Comparação do risco de queda em idosos sedentários e ativos por meio da escala de equilíbrio de Berg

O envelhecimento da população é um fenômeno mundial, do qual o Brasil apresenta um dos mais agudos processos. A prática regular de exercícios por idosos pode melhorar a capacidade física, proporcionar ganho de auto-estima e confiança, contribuindo para diminuição do risco de quedas, comuns em idosos. Este estudo visou comparar o risco de quedas entre idosos sedentários e ativos, verificando como a prática de exercício físico se reflete no desempenho dos sujeitos na escala de Berg. Foram avaliados por esse instrumento 70 idosos, divididos em 2 grupos: sedentários (n=35) e ativos (n=35). Os escores médios na escala de Berg dos grupos sedentário e ativo foram 47,7±5,6 pontos e 53,6±3,7, respectivamente (p<0,0001). A análise dos escores evidenciou que o grupo sedentário apresentou 15,6 vezes mais risco de quedas do que o grupo ativo (p=0,002). O desempenho na escala de Berg foi pior no grupo sedentário do que no ativo, sugerindo que a prática regular de atividades físicas pode interferir nesse desempenho e que os sujeitos ativos têm menor risco de queda.

Effects of fatigue induced by prolonged gait when walking on the elderly

Purpose. Fatigue has been pointed as a fall risk in the elderly; however, the effects of prolonged gait on neuromuscular recruitment and on its pattern remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of prolonged gait on neuromuscular recruitment levels and spatial-temporal gait variables. Methods. Eight healthy older women (age: 72.63 ± 6.55 years) walked at their preferred walking speed for twenty minutes on a treadmill. The Root Mean Square (RMS) from the vastus-lateralis, femoral biceps, tibialis anterior and lateral gastrocnemius muscles were determined at the first and last minute of the test during the moments of Heel Strike (HS), Terminal Stance and Terminal Swing (TS). In addition, coactivation in the knee and ankle as well as the stride cadence and length were measured in the test. The two RMS data (taken at the first and last minute) were compared by means of a Student's t-test. Results. Twenty minutes of walking induced fatigue in the subjects, as observed through an increase in RMS, notably during the HS and TS. Coactivation was also influenced by the prolonged gait test. The only gait phase where a risk of falling was enhanced was the HS. Nonetheless, subjects developed strategies to maintain a safe motor pattern, which was evidenced by an increase in stride length and a decrease in stride cadence. Conclusion. Tests lasting just twenty minutes on a treadmill were enough to induce fatigue in older adults. However, the level of fatigue was not enough to present a danger or fall risk to elderly individuals.

Association between energy cost of walking, muscle activation, and biomechanical parameters in older female fallers and non-fallers

Objective: To determine the nervous activation, muscle strength, and biomechanical parameters that influence the cost of walking in older fallers and non-fallers. Methods: Maximal voluntary isokinetic torque was measured for the hip, knee and ankle of older women. Oxygen consumption was measured at rest and during 8 min of walking at self-selected speed. An additional minute of walking was performed to collect kinematic variables and the electromyographic signal of trunk, hip, knee, and ankle muscles, which was analyzed by the linear envelope. Cost of walking was calculated by subtracting resting body mass-normalized oxygen consumption from walking body mass-normalized oxygen consumption. Stride time and length, and ankle and hip range of motion were calculated from kinematic data. Findings: Older adult fallers had 28% lower knee extensor strength (p = 0.02), 47% lower internal oblique activation at heel contact (p = 0.03), and higher coactivation between tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius lateralis in each of the gait phases (p < 0.05). For fallers, a higher activation of gluteus maximus was associated with a higher cost of walking (r = 0.55, p < 0.05 and r = 0.71, p < 0.01, before and after heel contact, respectively). For non-fallers, an association between cost of walking and age (r = 0.60, p = 0.01) and cost of walking and thigh muscle coactivation (r = 0.53, p = 0.01) existed. Interpretation: This study demonstrated that there may be links between lower-extremity muscle weakness, muscle activation patterns, altered gait, and increased cost of walking in older fallers. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lower limb strength is associated with gait biomechanical abnormalities in older female fallers and non-fallers

