Efeito da fibra solúvel sobre a hipertrigliceridemia e perfil imunológico de indivíduos HIV positivo em uso de terapia anti-retroviral de alta atividade

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Comportamento mecânico e de flamabilidade de compósito de polipropileno reclicado com fibra de coco e hidróxido de alumínio

A reciclagem de plásticos tem sido uma possibilidade interessante para minimizar o problema de destino dos resíduos plásticos. O polipropileno (PP) está entre os tipos de polímeros de maior consumo, portanto a reutilização deste material tem possibilitado o desenvolvimento de estudos de grande relevância científica e social. Este polímero apresenta excelente relação custo/benefício, além de ser facilmente conformável e exibir propriedades mecânicas que o torna útil em várias aplicações. Entretanto, esse material ao ser queimado gera produtos que agem como combustíveis de modo que, para alguns usos, boa resistência à chama é necessária. Isso pode ser obtido pela adição de retardante de chama, que tem o propósito de aumentar a resistência desse material à ignição e, ao mesmo tempo, reduzir a velocidade de propagação da chama. O hidróxido de alumínio, ou simplesmente hidrato de alumina, é o agente retardante de chama mais utilizado no mercado, pois, age também como supressor de fumaça e não libera gases tóxicos durante a queima. No entanto, para tais propriedades, altas concentrações de alumina hidratada são necessárias. Isto causa deterioração nas propriedades físicas dos materiais, por não ter caráter reforçante. As fibras naturais possuem boa capacidade de reforço quando combinadas adequadamente com polímeros. Apresentando também vantagens como baixo custo, baixa densidade, biodegradabilidade e na combustão não emana gases tóxicos. Neste trabalho, misturas contendo alumina hidratada e fibras de coco foram incorporadas ao polipropileno com o objetivo de se encontrar um balanço adequado de propriedades para utilização deste compósito com características de resistência à chama e desempenho mecânico. Os compósitos foram moldados por compressão a quente e caracterizados por IV, DRX, MEV, testes mecânicos e de inflamabilidade. Foi observado aumento no módulo de elasticidade dos compósitos em geral, bem como aumento na resistência a tenacidade do compósito PP/fibra de coco em relação ao PP puro. Os resultados indicaram a eficiência da alumina hidratada como antichama, em todos os compósitos, exceto PP/F, classificando os materiais como V-0 segundo a norma internacional UL 94V.

Processamento e caracterização de compósito fibra de sisal/resina epóxi via RTM

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Fractografia quantitativa: correlação entre dimensão fractal e tenacidade à fratura em compósitos fibra de carbono/epóxi

The fracture surfaces express the sequence of events of energy release due to crack propagation by linking the relief of the fracture to the loading stresses. This study aims to evaluate the heterogeneity of the critical zone for the advancement of the crack along its entire length in a thermoset composite carbon fiber and epoxy matrix, fractured in DCB testing (Double Cantilever Beam) and ENF (End-Notched Flexure). Investigations were made from image stacks obtained by optical reflection of extended depth from focus reconstruction. The program NIH Image J was used to obtain elevation map and fully focused images of the fracture surface, whose topographies were quantitatively analyzed. The monofractal behavior for DCB samples was assessed as being heterogeneous along the crack front and along the crack for all the conditionings. For the samples fractured in ENF test, there was a strong positive correlation to the natural condition, considering the fibers at 0° for the monofractal dimension and structural dimension (Df and Ds). For fibers at 90° to crack propagation, there was a moderate positive correlation for the textural dimension of natural condition. However, for the samples under ultraviolet condition and those subjected to thermal cycles, there was no correlation between the fractal dimension and fracture toughness in mode II

Efeito do tratamento alcalino da fibra na resistência mecânica do compósito epóxi/capim-sapê

Due to growing concerns for reducing environmental damage caused by the use of non-renewable raw materials, there is a growing demand for research related to aggregate technology with environmental preservation. Thus, the use of non-renewable materials and less aggressive materials has been gaining attention. About composite materials, the exchange of synthetic fibers by natural fibers, especially vegetable fiber as reinforcement, has been increasing, due to its physical-chemical properties such as mechanical strength, nontoxic, low cost, low density, processing flexibility, non-abrasive to the process equipment, requiring simple surface treatments, etc. This objective was to process composites reinforced with long fibers of sapegrass in epoxy matrix and characterize the composites through mechanical tests. Three groups of composites were prepared according to the treatment received by the reinforcement: without treatment, alkali treatment at concentration of 5% w/v and alkali treatment at 10% w/v concentration. The materials were analyzed by tensile and flexural, and tests also optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results were statistically analyzed. As the main result, the alkali treatment of 5% in the sapegrass fibers increases the tensile and flexural strength, as a consequence of the improve adhesion between matrix and reinforcement

Características Físico-Químicas, energéticas e desempenho da fibra de coco na sorção de óleo diesel e biodiesel

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Análisis discriminate de la procedencia geográfica de planchas y tapones de corcho natural mediante espectroscopía en el infrarrojo cercano

El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el potencial de la espectroscopía en el infrarrojo cercano combinada con análisis multivariante para identificar el origen geográfico de planchas y tapones de corcho natural. Se utilizaron tres colectivos, el primero formado por 479 planchas de Marruecos, Portugal y España (escala internacional), el segundo por 179 planchas de Andalucía, Cataluña y Extremadura (escala nacional) y el tercero por 90 tapones de Andalucía y Cataluña. Se obtuvieron los datos espectroscópicos de las planchas y tapones en la sección transversal y de los tapones las secciones tangencial y radial, con un espectrofotómetro FossNIRSSystems 6500SYII mediante sonda de fibra óptica en la modalidad de reflectancia remota y longitudes de onda 400-2500 nm. Se obtuvieron diferentes modelos discriminantes mediante PLS2 con el 70% de las muestras, utilizándose el otro 30% en la validación. Se clasificaron correctamente el 98% de las planchas a escala internacional, el 95% de las planchas a escala nacional y el 90% de los tapones (sección transversal), en la calibración y en la validación. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran el potencial de la tecnología NIRS para utilizarse como método rápido y exacto en la predicción de la procedencia geográfica del corcho en plancha y tapón.

