetes, 80% had prior cardiovascular disease, and 37% had a family history of cardiovascular disease. The rate of treatment discontinuation due to flushing did not differ (p = 0.3375) between the morning aspirin group (10.6%) and the evening aspirin group (13.8%). The overall incidence of flushing was 57%. Most flushes were of mild or moderate severity and decreases occurred over time in both frequency and intensity. ADRs unrelated to flushing occurred in 6.6% of the morning aspirin group and 7.4% of the evening aspirin group. HDL-cholesterol increased by +21.3% in the overall population, together with moderate improvements in other lipid parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Flushing was the most common ADR with prolonged-release nicotinic acid treatment, as expected. The timing of aspirin administration did not influence the rate of treatment discontinuations for flushing. Marked increases in HDL-cholesterol were observed.

Non-conventional water resources in coastal areas: a review of the use of reclaimed water

In an era of increasing concern for limited water resources a wise joint management of conventional and nonconventional water resources must be considered. Water scarcity aggravates in coastal zones which are often characterised by high population density, intense economic activity and tourism; meaning heavy seasonal water demands. The relationships between sea and land-water can also compromise the quality of available freshwater. In this context, the use of non-conventional water increases the availability of water supplies. Non-conventional water resources of low quality could be directed to meet several needs (like watering lawns, washing cars, flushing toilets and cooling systems, among others). Therefore, significantly more potable water would be available to meet human demand for safe water.

Ice-Retardant Pavement, HR-290, 1991

During 1986, the City of Des Moines placed an experimental asphaltic concrete overlay containing an ice-retardant additive (Verglimit) on Euclid Avenue (U.S. Highway 6). Verglimit is a chemical multi-component deicer which is added to the surface course of an asphalt overlay. The additive was uniformly distributed through the mix at the asphalt plant, which allows exposure of the particles as the finished surface wears under traffic. During a snowfall, the exposed particles attract and absorb moisture creating a deicing solution which dampens the pavement. The Verglimit additive used on this project cost $1,180 per metric ton. The Verglimit was added at a rate of 6.3% by weight, which was 126 pounds per ton, or $66.38 per ton of hot mix asphalt. The purchase of Verglimit additive was funded by the Iowa Department of Transportation through a research project recommended by the Highway Research Advisory Board. The pavement surface experienced severe wetting due to the additive's affinity for water immediately after the project was completed and during periods of high humidity. This wetting created slippery conditions both on the project itself and where vehicles tracked the additive. The only way to remove the slipperiness was by flushing the street with water. The ice-retardant overlay appears to perform as expected in reducing the adherence of ice and snow, especially at temperatures just below freezing. It performs better in light snowfalls than in heavy ones. The ice retardant overlay is effective in eliminating thin coatings of ice due to freezing drizzle or widespread frost. The accident data showed a reduction in the number of snow and ice related accidents but due to the low number of this type of accident the results are inconclusive.

Behavioral changes in brain-injured critical care adults with different levels of consciousness during nociceptive stimulation: an observational study.

PURPOSE: The primary objective of this study was to describe the frequency of behaviors observed during rest, a non-nociceptive procedure, and a nociceptive procedure in brain-injured intensive care unit (ICU) patients with different levels of consciousness (LOC). Second, it examined the inter-rater reliability and discriminant and concurrent validity of the behavioral checklist used. METHODS: The non-nociceptive procedure involved calling the patient and shaking his/her shoulder. The nociceptive procedure involved turning the patient. The frequency of behaviors was recorded using a behavioral checklist. RESULTS: Patients with absence of movement, or stereotyped flexion or extension responses to a nociceptive stimulus displayed more behaviors during turning (median 5.5, range 0-14) than patients with localized responses (median 4, range 0-10) or able to self-report their pain (median 4, range 0-10). Face flushing, clenched teeth, clenched fist, and tremor were more frequent in patients with absence of movement, or stereotyped responses to a nociceptive stimulus. The reliability of the checklist was supported by a high intra-class correlation coefficient (0.77-0.92), and the internal consistency was acceptable in all three groups (KR 20, 0.71-0.85). Discriminant validity was supported as significantly more behaviors were observed during nociceptive stimulation than at rest. Concurrent validity was confirmed as checklist scores were correlated to the patients' self-reports of pain (r s = 0.53; 95 % CI 0.21-0.75). CONCLUSION: Brain-injured patients reacted significantly more during a nociceptive stimulus and the number of observed behaviors was higher in patients with a stereotyped response.

Genetic variation for carbon isotope composition in Juglans regia L.: relationships with growth, phenology and climate of origin

Among the traits of breeding interest for the common walnut tree Juglans regia L., characteristics such as timing of budbreak and leaf fall, water-use efficiency and growth performance are regarded as being of utmost relevance in Mediterranean conditions. The authors evaluated intraspecific variation in $\delta$13C (carbon isotope composition, surrogate of intrinsic water-use efficiency, WUE$_{\rm i}$) for 22 J. regia families grown in a progeny test under supplementary irrigation, and investigated whether such variation correlated with climatic indicators of native habitats. The genetic relationships between $\delta$13C, growth and phenology were also assessed during two consecutive years. Overall, the most water-use-efficient families (i.e. with higher $\delta$13C), which originated mainly from drought-prone provenance regions which have a high vapour pressure deficit and low rainfall, exhibited less height growth and smaller DBH. Using a stepwise regression procedure, $\delta$13C was included as the main explanatory variable of genotypic variation in growth traits, together with growing season duration (for DBH in both years) and flushing (for height in 2007). It was concluded that WUE$_{\rm i}$ is largely unconnected to phenology effects in the explanation of growth performance for J. regia, therefore suggesting the opportunity of simultaneously selecting for low WUE$_{\rm i}$ and extended growing period to maximise productivity in non-water-limited environments.

