Some considerations on methodology for catch assessment in Lake Niassa (Mozambique)

Lake Niassa fisheries are artisanal and are carried out by numerous fishing boats using various types of gear and operating from numerous fish landing places scattered along the shoreline. A frame survey was conducted in 1983 to get information on the size and structure of the fisheries in Lake Niassa. The methodology to be applied for a catch assessment survey is explained. The primary objective of the survey is to obtain reliable current estimates, for the Mozambican side of Lake Niassa, of the total quantity of fish harvested by the fishermen at the lake (in terms of live weight in tons). Secondary objectives include the species composition of the catch and the fishing effort involved in obtaining the catch.

Enteropathogenic E. coli and other coliforms in marine fish

One hundred and twenty six samples of marine fish (96 from landing centre and 30 from retail market) and swabs from deck surfaces of 34 fishing boats were examined for coliforms including enteropathogenic E. Coli. Forty out of 96 fish samples from landing centre, 24 out of 30 from retail market and 11 out of 34 fishing boats revealed coliforms. On further tests, 5, 7 and 4 coliform isolates from the three groups respectively were found to be E. coli. Two of the E. coli. isolated, one from sciaenids and one from cat fish, were found to be enteropathogenic serotypes 055 and 0111. Enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli are reported from sciaenids and cat fish for the first time in this country.

Quality loss in prawns due to double freezing

Icing is the practice for preserving prawns on board fishing boats in India. Majority of these boats need to preserve the catch only for a few hours because of the short duration of the fishing trip. However, with the anticipated introduction of a considerable number of bigger fishing vessels which can remain in the fishing ground for longer periods, more than fortnight, preservation methods, other than icing are required to retain prime quality. Freezing and cold storage of whole prawns on board followed by thawing and processing on land is a possible proposition. The extent of quality loss in prawns during these operations is one of the important points to be considered. Hence, laboratory scale studies were undertaken on double freezing of prawns and the results are dealt within this communication.

National report of the frame survey 2012 on the Uganda side of Lake Victoria

This is a report on the results of the Frame Survey conducted in the Uganda side of Lake Victoria during August 2012 by the LVFO Institutions, namely: the Department of Fisheries Resources (DFR) Uganda and the National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI) in close collaboration with the District Fisheries offices of Busia, Bugiri, Namayingo, Mayuge, Jinja, Buvuma, Buikwe, Mukono, Kampala, Wakiso, Mpigi, Kalungu, Masaka, Kalangala and Rakai. In the 2012 Frame survey some indicators of fishing effort including e.g. number of fishers, fishing crafts and long line hooks increased; whereas others like the number of gillnets less than 5 inches decreased by 10.4% from that recorded in 2010. The other indicators of fishing effort, which showed decrease in 2012 included illegal beach seines and undersized gillnets (<5 inch mesh size). However, a large proportion (66%) of long line hooks recorded in the 2012 survey were in the smallest size range (hook size >10), which target small Nile perch. The number of other illegal gears, i.e. cast nets and monofilament gillnets showed modest increases (25%) between 2010 and 2012 while beach seines decrease by 15%. Recent crackdown on illegal fishing activities as part of measures for recovery of the Nile perch stocks which are faced with depletion appear to have had an impact but much more needs to be done to eradicate illegal fishing. The fisheries in the Ugandan waters have remained predominantly near shore with 61% of all fishing crafts using paddles out of which 17% were tiny three plank, flat bottomed boats locally known as parachutes. The 2012 survey shows an increase in the number of fishing crafts using sails by 65% from 682 in 2010 to 1125 in 2012. This is an encouraging trend as more fishers are able to access distant fishing grounds using free wind power. The Mukene fishery in the Ugandan waters of Lake Victoria remained underdeveloped comprising only 15.2% of all fishing crafts, of which 31% were motorised which is a great improvement from the situation recorded in 2010. The Catamarans increased to 18 with a majority in Buikwe district where there is a private investor fishing specifically for Mukene. The Catamarans in Kalangala were reported not to be working because of the high operating cost compared to ordinary Mukene fishing boats.

