Monster factory : International dynamics of the Australian horror movie industry

From the early-to-mid 2000s, the Australian horror film production sector has achieved growth and prosperity of a kind not seen since its heyday of the 1980s. Australian horror films can be traced back to the early 1970s, when they experienced a measure of commercial success. However, throughout the twenty-first-century Australian horror gained levels of international recognition that have surpassed the cult status enjoyed by some of the films in the 1970s and 1980s. In recent years, Australia has emerged as a significant producer of breakout, cult, and solid B-grade horror films, which have circulated in markets worldwide. Australian horror’s recent successes have been driven by one of its distinguishing features: its international dimensions. As this chapter argues, the Australian horror film production sector is an export-oriented industry that relies heavily on international partnerships and presales (the sale of distribution rights prior to a film’s completion), and on its relationships with overseas distributors. Yet, these traits vary from film to film as the sector is comprised of several distinct domains of production activity, from guerrilla films destined for niche video markets like specialist cult video stores and online mail-order websites to high(er)-end pictures made for theatrical markets. Furthermore, the content and style of Australian horror movies has often been tailored for export. While some horror filmmakers have sought to play up the Australianness of their product, others have attempted to pass off their films as faux-American or as placeless films effaced of national reference points.

From Aussiewood Movies to Guerrilla Filmmaking: Independent Filmmaking and Contemporary Australian Cinema

Independent filmmaking within the context of Australian cinema is a multifaceted subject. In comparison to the United States, where production can be characterised as bifurcated between major studio production and so-called “indie” or independent production without the backing of the majors, since the 1970s and until recently the vast majority of Australian feature film production has been independent filmmaking. Like most so-called national cinemas, most Australian movies are supported by both direct and indirect public subvention administered by state and federal government funding bodies, and it could be argued that filmmakers are, to a certain degree, “dependent” on official mandates. As this chapter demonstrates national production slates are subjected to budget restraints and cut-backs, official cultural policies (for example pursuing international co-productions and local content quotas) and shifts in policy directions among others. Therefore, within the context of Australian cinema, feature film production operating outside the public funding system could be understood as “independent”. However, as is the case for most English-language national cinemas, independence has long been defined in terms of autonomy from Hollywood, and – as alluded to above – as Australia becomes more dependent upon international inputs into production, higher budget movies are becoming less independent from Hollywood. As such, this chapter argues that independence in Australian cinema can be viewed as having two poles: independence from direct government funding and independence from Hollywood studios. With a specific focus on industry and policy contexts, this chapter explores key issues that constitute independence for Australian cinema. In so doing it examines the production characteristics of four primary domains of contemporary independent filmmaking in Australia, namely: “Aussiewood” production; government-backed low-to-mid budget production; co-productions; and guerrilla filmmaking.

The cooling steam of the Polar Express : historical origins, properties and implications of performance capture

As the first academically rigorous interrogation of the generation of performance within the global frame of the motion capture volume, this research presents a historical contextualisation and develops and tests a set of first principles through an original series of theoretically informed, practical exercises to guide those working in the emergent space of performance capture. It contributes a new understanding of the framing of performance in The Omniscient Frame, and initiates and positions performance capture as a new and distinct interdisciplinary discourse in the fields of theatre, animation, performance studies and film.

Global and local Hollywood

The term ‘Global Hollywood’ describes the international reach of the major Hollywood studios, and the internationalisation of financing, production, distribution and exhibition of films made by the majors, or by their subsidiaries and partners. In this article we describe how one place, the Gold Coast in the Australian state of Queensland, became a ‘Local Hollywood’ or a regular location for such international film and television production.

