Fagus on eroding dune, Saugatuck, Mich.:

[Negative by Fuller]

Beech bark disease distribution and resistance in Michigan and fungal endophyte ecology of resistant and susceptible beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.)

Beech bark disease (BBD), a non-native association of the fungal pathogen Neonectria faginata and the beech scale insect Cryptococcus fagisuga, has dramatically affected American beech within North American forests. To monitor the spread and effects of BBD in Michigan, a network of forest health monitoring plots was established in 2001 following the disease discovery in Ludington State Park (Mason County). Forest health canopy condition and basic forestry measurements including basal area were reassessed on beech trees in these plots in 2011 and 2012. The influence of bark-inhabiting fungal endophytes on BBD resistance was investigated by collecting cambium tissue from apparently resistant and susceptible beech. Vigor rating showed significant influences of BBD in sample beech resulting in reduced health and substantiated by significant increases of dead beech basal area over time. C. fagisuga distribution was found to be spatially clustered and widespread in the 22 counties in Michigan's Lower Peninsula which contained monitoring plots. Neonectria has been found in Emmet, Cheboygan and Wexford in the Lower Peninsula which may coincide with additional BBD introduction locations. Surveys for BBD resistance resulted in five apparently resistant beech which were added to a BBD resistance database. The most frequently isolated endophytes from cambium tissue were identified by DNA sequencing primarily as Deuteromycetes and Ascomycetes including Chaetomium globosum, Neohendersonia kickxii and Fusarium flocciferum. N. faginata in antagonism trials showed significant growth reduction when paired with three beech fungal endophytes. The results of the antagonism trial and decay tests indicate that N. faginata may be a relatively poor competitor in vivo with limited ability to degrade cellulose.

Improved termite resistance of wood by wax impregnation.

We investigated the effect of wax-treated and biocide-free wood specimens against three different termite species. A laboratory no-choice test with Reticulitermes banyulensis Clément was carried out in Valencia (Spain) under Mediterranean conditions for eight weeks. Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) fully impregnated with distinct waxes was used. Two field trials were conducted with Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt) and Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt in northern Queensland (Australia) with wax-impregnated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) for 16 weeks. All three subterranean termites are of major economic importance in their respective regions. The results indicated that feeding pressure by the termites was sufficient within all trials for a valid test. Wax-impregnated Scots pine sapwood was classified as durable. No termites survived the test. The results showed an aging process under submersion conditions, which lead to a classification of moderately durable. The paraffin treatment showed good termite resistance under both test procedures, and was classified as durable. The Australian field trials showed a decreased mass loss of wax-treated beech, in which an amide wax showed excellent termite resistance. The results indicate a clear dependence of the termite resistance on the type and ratio of wax used and the feeding preferences of the specific termite species.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 281–319

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from South Africa: Alanphillipsia aloeicola from Aloe sp., Arxiella dolichandrae from Dolichandra unguiscati, Ganoderma austroafricanum from Jacaranda mimosifolia, Phacidiella podocarpi and Phaeosphaeria podocarpi from Podocarpus latifolius, Phyllosticta mimusopisicola from Mimusops zeyheri and Sphaerulina pelargonii from Pelargonium sp. Furthermore, Barssia maroccana is described from Cedrus atlantica (Morocco), Codinaea pini from Pinus patula (Uganda), Crucellisporiopsis marquesiae from Marquesia acuminata (Zambia), Dinemasporium ipomoeae from Ipomoea pes-caprae (Vietnam), Diaporthe phragmitis from Phragmites australis (China), Marasmius vladimirii from leaf litter (India), Melanconium hedericola from Hedera helix (Spain), Pluteus albotomentosus and Pluteus extremiorientalis from a mixed forest (Russia), Rachicladosporium eucalypti from Eucalyptus globulus (Ethiopia), Sistotrema epiphyllum from dead leaves of Fagus sylvatica in a forest (The Netherlands), Stagonospora chrysopyla from Scirpus microcarpus (USA) and Trichomerium dioscoreae from Dioscorea sp. (Japan). Novel species from Australia include: Corynespora endiandrae from Endiandra introrsa, Gonatophragmium triuniae from Triunia youngiana, Penicillium coccotrypicola from Archontophoenix cunninghamiana and Phytophthora moyootj from soil. Novelties from Iran include Neocamarosporium chichastianum from soil and Seimatosporium pistaciae from Pistacia vera, Xenosonderhenia eucalypti and Zasmidium eucalyptigenum are newly described from Eucalyptus urophylla in Indonesia. Diaporthe acaciarum and Roussoella acacia are newly described from Acacia tortilis in Tanzania. New species from Italy include Comoclathris spartii from Spartium junceum and Phoma tamaricicola from Tamarix gallica. Novel genera include (Ascomycetes): Acremoniopsis from forest soil and Collarina from water sediments (Spain), Phellinocrescentia from a Phellinus sp. (French Guiana), Neobambusicola from Strelitzia nicolai (South Africa), Neocladophialophora from Quercus robur (Germany), Neophysalospora from Cotymbia henryi (Mozambique) and Xenophaeosphaeria from Grewia sp. (Tanzania). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 281-319