A Bird’s Eye View of Discard Reforms: Bird-Borne Cameras Reveal Seabird/Fishery Interactions

Commercial capture fisheries produce huge quantities of offal, as well as undersized and unwanted catch in the form of discards. Declines in global catches and legislation to ban discarding will significantly reduce discards, but this subsidy supports a large scavenger community. Understanding the potential impact of declining discards for scavengers should feature in an eco-system based approach to fisheries management, but requires greater knowledge of scavenger/fishery interactions. Here we use bird-borne cameras, in tandem with GPS loggers, to provide a unique view of seabird/fishery interactions. 20,643 digital images (one min 21) from ten bird-borne cameras deployed on central place northern gannets Morus bassanus revealed that all birds photographed fishing vessels. These were large (>15 m) boats, with no small-scale vessels. Virtually all vessels were trawlers, and gannets were almost always accompanied by other scavenging birds. All individuals exhibited an Area-Restricted Search (ARS) during foraging, but only 42% of ARS were associated with fishing vessels, indicating much 'natural' foraging. The proportion of ARS behaviours associated with fishing boats were higher for males (81%) than females (30%), although the reasons for this are currently unclear. Our study illustrates that fisheries form a very important component of the prey-landscape for foraging gannets and that a discard ban, such as that proposed under reforms of the EU Common Fisheries Policy, may have a significant impact on gannet behaviour, particularly males. However, a continued reliance on 'natural' foraging suggests the ability to switch away from scavenging, but only if there is sufficient food to meet their needs in the absence of a discard subsidy.

Dual Classification Revisited: Rodney Needham and Vertical Asymmetry aboard Scottish Trawlers

Drawing on ethnographic data collected while working as a deckhand on two Scottish trawlers, this article analyses the spatialisation of social, religious and economic inequalities that marked relations between crew members while they hunted for prawns in the North Sea. Moreover, it explores these inequalities as a wider feature of life in Gamrie, Aberdeenshire, a Brethren and Presbyterian fishing village riven by disparities in wealth and religion. Inequalities identified by fishermen at sea mirrored those identified by residents onshore, resulting in fishing boats being experienced as small 'floating villages'. Drawing on the work of Rodney Needham, this article suggests that these asymmetries can be traced along a vertical axis, with greater to lesser wealth and religiosity moving from top/above to bottom/below. The article seeks to understand the presence and persistence of these hierarchies at sea and on land, by revisiting dual classification within anthropological theory.

Studies on the Effects of Bottom Trawling on the Benthic Fauna off Veraval Coast, Gujarat

Bottom trawling is one among the most destructive human induced physical disturbances inflicted to seabed and its living communities. The bottom trawls are designed to tow along the sea floor, which on its operation indiscriminately smashes everything on their way crushing, killing, burying and exposing to predators the benthic fauna. Bottom trawling causes physical and biological damages that are irreversible, extensive and long lasting. The commercial trawling fleet of India consists of 29,241 small and medium-fishing boats. The northwest coast of India has the largest fishing fleet consisting of 23,618 mechanized vessels, especially the bottom trawlers. However, attempts were not made to study the impact of bottom trawling along Northwest coast of India. The estimated optimum fleet size of Gujarat is 1,473 mechanised trawlers while 7402 commercial trawlers are operated from the coast of Gujarat. Veraval port was designed initially for 1,200 fishing trawlers but 2793 trawlers are being operated from this port making it the largest trawler port of Gujarat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bottom trawling on the substratum and the associated benthic communities of commercial trawling grounds of Veraval coast. The study compared the differences between the samples collected before and after experimental trawling to detect the impacts of bottom trawling. Attempts were made to assess the possible impact of bottom trawling on:(i) the sediment characteristics (ii)the sediment heavy metals (iii) epifauna (iv) macrobenthos and (v) meiobenthos. This study is expected to generate information on trawling impacts of the studied area that will help in better management of the biological diversity and integrity of the benthic fauna off Veraval coast. An exhaustive review on the studies conducted around the world and in India on impact of bottom trawling on the benthic fauna is also detailed.In the present study, the bottom trawling induced variations on sediment organic matter, epifauna, macrobenthos and meiobenthos were evident. It was also observed that the seasonal/ natural variations were more prominent masking the trawling effect on sediment texture and heavy metals. Enforcement of control of excess bottom trawlers and popularization of semi pelagic trawls designed to operate a little distance above the sea bottom for off bottom resources will minimize disturbance on the sea bottom. Training and creating awareness in responsible fishing should be made mandatory requirements, to the coastal communities. They should be made wardens to protect the valuable resources for the benefit of sustainability. To protect the biodiversity and ecosystem health, the imminent need is to survey and make catalogue, identification of sensitive areas or hot spots and to adopt management strategies for the conservation and biodiversity protection of benthic fauna. The present study is a pioneering work carried out along Veraval coast. This thesis will provide a major fillip to the studies on impact of bottom trawling on the benthic fauna along the coast of India.