Australian horror movies and the American market

In Australian cinema since the mid-2000s, horror has become a popular and at times commercially viable genre for low-budget and emerging filmmakers targeting international markets. While the annual horror film output of Australia pales in comparison to that of other Anglophone nations like the United States, Great Britain, and Canada, it has produced several significant titles that have performed moderately well at the international box office, from Wolf Creek (Greg McLean, 2005) to Daybreakers (Michael and Peter Spierig, 2009). Yet as part of a broader tradition of Anglophone horror cinema, many Australian horror movies have been heavily influenced by US and to a lesser extent British horror films. Furthermore, Australian horror film production is largely an internationally-oriented sector that relies on its relationships with overseas distributors and often investors. Consequently, the content and style of Australian horror movies have regularly been tailored for international markets. As a direct consequence some filmmakers have sought to trade on the “Australianness” of their product, others have attempted to pass off their films as faux-American, while others still have attempted to develop placeless films effaced of national reference points. This chapter examines local production as part of a broader tradition of Anglophone horror cinema, the influence of US horror movies, and the limitations of the domestic marketplace. The article concludes with an analysis of how the lure of the US market influences Australian filmmakers’ textual strategies.

Cinema Cities, Media Cities: The Contemporary International Studio Complex

This report, written for the Australian Film Commission (now Screen Australia) is the first major study of the development and role of studio complexes in the spread of film production around the world. The report is divided in to five chapters. First, it examines policy-making around studios, including government support for new facilities around the world. Second, it situates the phenomenon of the contemporary studio complex within the international production ecology. Third, it provides examples of the three types of studio complex: production precinct; cinema city; and media city. Fourth, it describes the networks of production that sustain studios. And fifth it explores the place of the studio in the relationship between 'local' and international production.

A questão da autoria na produção de filmes em duas oficinas de formação audiovisual

É na intersecção entre o campo do audiovisual e o da educação que se localiza o interesse desta pesquisa. Ela parte da premissa que o meu objeto é aquilo que é passível de ser mapeado, um dispositivo de subjetivação que se dá no entrecruzamento de elementos presentes, de maneira mais ou menos direta, nos processos de fabricação de filmes em duas oficinas de formação audiovisual: oficina Cinemaneiro e oficina de video do Núcleo Arte Grécia. Apoiando-se metodologicamente na Teoria Ator Rede, de Bruno Latour, esta pesquisa irá apresentar um rastreamento da rede sóciotécnica a partir das figuras discursivas presentes nos créditos dos filmes produzidos nessas oficinas: "No Limite do Horizonte, Complexo de Juninho e Kurú, o valor da amizade. Esta pesquisa considera que a investigação sobre a autoria desses filmes revela muito sobre os modos de construção de visões de mundo implicados nos processos de formação em questão.

Autor filmowy według przepisów prawa w systemach droit d`auteur i copyright. Zarys problematyki

The aim of the article is to outline the key issues surrounding legal notions of film authorship. For scholars interested in studying the process of production it is extremely important to analyze the status and scope of power of its participants as well as their position in the hierarchy – one of the main sources of priveleges is the fact of being recognized by the law as the author of the work produced. The article depicts the benefits of such situation, but its main aim is to descibe the legal rules of granting the status of the author. Outlined are the issues emerged from the two radically different legal system – european droit d`auteur tradition and american copyright. The first one honours the artists while the other focuses mostly on providing the certainty of the economics, so the actual authors of the work are not that important. The paper points to the fact that – especially in the case of american copyright – the actual (determined by law) situation of a creator may differ significantly from the character of their contribution to the process of producing a film. Analysis of the rules and principles of the law is essential to the understanding of the structural determinants of film production and deserves no less attention than social, political and economic factors.

Two Trilogies:On Stewart Parker and Tom Murphy

This chapter discusses the relations between Irish cinema and the other arts- chiefly, literature, theatre, painting, and photography. It provides a critical overview of the main scholarly approaches to those forms of adaptation and citation that have tended to dominate Irish film production. It argues that factors such as the historic marginalization of non-literary modernist art in Ireland, a deep cultural resistance to intellectual and politically-engaged filmmaking, and a commercially-driven attachment to formulaic narrative structures, are among the reasons why Ireland has generally failed to produce a distinctive and successful cinema. The chapter concludes by discussing some films that have resisted this trend by offering their audiences a more creative approach to -- or poetics of -- adaptation that has more in common with the visual -- rather than literary -- arts in Ireland.