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from South Africa: Alanphillipsia aloeicola from Aloe sp., Arxiella dolichandrae from Dolichandra unguiscati, Ganoderma austroafricanum from Jacaranda mimosifolia, Phacidiella podocarpi and Phaeosphaeria podocarpi from Podocarpus latifolius, Phyllosticta mimusopisicola from Mimusops zeyheri and Sphaerulina pelargonii from Pelargonium sp. Furthermore, Barssia maroccana is described from Cedrus atlantica (Morocco), Codinaea pini from Pinus patula (Uganda), Crucellisporiopsis marquesiae from Marquesia acuminata (Zambia), Dinemasporium ipomoeae from Ipomoea pes-caprae (Vietnam), Diaporthe phragmitis from Phragmites australis (China), Marasmius vladimirii from leaf litter (India), Melanconium hedericola from Hedera helix (Spain), Pluteus albotomentosus and Pluteus extremiorientalis from a mixed forest (Russia), Rachicladosporium eucalypti from Eucalyptus globulus (Ethiopia), Sistotrema epiphyllum from dead leaves of Fagus sylvatica in a forest (The Netherlands), Stagonospora chrysopyla from Scirpus microcarpus (USA) and Trichomerium dioscoreae from Dioscorea sp. (Japan). Novel species from Australia include: Corynespora endiandrae from Endiandra introrsa, Gonatophragmium triuniae from Triunia youngiana, Penicillium coccotrypicola from Archontophoenix cunninghamiana and Phytophthora moyootj from soil. Novelties from Iran include Neocamarosporium chichastianum from soil and Seimatosporium pistaciae from Pistacia vera, Xenosonderhenia eucalypti and Zasmidium eucalyptigenum are newly described from Eucalyptus urophylla in Indonesia. Diaporthe acaciarum and Roussoella acacia are newly described from Acacia tortilis in Tanzania. New species from Italy include Comoclathris spartii from Spartium junceum and Phoma tamaricicola from Tamarix gallica. Novel genera include (Ascomycetes): Acremoniopsis from forest soil and Collarina from water sediments (Spain), Phellinocrescentia from a Phellinus sp. (French Guiana), Neobambusicola from Strelitzia nicolai (South Africa), Neocladophialophora from Quercus robur (Germany), Neophysalospora from Cotymbia henryi (Mozambique) and Xenophaeosphaeria from Grewia sp. (Tanzania). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