Anàlisi cronològica de la pesca al Port de Llançà: període 1977-1996

A partir del buidatge exhaustiu dels fulls de subhasta del peix i de les fitxes tècniques de les embarcacions de la Confraria del Port de Llançà, es fa una anàlisi cronològica qualitativa i quantitativa dels darrers vint anys de pesca. La flota, inicialment constituïda per barques d'arrossegament i de pesca artesanal (palangre petit i tresmail), ha anat evolucionant, i ha quedat bàsicament constituïda actualment pel ròssec i el palangre de fons, que ha substituit progressivament la pesca artesanal. Les pesqueries, notablement multiespecífiques els primers anys, van donar pas, bàsicament amb la incorporació del radar, a una pesca molt més selectiva, dominada essencialment per la captura de lluç entre els anys 1980 i 1985. La progressiva incorporació del palangre de fons fa que a partir del 1986 es tendeixi novament cap a una captura més multiespecífica, perd amb canvis qualitatius importants en la composició d'espècies capturades en relació amb els primers anys

Latitudinal variation in population structure and reproductive pattern of the endemic south american shrimp Artemesia longinaris (Decapoda : Penaeoidea)

Population Structure and reproductive Maturity of females were investigated in the shrimp Artemesia longinaris Bate, 1888 from coastal waters of northern São Paulo State (Brazil. 23 degrees S) and Mar del Plata (Argentina, 38 degrees S) from June 2001 to May 2002. Monthly collections were taken by, commercial shrimp fishing boats equipped with bottom trawl nets. Population parameters from size frequency distributions and size (carapace length = CL) of female reproductive maturity were analyzed and compared front the two sampling areas. Latitudinal trends in reproductive parameters of A. longinaris were shown in overall body size and size of reproductive maturity, both of which were smaller in females from the tropical location than those front the cold-temperate sampling area. Largest females (> 30 turn CL) were collected in Argentina, while Brazilian specimens reached maximum size at 27 nun CL. The smallest Size of female sexual maturity was estimated at 13.6 nun CL in Brazilian samples compared to 22.1 mm CL calculated for those from Argentina. Populations from both regions exhibited a bimodal size distribution in the spring, with the peak at small body size probably corresponding to recent recruits and the peak at larger body, size to reproductive females or shrimps migrating in from deeper waters or other latitudinal regions. In late spring and summer. an intrusion of the cold South Atlantic Coastal Water mass was observed which lowered water temperature and stimulated plankton production. The primary food source for the larvae of a typically cold-temperate species such as A. longinaris. The trend of increasing body size and delay of sexual maturity with increasing latitude appears to be correlated with the decreasing water temperature and increasing plankton productivity at higher latitudes.

Determination of butyltin compounds in surface sediments from the São Paulo State coast (Brazil) by gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection

Occurrence and the effects of butyltin compounds (BTs) have been studied for some years, mainly in countries of the Northern Hemisphere. Due to widespread use of tributyltin compounds (TBTs) and considering their deleterious effects, it is necessary to conduct studies on its occurrence, especially in the marine environment because of its excessive use in coatings of ship hulls to prevent fouling. Moreover, it was important to extend the evaluation to areas where there is no current information about their occurrence. The present work reports the occurrence of BTs in marine sediments of São Paulo state, Brazil. Commercial and leisure harbor sampling sites were selected because these areas are potentially exposed to BTs from antifouling paints used on ship hulls. Analytical conditions for organotin analysis in marine sediments were optimized for GC with pulsed flame photometric detection. Detection limits ranged from 8.4 to 66.3 ng g(-1) using a 610-nm filter, and the linearity range was 20-500 ng g(-1). Concentration levels of BTs were highest in Santos harbor (360 ng g(-1) TBT in average) and Guaruja marina (670 ng g(-1) TBT in average), which seems to be related to intensive boat traffic. Lower levels of BTs were observed in Cananeia, where only fishing boats are present (50 ng g(-1) TBT in average). (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

A pesca artesanal da frota de Mosqueiro (Belém - Pará) e o uso do ambiente pela dourada (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii-Castelnau, 1855)