Retro, faux-vintage, and anachronism: When cinema looks back at Its Analogue Past

This article explores the definition of ‘vintage cinema’ and specifically re-evaluates the fetishism for the past and its regurgitation in the present by providing a taxonomy of the phenomenon in recent film production. Our contribution identifies three aesthetic categories: the faux-vintage, the retro and the anachronistic and by illustrating their overlapping and discrepancies, it argues that the past remains a powerful negotiator of meaning for the present and the future. Drawing on studies of memory and digital nostalgia, this article focuses on the latter category: anachronism and unravel the persistence of and the filmic fascination for obsolete analogue objects through an analysis of Only Lovers Left Alive (Jim Jarmusch, 2013).

Cinema 2.0 : modalidades de produção cinematográfica do tempo do digital

Tese de doutoramento, Sociologia (Cultura, Comunicação e Estilos de Vida), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 2014

A função criativa do director de fotografia na fase de pós-produção na era digital: o caso português no biénio 2010/2011: dissertação

Dissertação submetida à Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Desenvolvimento de projecto cinematográfico - Tecnologias de Pós-Produção

"Vie et Passion de Jésus-Christ" (Pathé, 1902-1905): hétérogénéité des "tableaux", déclinaison des motifs

Cette étude examine deux copies de la "Vie et Passion de Jésus Christ" conservées par la Cinémathèque suisse avec une première préoccupation de type philologique qui conduit à prendre la mesure de l'autonomisation de chacun des "tableaux" composant le film et de l'hétérogénéité de ce dernier. Puis les constats émis à propos du support matériel sont articulés avec une réflexion d'ordre esthétique qui dégage l'importance de l'"effet-tableau" inscrivant cette production filmique dans une généalogie plus large. Le cinéma étant alors le lieu de convergences entre diverses séries culturelles, l'article envisage les liens entre la production Pathé et une pratique jusqu'ici peu discutée dans ce contexte, celle du tableau vivant. This article is a study of two copies of the "Life and Passion of Jesus Christ" held at the Cinemathèque suisse. Our first, broadly philological, concern is to recognise the degree of autonomy of each of the "tableaus" that make up the film, thus establishing the latter's heterogeneous composition. Secondly, adopting a more aesthetic approach, we discuss the importance of the tableau-effect, placing this kind of film production in a wider genealogical context. Given that cinema was at the time a meeting place for different cultural sequences, this article the examines the links between Pathe films and the "tableau vivant", a practice that until now has been rarely discussed in this regard.

Faulkner adapting Faulkner : gender and genre in Hollywood and after

Cette dissertation propose un nouveau récit des expériences de William Faulkner à Hollywood afin de réévaluer la deuxième moitié de son œuvre de fiction. Dans ses premiers projets de scénarios de films, Faulkner a choisi d’adapter des œuvres de fiction qu’il avait publiées antérieurement. À la lumière de l’utilisation du genre —autant des films que des personnes— par les studios d’Hollywood pour organiser la production et le marketing des films, la fiction de Faulkner apparut soudainement comme perverse et ses représentations de la masculinité comme homoérotiques. Dans les premiers jets de Turn About et de War Birds, Faulkner s’approprie les normes du genre hollywoodien pour nier ces connotations sexuelles. Ses révisions ultérieures révèlent un recul systématique par rapport à la perversité d’Hollywood et au genre du woman’s film, au profit de la performance de la masculinité propre aux war pictures. Ses révisions réimaginent également des matériaux qui sont au cœur de son œuvre de fiction. Quand il se remet à écrire de la fiction, Faulkner répète cette approche narrative dans des nouvelles telles que “Golden Land” et “An Odor of Verbena,” deux récits qui rompent avec les pratiques et le style de ses premières fictions majeures. Les conséquences découlant de cette influence hollywoodienne—une volonté d’éradiquer toute connotation sexuelle, l’adoption authentique plutôt qu’ironique du mélodrame générique, et une rhétorique morale explicitement construite comme une négation d’Hollywood—se manifestent plus tard dans des textes aussi divers que The Reivers, Compson Appendix, ou son discours de réception du Prix Nobel. Vues sous cet angle, les dernières fictions de Faulkner deviennent une composante essentielle de son œuvre, fournissant une base nouvelle pour réexaminer la place des genres narratifs populaires, du genre et de la sexualité dans son cycle de Yoknapatawpha.