BACKGROUND: Age-related loss in lower limb strength is related with impaired mobility. However, the association between decreased lower limb strength and gait biomechanical abnormalities is unclear. %In line with this, With respect to these statements, our study aimed to compare the maximum isokinetic voluntary strength (MIVS) of hip, knee and ankle of older women with and without history of falls. Also, we correlate the strength of each group with gait biomechanics. METHODS: The MIVS were assessed during concentric/concentric movements performed for hip, knee and ankle joints. Gait biomechanics (kinematic and electromyography) were assessed during 1-minute recorded during the volunteers walking on the treadmill at self-selected speed. Electromyographic signal was analyzed by the linear envelop after heel strike and before toe-off. The kinematic data were analyzed using the variables: step time, length and step width and ankle angle at heel strike, and hip angle at toe-off. RESULTS: In faller group, we found that a decreased hip abduction and adduction MIVS is associated with a higher tibialis anterior activation at initial stance (p =0.04 and r =-0.53 and p=0.04 and r=-0.52). CONCLUSION: Therefore, an impaired strength of hip could causes compensation in ankle stabilizer muscles activation at initial stance in older female fallers. © 2013 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.

Avaliação do equilíbrio postural em mulheres na pós-menopausa e sua relação com a densidade mineral óssea

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito da terapia hormonal sobre o equilíbrio postural em mulheres na pós-menopausa

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effectiveness of an exercise program on postural control in frail older adults

Background: Exercise programs have proved to be helpful for frail older adults. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an exercise program with a focus on postural control exercises in frail older adults. Method: Twenty-six older adults (76.7 +/- 4.9 years) deemed clinically stable, chosen from the Falls Unit, University Hospital Mutua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain, participated in this single-group study. Volunteers' postural control was evaluated using the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and the Guralnik test battery, and their static and dynamic posturography were evaluated using the Synapsys Posturography System (R). These evaluations were performed before and after the intervention program, which included an educational session and two weekly 1-hour sessions over an 8-week period of stretching exercises, proprioception, balance, and motor coordination. Data were analyzed using the Student's t-test or the Wilcoxon test, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The TUG and Guralnik tests did not show significant differences. Concerning static posturography, there was improvement in the base of support (P = 0.006), anteroposterior displacement with eyes open (P = 0.02) and closed (P = 0.03), and the total amplitude of the center of pressure with eyes closed (P = 0.02). Regarding dynamic posturography, a decrease of the oscillation speed in the anteroposterior direction (P = 0.01) was observed in individuals with their eyes open. Conclusion: The program used in this study was safe and was able to promote some improvement in postural control, especially in the anteroposterior direction and in the base of support. However, it is noteworthy that further improvements could be obtained from a program of longer duration and greater frequency.

Effect of Nintendo Wii (TM)-based motor and cognitive training on activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson's disease: A randomised clinical trial