Dentre os entrepostos pesqueiros artesanais do estuário Amazônico, a ilha de Mosqueiro, localizada ao sul da Baía do Marajó, tem importância na atividade pesqueira do Estado e por estar próximo de um terminal de cargas (Terminal de Miramar), a iminência de um desastre ambiental é constante. Entretanto, não existem informações detalhadas sobre a produção pesqueira nesta área e nem tão pouco do uso que espécies com importância comercial desembarcadas na ilha, como a dourada (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii), utilizam este ambiente. Com o objetivo de descrever a atividade pesqueira e o uso do ambiente pela dourada, foram acompanhados os desembarques na ponte do Cajueiro (Mosqueiro) no período de dezembro de 2005 a novembro de 2006. Adicionalmente foram realizados cadastros das embarcações pesqueiras utilizando-se fichas especializadas e coletores treinados da própria comunidade. O índice de abundância relativa CPUE kg/viagem) foi utilizado para identificação da concentração das espécies mais importantes e seu período de safra, dinâmica da frota, principais pesqueiros e renda. Quanto à dourada, 30 exemplares foram coletados junto à pesca comercial de Mosqueiro no período de dezembro de 2005 a agosto de 2006. Os exemplares foram pesados e medidos e as gônadas foram retiradas com o objetivo de se avaliar o uso do ambiente para reprodução. Foram cadastradas 128 embarcações pesqueiros sendo os barcos de pequeno porte os mais representativos seguidos das canoas motorizadas. Observaram-se diferenças tecnológicas entre as categorias de embarcações, exceto quanto ao comprimento do barco, produção média mensal e a capacidade da urna. As embarcações de médio porte apresentaram maior número de tripulantes e dias pescando, contudo realizam menor número de viagens por mês em relação às outras categorias. As redes de emalhar são as artes de pesca mais utilizadas na área, sendo as malhas de maior ocorrência as de 50, 60 e 70 mm (entre nós opostos). Os barcos de médio porte possuem os maiores comprimentos de rede em relação às outras categorias. As principais espécies capturadas foram a pescada branca (Plagioscion squamosissimus), a pescada curuca (Plagioscion urinamensis), a dourada (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii) e a sarda (Pellona spp.). Durante o período de estudo, as embarcações da ponte do Cajueiro atuaram principalmente em pesqueiros próximos a ilha de Mosqueiro durante o período de safra das principais espécies (de maio a dezembro) e se deslocando para a região de Marudá durante a entresafra (janeiro a abril) seguindo, principalmente, os cardumes de dourada. Os períodos de maior abundância relativa foram o primeiro e quarto trimestre para as canoas motorizadas e os barcos de pequeno porte respectivamente. Os pesqueiros de Ponta Fina e Areia do Cotijuba apresentaram as maiores abundâncias relativas anuais com a captura principal de dourada e pescada curuca, respectivamente. A dourada foi regular durante todo o ano com maior abundância em Ponta Fina e em dezembro. A pescada curuca apresentou maior abundância em Areia do Cotijuba e pico ocorrendo no mês de setembro enquanto que a pescada branca apresentou maior abundância em Marudá (98kg/viagem) com pico ocorrendo em setembro. A sarda ocorreu com abundância em Enseada e pico em junho. Na ilha de Mosqueiro foi estimada uma produção de aproximadamente 1.000 toneladas de peixes capturados, gerando uma renda aproximada de R$ 3 milhões para o distrito. Os barcos de pequeno porte contribuíram com 42% da produção total e com 61% da renda. A pescada branca contribuiu com 26% da produção total e a dourada contribuiu com 35% da renda, sendo considerada o recurso mais rentável na ilha. Quanto à dourada, os indivíduos amostrados mediam de 27 a 100 cm de comprimento total, sendo a maior ocorrência de indivíduos ocorrendo na classe de 50 a 60 cm. A proporção sexual foi favorável as fêmeas (1:2,2 macho:fêmea) que foram mais numerosas na maioria das classes de comprimento e em todos os meses, exceto em fevereiro. Á área de mosqueiro não se configura como uma área de reprodução para a espécie, mas caracteriza-se como uma área de berçário e alimentação. No caso de um possível desastre ambiental acarretaria uma perda de aproximadamente 1.000 toneladas de pescado e de uma renda de R$ 3 milhões no setor pesqueiro da ilha de Mosqueiro. Adicionalmente, um impacto ambiental nesta área poderia afetar principalmente a população jovem de dourada causando assim efeitos danosos à longo prazo no que se diz respeito à captura e rentabilidade da área.