Nitrous oxide emissions from selected natural and managed northern ecosystems

Microbial activity in soils is the main source of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide is a strong greenhouse gas in the troposphere and participates in ozone destructive reactions in the stratosphere. The constant increase in the atmospheric concentration, as well as uncertainties in the known sources and sinks of N2O underline the need to better understand the processes and pathways of N2O in terrestrial ecosystems. This study aimed at quantifying N2O emissions from soils in northern Europe and at investigating the processes and pathways of N2O from agricultural and forest ecosystems. Emissions were measured in forest ecosystems, agricultural soils and a landfill, using the soil gradient, chamber and eddy covariance methods. Processes responsible for N2O production, and the pathways of N2O from the soil to the atmosphere, were studied in the laboratory and in the field. These ecosystems were chosen for their potential importance to the national and global budget of N2O. Laboratory experiments with boreal agricultural soils revealed that N2O production increases drastically with soil moisture content, and that the contribution of the nitrification and denitrification processes to N2O emissions depends on soil type. Laboratory study with beech (Fagus sylvatica) seedlings demonstrated that trees can serve as conduits for N2O from the soil to the atmosphere. If this mechanism is important in forest ecosystems, the current emission estimates from forest soils may underestimate the total N2O emissions from forest ecosystems. Further field and laboratory studies are needed to evaluate the importance of this mechanism in forest ecosystems. The emissions of N2O from northern forest ecosystems and a municipal landfill were highly variable in time and space. The emissions of N2O from boreal upland forest soil were among the smallest reported in the world. Despite the low emission rates, the soil gradient method revealed a clear seasonal variation in N2O production. The organic topsoil was responsible for most of the N2O production and consumption in this forest soil. Emissions from the municipal landfill were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those from agricultural soils, which are the most important source of N2O to the atmosphere. Due to their small areal coverage, landfills only contribute minimally to national N2O emissions in Finland. The eddy covariance technique was demonstrated to be useful for measuring ecosystem-scale emissions of N2O in forest and landfill ecosystems. Overall, more measurements and integration between different measurement techniques are needed to capture the large variability in N2O emissions from natural and managed northern ecosystems.

Análisis de la capacidad de acumulación de agua de diferentes especies de hojarasca en relación con la intercepción arbórea.

En el presente estudio se aborda la problemática de la capacidad de acumulación de agua de hojarasca de 4 especies arbóreas (Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, Pinus radiata y Pinus sylvestris). Se realizaron experimentos en el laboratorio de mojado y secado de la hojarasca para determinar su capacidad máxima de retención de agua. Así como experimentos de campo en los que se colocaron las muestras bajo copas de diferentes árboles (P.radiata y Q.robur) y en claros para determinar el efecto de la intercepción arbórea en la capacidad acumulativa de la hojarasca. Tanto los resultados del laboratorio como los de campo mostraron que la hojarasca que mayor capacidad de acumulación tiene es la de haya (F. sylvatica). Sin embargo aparecen diferencias entre los valores del pino entre ambos experimentos lo cual indica que, por encima de la masa de la hojarasca, es la profundidad de la capa lo que determina la capacidad de acumulación. Asimismo se observan diferencias significativas en la acumulación de agua dependiendo bajo que tipo de dosel se encuentre la hojarasca, siendo bajo pino donde se produce una mayor acumulación; lo que sugiere que el dosel cambia las características de la precipitación afectando a la capacidad de acumulación de la hojarasca.

Study and comparison of four forest structures on Mt. Chortiatis (northern Greece)

EL proyecto estudia y analiza la estructura de cuatro bosques en el monte Chortiatis, Grecia.

La vegetación de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Leyenda del mapa de series de vegetación a escala 1:50.000