Objectives To investigate the effect of Nintendo Wii (TM)-based motor cognitive training versus balance exercise therapy on activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson's disease. Design Parallel, prospective, single-blind, randomised clinical trial. Setting Brazilian Parkinson Association. Participants Thirty-two patients with Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1 and 2). Interventions Fourteen training sessions consisting of 30 minutes of stretching, strengthening and axial mobility exercises, plus 30 minutes of balance training. The control group performed balance exercises without feedback or cognitive stimulation, and the experimental group performed 10 Wii Fit (TM) games. Main outcome measure Section II of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-II). Randomisation Participants were randomised into a control group (n = 16) and an experimental group (n = 16) through blinded drawing of names. Statistical analysis Repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA). Results Both groups showed improvement in the UPDRS-II with assessment effect (RM-ANOVA P < 0.001, observed power = 0.999). There was no difference between the control group and the experimental group before training {8.9 [standard deviation (SD) 2.9] vs 10.1 (SD 3.8)}, after training [7.6 (SD 2.9) vs 8.1 (SD 3.5)] or 60 days after training [8.1 (SD 3.2) vs 8.3 (SD 3.6)]. The mean difference of the whole group between before training and after training was -0.9 (SD 2.3, 95% confidence interval -1.7 to -0.6). Conclusion Patients with Parkinson's disease showed improved performance in activities of daily living after 14 sessions of balance training, with no additional advantages associated with the Wii-based motor and cognitive training. Registered on http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT01580787). (C) 2012 Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effectiveness of a multifactorial falls prevention program in community-dwelling older people when compared to usual care: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (Prevquedas Brazil)

Background Falling in older age is a major public health concern due to its costly and disabling consequences. However very few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted in developing countries, in which population ageing is expected to be particularly substantial in coming years. This article describes the design of an RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of a multifactorial falls prevention program in reducing the rate of falls in community-dwelling older people. Methods/design Multicentre parallel-group RCT involving 612 community-dwelling men and women aged 60 years and over, who have fallen at least once in the previous year. Participants will be recruited in multiple settings in Sao Paulo, Brazil and will be randomly allocated to a control group or an intervention group. The usual care control group will undergo a fall risk factor assessment and be referred to their clinicians with the risk assessment report so that individual modifiable risk factors can be managed without any specific guidance. The intervention group will receive a 12-week Multifactorial Falls Prevention Program consisting of: an individualised medical management of modifiable risk factors, a group-based, supervised balance training exercise program plus an unsupervised home-based exercise program, an educational/behavioral intervention. Both groups will receive a leaflet containing general information about fall prevention strategies. Primary outcome measures will be the rate of falls and the proportion of fallers recorded by monthly falls diaries and telephone calls over a 12 month period. Secondary outcomes measures will include risk of falling, fall-related self-efficacy score, measures of balance, mobility and strength, fall-related health services use and independence with daily tasks. Data will be analysed using the intention-to-treat principle.The incidence of falls in the intervention and control groups will be calculated and compared using negative binomial regression analysis. Discussion This study is the first trial to be conducted in Brazil to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention to prevent falls. If proven to reduce falls this study has the potential to benefit older adults and assist health care practitioners and policy makers to implement and promote effective falls prevention interventions. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01698580)

Biomedical engineering for healthy ageing. Predictive tools for falls

Falls are common and burdensome accidents among the elderly. About one third of the population aged 65 years or more experience at least one fall each year. Fall risk assessment is believed to be beneficial for fall prevention. This thesis is about prognostic tools for falls for community-dwelling older adults. We provide an overview of the state of the art. We then take different approaches: we propose a theoretical probabilistic model to investigate some properties of prognostic tools for falls; we present a tool whose parameters were derived from data of the literature; we train and test a data-driven prognostic tool. Finally, we present some preliminary results on prediction of falls through features extracted from wearable inertial sensors. Heterogeneity in validation results are expected from theoretical considerations and are observed from empirical data. Differences in studies design hinder comparability and collaborative research. According to the multifactorial etiology of falls, assessment on multiple risk factors is needed in order to achieve good predictive accuracy.