Caracterización del comportamiento agroforestal de doce genotipos de nogal (Juglans sp.) en dos localidades de Cataluña

El comportamiento agroforestal de 10 genotipos de J. regia y dos híbridos comerciales de Juglans, Ng23xRa y Mj209xRa, se ha evaluado desde 1995 a 2000 en dos localidades: Massanes (Girona) y Prades (Tarragona). Se establecen tres grupos de genotipos diferenciados de acuerdo a su tasa de crecimiento en altura: 1) crecimiento medio superior a 60 cm/año, que corresponde a los dos híbridos; 2) crecimiento medio de unos 50 cm/año, que corresponde a las progenies de J. regia con brotaciones anteriores al 20 de abril; y 3) crecimiento medio inferior a los 40 cm/año, que corresponde a los genotipos de J. regia con brotación posterior al 20 de abril. La evolución de las progenies en altura y diámetro está significativamente ligada a la localidad. El orden en la clasificación de las progenies por su crecimiento, en altura y en grosor, es prácticamente idéntico en ambas localidades. El diámetro a 2,50 m, al sexto período vegetativo, presenta una dependencia significativa de localidad y genotipo: en Massanes se alcanza un mayor crecimiento que en Prades y el diámetro a 2,50 m de los híbridos es el doble que el del mejor J. regia. La dominancia y la rectitud dependen de los genotipos. Sólo dos J. regia tienen una aptitud forestal aceptable, concretamente dos genotipos italianos, «Bleggiana» y «Boschi Maria Grazia». Los híbridos Ng23xRa y Mj209xRa presentan un mejor comportamiento agroforestal que los genotipos de J. regia estudiados: menor mortalidad en plantación, superiores crecimientos primario y secundario y buena dominancia apical y rectitud.

Disturbance of wildlife by outdoor winter recreation: allostatic stress response and altered activity-energy budgets

Anthropogenic disturbance of wildlife is of growing conservation concern, but we lack comprehensive approaches of its multiple negative effects. We investigated several effects of disturbance by winter outdoor sports on free-ranging alpine Black Grouse by simultaneously measuring their physiological and behavioral responses. We experimentally flushed radio-tagged Black Grouse from their snow burrows, once a day, during several successive days, and quantified their stress hormone levels (corticosterone metabolites in feces [FCM] collected from individual snow burrows). We also measured feeding time allocation (activity budgets reconstructed from radio-emitted signals) in response to anthropogenic disturbance. Finally, we estimated the related extra energy expenditure that may be incurred: based on activity budgets, energy expenditure was modeled from measures of metabolism obtained from captive birds subjected to different ambient temperatures. The pattern of FCM excretion indicated the existence of a funneling effect as predicted by the allostatic theory of stress: initial stress hormone concentrations showed a wide inter-individual variation, which decreased during experimental flushing. Individuals with low initial pre-flushing FCM values augmented their concentration, while individuals with high initial FCM values lowered it. Experimental disturbance resulted in an extension of feeding duration during the following evening foraging bout, confirming the prediction that Black Grouse must compensate for the extra energy expenditure elicited by human disturbance. Birds with low initial baseline FCM concentrations were those that spent more time foraging. These FCM excretion and foraging patterns suggest that birds with high initial FCM concentrations might have been experiencing a situation of allostatic overload. The energetic model provides quantitative estimates of extra energy expenditure. A longer exposure to ambient temperatures outside the shelter of snow burrows, following disturbance, could increase the daily energy expenditure by >10%, depending principally on ambient temperature and duration of exposure. This study confirms the predictions of allostatic theory and, to the best of our knowledge, constitutes the first demonstration of a funneling effect. It further establishes that winter recreation activities incur costly allostatic behavioral and energetic adjustments, which call for the creation of winter refuge areas together with the implementation of visitor-steering measures for sensitive wildlife.

A intrigante bioquímica da niacina: uma revisão crítica

Niacin (nicotinamide, nicotinic acid) interferes on homeostasis, DNA regulation, signaling and longevity. Nicotinic acid reduces synthesis of lipoproteins-apo-B and increases HDL. Its antilipemic action in liver produces: 1) inhibition of DGAT2, with decreased triacylglycerol synthesis, 2) downregulation of the b-chain of adenosine triphosphate synthase, leading to reduced HDL-apo-A-I catabolism. Nicotinic acid could increase redox potential in vascular endothelium. HM74A receptor activation in macrophages would be responsible for the release of prostaglandins, causing flushing in epidermis. HM74A agonists could assist in identifying antilipemic agents. Extended release niacin in combination with statin appears to protect cardiovascular system of patients with low HDL.

Fatores químicos e físicos que afetam a contaminação por chumbo e cobre em água potável: uma abordagem para o estudo de caso em química analítica

Lead and copper concentrations in drinking water increase considerably on going from municipality reservoirs to the households sampled in Ribeirão Preto (SP-Brazil). Flushing of only 3 liters of water reduced metal concentrations by more than 50%. Relatively small changes in water pH rapidly affected corrosion processes in lead pipes, while water hardness appeared to have a long-term effect. This approach aims to encourage University teachers to use its content as a case study in disciplines of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and consequently increase knowledge about drinking water contamination in locations where no public monitoring of trace metals is in place.