Pesca e ictiofauna na área adjacente ao terminal de Vila do Conde - Pará, Brasil

O município de Barcarena – PA está localizado ao sul da Baía de Marajó. Esta região é um importante pólo industrial e apesar da importância da pesca e do perigo de um impacto ambiental, não há nenhum estudo aprofundado sobre a pesca e ictiofauna na região. Com o objetivo de descrever a atividade pesqueira e a ictiofauna na região de Barcarena, os desembarques foram acompanhados no mercado municipal de Barcarena e na Praia do Conde de dezembro de 2005 a novembro de 2006. Adicionalmente foram realizados cadastros das embarcações pesqueiras utilizando-se fichas especializadas e coletores treinados da própria comunidade. O índice de abundância relativa CPUE (kg/viagem) foi utilizado para identificação da concentração das espécies mais importantes e seu período de safra, sazonalidade de ocorrência das embarcações, artes de pesca e principais pesqueiros. Foram cadastradas 74 embarcações pesqueiras, sendo dominantes os barcos de pequeno porte Observaram-se diferenças tecnológicas entre as embarcações dos dois locais de desembarque, exceto quando considerado o comprimento entre as categorias. As embarcações do mercado possuíram maior número de tripulantes, dias pescando e produção média de pescado por mês. As embarcações de Vila do Conde utilizam principalmente espinhel, enquanto que as do mercado utilizam principalmente rede de emalhar. Durante todo o ano de 2006, as embarcações de Vila do Conde atuaram da Ilha do Capim até o furo do Arrozal, enquanto que as embarcações do mercado atuaram de Cutaju a Cotijuba. As embarcações seguiram o padrão de safra das espécies comerciais que foram a dourada (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii), pescada branca (Plagioscion squamosissimus), filhote (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum) e sarda (Pellona flavipinnis e P. castelnaeana). A CPUE das embarcações do mercado foi de 19 kg/viagem e para as de Vila do Conde foi de 11 kg/viagem. O período de safra vai de outubro a maio na área adjacente ao terminal de Vila do Conde com pico no primeiro trimestre. A rede de emalhar possui CPUE maior que o espinhel. A principal espécie capturada pela rede de emalhar é a pescada branca e pelo espinhel é a dourada. A CPUE das embarcações não motorizadas é menor que das motorizadas. A dourada foi regular e abundante durante todo o ano para toda a área de estudo não apresentando diferença entre as artes de pesca, trimestres e pesqueiros. O filhote ocorreu com abundância de outubro a março com pico em janeiro, capturada principalmente com espinhel e o seu principal pesqueiro foi Cutaju com 55 kg/viagem. A pescada branca foi regular e abundante durante todo o ano. Esta espécie foi capturada principalmente com rede de emalhar, sendo que o pesqueiro com maior CPUE foi Carnapijó. A sarda ocorreu de outubro a maio com pico em outubro, capturada principalmente pelas embarcações de Vila do Conde com rede de emalhar, sendo o principal pesqueiro Estacamento. Estimou-se uma produção de mais de 200 toneladas de peixes capturados em Barcarena gerando R$ 724.431,00 de renda para o município. A dourada participou com 31% da produção total e 46% da renda. O mês de outubro foi o mais produtivo com 23% da produção e 15% da renda e o Barco de Pequeno Porte participou com 37% da produção e 41% da renda.

Hábitos alimentares de jovens de tubarão-martelo Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) (Chondrichthyes, Sphyrnidae) no litoral do estado de São Paulo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Landings of European lobster (Homarus gammarus) and edible crab (Cancer pagurus) from 1615 to 2009, Helgoland, North Sea

From 2000 to 2005 about 5400 one-year-old hatchery-reared lobsters (Homarus gammarus) were tagged and released at the rocky island of Helgoland, North Sea. To date, 1-8% of the different release cohorts were recaptured in the field and 8-19% of these lobsters were recaptured from the semi-open area of the outer harbour. The recaptured lobsters indicated good development and growth conditions. The smallest berried females caught were 83 mm carapace length and 4 years old. The proportion of cultured lobsters to all measured lobsters captured around the island was 3-8% in the years 2007-2009. The population size of two cohorts was assessed using the Lincoln-Peterson method and the estimated survival rate averaged 30% and 40%. Minimum landing size of cultured lobsters was reached after 4-7 years. Cultured lobsters showed strong fidelity to their release sites, and thus remained around the island of Helgoland. A basis has been laid to enhance this endangered lobster population by means of a large scale restocking programme.