Le cinéma documentaire comme pratique sociale et comme expérience imaginaire de sociabilité : analyse de La moindre des choses, Ce gamin-là et Le moindre geste

L'objectif de ce projet de recherche était d'approfondir notre compréhension des liens entre communauté et cinéma, rendus possibles par et pour le film documentaire, à travers l'analyse des interactions entre le cinéaste, la personne filmée et le spectateur. L'expérience cinématographique sera analysée d'une part en tant que pratique sociale à travers la prise en considération du contexte de production des films. D'autre part, le film sera aussi considéré comme expérience imaginaire de sociabilité. Les trois films de notre corpus s'intéressent à des expériences communautaires atypiques et mettent en scène des relations fragiles et précaires avec des personnes souffrant de troubles sociaux majeurs, c'est-à-dire des psychotiques, des déficients intellectuels profonds ou des autistes. C'est à partir de l'expérience de l'apparente insociabilité de ces individus que nous réfléchirons au lien d'accompagnement ainsi qu'au concept de care qui seront envisagés, aussi, comme pouvant traduire la relation particulière qui a lieu entre le spectateur et le film. En effet, le cinéma permet l'élaboration d'une expérience relationnelle construite dans les œuvres médiatiques. Le dispositif filmique donne l'occasion au spectateur d'expérimenter des postures morales et affectives nouvelles. Nous tiendrons compte, au cours de ce mémoire, de la façon dont les choix esthétiques du cinéaste peuvent éduquer et faire évoluer la sensibilité du spectateur. Nous essaierons aussi de souligner les différents jeux de pouvoir et d'influence entre les trois instances que sont le cinéaste, la personne filmée et le spectateur. Après avoir décrit le cadre et les enjeux théoriques du projet, le premier chapitre concernera le film La Moindre des choses (1996) dans lequel Nicolas Philibert filme, jour après jour, les pensionnaires de la clinique psychiatrique de la Borde. Ce film nous a servi de prétexte pour penser ou repenser la place du spectateur comme étant inclus dans la relation entre le cinéaste et la personne filmée et cela à partir de cette phrase d'un des protagonistes du film : « On est entre nous, mais vous aussi, vous êtes entre nous. » Le deuxième chapitre s'intéressera au film Ce Gamin là (1985) de Renaud Victor qui cherche à faire voir au spectateur ce que le projet de Fernand Deligny de vivre dans les Cévennes en compagnie d'enfants autistes a d'original et de particulier. Nous pensons que l'enfant autiste nous amène à dépasser nos expériences de sociabilités habituelles. Le lien d'accompagnement d'enfants autistes, puisque toujours fragile et précaire, révèle quelque chose sur nos façons d'avoir du commun. L'étude des médias et de la médiation est pertinente parce qu'elle nous permet de multiplier et de diversifier les modes de communications. Dans Ce Gamin-là, bien que les images permettent au cinéaste de rendre compte de l'événement d'un contact, l'accent sera mis sur l'analyse du commentaire de Deligny, puisqu'il accompagne le spectateur dans l'appréhension d'une réalité qui lui est étrangère. Ce film nous a aussi appris que l’étude des techniques utilisées nous renseigne sur les différentes façons de dire ou de montrer un lien communautaire, affectif ou social particulier. Le Moindre Geste (1971) qui permet à Yves Guignard, déficient intellectuel sévère, de devenir le héros d'un film, se distingue des deux autres films de par la distinction radicale entre les deux étapes du tournage et du montage. Le troisième chapitre se concentrera, d'une part, sur l'analyse de la relation qui se développe entre Yves et Josée Manenti à la caméra. Ensuite, nous verrons de quelle façon le jeu du montage de Jean-Pierre Daniel laisse une grande liberté à Yves, mais aussi au spectateur en multipliant les possibilités d'interprétations.