Adsorção de cobre e cromo utilizando fibra de sisal visando o tratamento da água produzida pela indústria petrolífera

Currently, the oil industry is the biggest cause of environmental pollution. The objective was to reduce the concentration of copper and chromium in the water produced by the oil industry. It was used as adsorbent natural sisal fiber Agave sp treated with nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. All vegetable fibers have physical and morphological properties that enablies the adsorption of pollutants. The basic composition of sisal is cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The features are typically found in the characterization of vegetable fibers, except the surface area that was practically zero. In the first stage of adsorption, it was evaluated the effect of temperature and time skeeking to optimize the execution of the factorial design. The results showed that the most feasible fiber was the one treated with acid in five hours (30°C). The second phase was a factorial design, using acid and five hours, this time was it determined in the first phase. The tests were conducted following the experimental design and the results were analyzed by statistical methods in order to optimize the main parameters that influence the process: pH, concentration (mol / L) and fiber mass/ metal solution volume. The volume / mass ratio factor showed significant interference in the adsorption process of chromium and copper. The results obtained after optimization showed that the highest percentages of extraction (98%) were obtained on the following operating conditions: pH: 5-6, Concentration: 100 ppm and mass/ volume: 1 gram of fiber/50mL solution. The results showed that the adsorption process was efficient to remove chromium and copper using sisal fibers, however, requiring further studies to optimize the process.

Particle and gaseous emissions from compressed natural gas and ultralow sulphur diesel-fuelled buses at four steady engine loads

Exhaust emissions from thirteen compressed natural gas (CNG) and nine ultralow sulphur diesel in-service transport buses were monitored on a chassis dynamometer. Measurements were carried out at idle and at three steady engine loads of 25%, 50% and 100% of maximum power at a fixed speed of 60 kmph. Emission factors were estimated for particle mass and number, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen for two types of CNG buses (Scania and MAN, compatible with Euro 2 and 3 emission standards, respectively) and two types of diesel buses (Volvo Pre-Euro/Euro1 and Mercedez OC500 Euro3). All emission factors increased with load. The median particle mass emission factor for the CNG buses was less than 1% of that from the diesel buses at all loads. However, the particle number emission factors did not show a statistically significant difference between buses operating on the two types of fuel. In this paper, for the very first time, particle number emission factors are presented at four steady state engine loads for CNG buses. Median values ranged from the order of 1012 particles min-1 at idle to 1015 particles km-1 at full power. Most of the particles observed in the CNG emissions were in the nanoparticle size range and likely to be composed of volatile organic compounds The CO2 emission factors were about 20% to 30% greater for the diesel buses over the CNG buses, while the oxides of nitrogen emission factors did not show any difference due to the large variation between buses.

A natural model for architecture : the nature of the evolutionary model 1995

John Frazer's architectural work is inspired by living and generative processes. Both evolutionary and revolutionary, it explores informatin ecologies and the dynamics of the spaces between objects. Fuelled by an interest in the cybernetic work of Gordon Pask and Norbert Wiener, and the possibilities of the computer and the "new science" it has facilitated, Frazer and his team of collaborators have conducted a series of experiments that utilize genetic algorithms, cellular automata, emergent behaviour, complexity and feedback loops to create a truly dynamic architecture. Frazer studied at the Architectural Association (AA) in London from 1963 to 1969, and later became unit master of Diploma Unit 11 there. He was subsequently Director of Computer-Aided Design at the University of Ulter - a post he held while writing An Evolutionary Architecture in 1995 - and a lecturer at the University of Cambridge. In 1983 he co-founded Autographics Software Ltd, which pioneered microprocessor graphics. Frazer was awarded a person chair at the University of Ulster in 1984. In Frazer's hands, architecture becomes machine-readable, formally open-ended and responsive. His work as computer consultant to Cedric Price's Generator Project of 1976 (see P84)led to the development of a series of tools and processes; these have resulted in projects such as the Calbuild Kit (1985) and the Universal Constructor (1990). These subsequent computer-orientated architectural machines are makers of architectural form beyond the full control of the architect-programmer. Frazer makes much reference to the multi-celled relationships found in nature, and their ongoing morphosis in response to continually changing contextual criteria. He defines the elements that describe his evolutionary architectural model thus: "A genetic code script, rules for the development of the code, mapping of the code to a virtual model, the nature of the environment for the development of the model and, most importantly, the criteria for selection. In setting out these parameters for designing evolutionary architectures, Frazer goes beyond the usual notions of architectural beauty and aesthetics. Nevertheless his work is not without an aesthetic: some pieces are a frenzy of mad wire, while others have a modularity that is reminiscent of biological form. Algorithms form the basis of Frazer's designs. These algorithms determine a variety of formal results dependent on the nature of the information they are given. His work, therefore, is always dynamic, always evolving and always different. Designing with algorithms is also critical to other architects featured in this book, such as Marcos Novak (see p150). Frazer has made an unparalleled contribution to defining architectural possibilities for the twenty-first century, and remains an inspiration to architects seeking to create responsive environments. Architects were initially slow to pick up on the opportunities that the computer provides. These opportunities are both representational and spatial: computers can help architects draw buildings and, more importantly, they can help architects create varied spaces, both virtual and actual. Frazer's work was groundbreaking in this respect, and well before its time.