Risco de queda em idosos institucionalizados

Os idosos institucionalizados apresentam risco de queda aumentado, quando comparado com os idosos não institucionalizados. A questão das quedas deve ser encarada como um grave problema de saúde pública, dadas as suas consequências e os custos irreversíveis. Assim, o estudo pretende avaliar o risco de queda em idosos institucionalizados e determinar os fatores que lhe estão associados. Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo-correlacional e de natureza quantitativa, que utilizou uma amostra não probabilística por conveniência composta por 136 idosos, com idades que variam entre os 65 anos e os 99 anos de idade, com uma média de idades de 85,98 anos. Os dados foram recolhidos através de um questionário, que procurava obter uma caracterização sociodemográfica, e clínica dos idosos e conhecer a história e circunstâncias das quedas. Foram utilizadas as escalas de Funcionalidade Familiar, Escala de Avaliação da Dependência nos Autocuidados e por último a POMA I (Índice de Tinetti). Os resultados revelam risco de queda bastante considerável, uma vez que se verificou que cerca de 45,6% dos idosos apresenta elevado risco de queda, 16,2% médio risco e 38,2% baixo risco. Verificamos ainda que, ser do sexo feminino e ter um baixo grau de escolaridade são fatores relacionados com o aumento do risco de queda. O mesmo apuramos relativamente ao défice cognitivo, á presença de doenças neurológicas, osteoarticulares, diminuição da acuidade visual e auditiva. Contrariamente, os idosos mais autónomos na deambulação, tomar banho e na toma da medicação são aqueles que apresentam menor risco de queda. Palavras-chave: idosos, risco de queda, institucionalização, capacidade funcional e equilíbrio.

Facilitating Locking Pin Alignment in Transtibial Amputees via Auto-Retracting Tethered Pin

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Quantification of the human postural control system to perturbations

Human standing posture is inherently unstable. The postural control system (PCS), which maintains standing posture, is composed of the sensory, musculoskeletal, and central nervous systems. Together these systems integrate sensory afferents and generate appropriate motor efferents to adjust posture. The PCS maintains the body center of mass (COM) with respect to the base of support while constantly resisting destabilizing forces from internal and external perturbations. To assess the human PCS, postural sway during quiet standing or in response to external perturbation have frequently been examined descriptively. Minimal work has been done to understand and quantify the robustness of the PCS to perturbations. Further, there have been some previous attempts to assess the dynamical systems aspects of the PCS or time evolutionary properties of postural sway. However those techniques can only provide summary information about the PCS characteristics; they cannot provide specific information about or recreate the actual sway behavior. This dissertation consists of two parts: part I, the development of two novel methods to assess the human PCS and, part II, the application of these methods. In study 1, a systematic method for analyzing the human PCS during perturbed stance was developed. A mild impulsive perturbation that subjects can easily experience in their daily lives was used. A measure of robustness of the PCS, 1/MaxSens that was based on the inverse of the sensitivity of the system, was introduced. 1/MaxSens successfully quantified the reduced robustness to external perturbations due to age-related degradation of the PCS. In study 2, a stochastic model was used to better understand the human PCS in terms of dynamical systems aspect. This methodology also has the advantage over previous methods in that the sway behavior is captured in a model that can be used to recreate the random oscillatory properties of the PCS. The invariant density which describes the long-term stationary behavior of the center of pressure (COP) was computed from a Markov chain model that was applied to postural sway data during quiet stance. In order to validate the Invariant Density Analysis (IDA), we applied the technique to COP data from different age groups. We found that older adults swayed farther from the centroid and in more stochastic and random manner than young adults. In part II, the tools developed in part I were applied to both occupational and clinical situations. In study 3, 1/MaxSens and IDA were applied to a population of firefighters to investigate the effects of air bottle configuration (weight and size) and vision on the postural stability of firefighters. We found that both air bottle weight and loss of vision, but not size of air bottle, significantly decreased balance performance and increased fall risk. In study 4, IDA was applied to data collected on 444 community-dwelling elderly adults from the MOBILIZE Boston Study. Four out of five IDA parameters were able to successfully differentiate recurrent fallers from non-fallers, while only five out of 30 more common descriptive and stochastic COP measures could distinguish the two groups. Fall history and the IDA parameter of entropy were found to be significant risk factors for falls. This research proposed a new measure for the PCS robustness (1/MaxSens) and a new technique for quantifying the dynamical systems aspect of the PCS (IDA). These new PCS analysis techniques provide easy and effective ways to assess the PCS in occupational and clinical environments.

Instrumentos para evaluación del riesgo de caídas en los ancianos residentes en la comunidad

Las caídas y el riesgo de caer aumentan con la edad y con el grado de fragilidad asociado al envejecimiento, siendo este el motivo por el cual el riesgo de caídas es un fenómeno de interés para los enfermeros. En Portugal, la Dirección General de Salud recomienda la realización de pruebas de evaluación de la movilidad, la capacidad física y funcional. Objetivo: Identificar los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar el riesgo de caída en el anciano residente en la comunidad. Método: Revisión sistemática de la literatura, cumpliendo las recomendaciones del Joanna Briggs Institute a través de la utilización del método PICo y de las recomendaciones PRISMA. El método PICo ayudó a definir los criterios de inclusión: Muestra (P) - los ancianos; Área de Interés (I) - instrumentos y pruebas que permiten evaluar el riesgo de caídas, y Contexto (Co) - vivir en la comunidad. La consulta bibliográfica fue realizada a través de las bases de datos: EBSCOHost®, CINAHL Complete y MEDLINE Complete, y utilizando los términos; fall, community dwelling, fall risk factors y tools escale. Resultados: Fueron seleccionados 24 estudios, en los que se identificaron seis escalas que evaluaban el riesgo de caídas, tres el miedo de caer y siete que evaluaban factores de riesgo predictivos del riesgo de caída, en ancianos que residen en la comunidad. Conclusiones: Los resultados destacan el número de instrumentos disponibles y la importancia de la utilización práctica por parte de los enfermeros de instrumentos válidos, fidedignos y sensibles, de modo de obtener diagnósticos precisos.

IL PROTOCOLLO LiFE. COMPARAZIONE TRA LA VERSIONE INDIVIDUALE E DI GRUPPO PER PREVENIRE LE CADUTE NELL’ANZIANO. UNA REVISIONE SISTEMATICA DELLA LETTERATURA

Background: Negli ultimi anni si è verificato un significativo aumento dell’aspettativa di vita che ha portato ad un incremento dell’età media della popolazione e di conseguenza un maggior rischio di cadere. Ricercare una strategia per promuovere il mantenimento della propria salute e ridurre le cadute risulta quindi di fondamentale importanza. Nasce così il programma LiFE basato sull’integrazione di attività di forza, equilibrio e PA all’interno della quotidianità. Obiettivo: Ricercare una strategia efficace a lungo termine ed economicamente sostenibile per ridurre le cadute nell’anziano e le conseguenze ad esse correlate. Materiali e metodi: Per la realizzazione di questa revisione sistematica è stato seguito il PRISMA Statement. Sono stati ricercati Trial Clinici Randomizzati che confrontassero la versione originale di LiFE a quella di gruppo gLiFE all’interno del sito dello studio e alcune banche dati. Il rischio di Bias di ogni articolo incluso è stato valutato tramite la PEDro scale. Risultati: Sono stati inclusi 3 articoli tramite i quali si è studiata l’efficacia, l’aderenza ed il costo dei due programmi analizzati. Non sono state dimostrate differenze statisticamente significative né per efficacia né per aderenza. Il costo economico totale per ogni partecipante al gruppo gLiFE è risultato inferiore in entrambi gli studi che lo hanno analizzato rispetto ai partecipanti a LiFE. Dividendo il costo totale in spesa a carico del partecipante e spesa a carico della società, risulta essere conveniente l’applicazione di gruppo per il singolo ma non per la società. Conclusioni: Il protocollo gLiFE è comparabile al protocollo LiFE in termini di efficacia, aderenza e costo. Si dovrebbe dare la possibilità agli anziani di poter scegliere il programma più adatto a loro in base alle loro caratteristiche ed esigenze. Non essendoci valutazioni a lungo termine sono necessari ulteriori studi per confrontare il costo-efficacia fra LiFE e gLiFE ma anche fra altri protocolli.