Índice: 1. Marco geográfico. El medio físico: - Situación, extensión y límites. - Estructura, morfología y relieve. - Rasgos generales de los Pirineos. - Los Montes Vasco-Cantábricos. - La depresión del Ebro. 2. Los cambios de la vegetación en el tiempo: paleogeobotánica o geobotánica histórica: - Introducción. Las glaciaciones del Cuaternario. - La vegetación de Europa en el Terciario. - El tránsito Plioceno-Pleistoceno y el Pleistoceno antiguo. - El Pleistoceno medio y reciente. - El Tardiglaciar y el Holoceno. - La expansión de Fagus sylvatica en el Holoceno. - La Península Ibérica. 3. El clima actual del la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco y regiones limítrofes: - El régimen climático general del territorio noribérico. - La ubicación geográfica. - Centros de acción. - El contexto geográfico. - La clasificación bioclimática. - El paisaje vegetal a través de las unidades bioclimáticas: macroclimas, bioclimas y pisos bioclimáticos. - El macroclima Templado. - El macroclima Mediterráneo. 4. Biogeografía: - Biogeografía: definición y concepto. - Corionomía. - Biogeografía del norte-centro de la Península Ibérica. - Descripción y caracterización de las principales unidades biogeográficas. 5. Flora de la CAPV y territorios limítrofes: - La flora eurosiberiana. - La flora mediterránea. - La flora endémica. 6. Series, Geoseries y Geopermaseries de Vegetación de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco: - Los cambios de la vegetación en escala temporal reducida: dinamismo y sucesión. Concepto de Serie, Geoserie y Geopermaserie de Vegetación - Series climatófilas y temporihigrófilas. - Geoseries fluviales. - Halogeopermaseries (Geopermaseries costeras): los sistemas costeros. - Saxigeopermaseries (Geopermaseries rupícolas): crestas, acantilados y gleras. - Higrogeopermaseries (Geopermaseries higrófilas): turberas, charcas y lagunas.

Evolución y explotación de los recursos vegetales desde el Tardiglaciar en la vertiente mediterránea del País Vasco: datos antracológicos.

589 p.

Paleobotánica del epipaleolítico y mesolítico vascos

Homenaje a Ignacio Barandiarán Maestu / coord. por Javier Fernández Eraso, Juan Santos Yanguas

亚热带山地景观尺度植被-环境关系的空间格局分析-以三峡大老岭地区为例

本文主要通过大量的植物群落学调查和植被、环境状况的数量分析，分别从植物区系、森林群落及其主要木本物种、干扰和物种多样性五个方面分析了三峡大老岭地区山地植被景观的空间格局及其与环境因子的关系，结果表明： 1） 植物区系：科的分布区类型以热带性质为主;属一级温带性质明显，北温带、东亚和泛热带诸分布类型突出;区系上属于华中植物区系地区的东部。 2） 在垂直梯度上：种子植物属热带分布诸类的比例自海拔400至800米（～1100米）之间呈上升趋势，然后下降;温带分布的第8、9、10、11类随海拔而上升;地中海－中亚中心分布的第12、13类只见于比较干热的河谷地带;东亚分布和中国特有属在海拔900～1100m和1600～1800m段取得小的峰值;世界分布属的比例随海拔而上升，蕨类植物属则相反。 分别用种子植物属的分布型比列构成，和全部521个属的种类数量，对15个海拔段作聚类分析：前者首先反应了海拔1100～1200m处的划分，与植被干扰状况的垂直分布差异一致;后者强调了海拔900/1000m和1800/1900m 处的分异，可能反映了地带性常绿阔叶林基带／常绿落叶阔叶混交林带，和常绿落叶阔叶林带／落叶阔叶林带的分异。 3） 对本地区森林植被的数量分类结果表明：基本上可以分为中低海拔次生落叶 针阔混交林和中高海拔山地常绿落叶阔混交林两大群。第一群主要包括栓皮栎林－杉木林－马尾松林组（低海拔段）和短柄抱栎林－锥栗林组（中低海拔段）。第二群包括中低海拔沟谷常绿阔叶林组、中海拔段常绿落叶阔叶混交林组和高海拔段米心水青冈林－茅栗林组。 DCCA排序区分了11个群落类型或群落组。采用的7个地貌因子变量中效果显著的可归纳为三组：①海拔，主要反映热量和降水梯度;②坡度和坡位，可能主要反映土壤厚度及其水分和养分状况;③坡向及坡位，反映光照条件。其中植被格局的海拔梯度效应最显著。沿海拔梯度分段分析上述诸因子对植被格局差异影响的垂直分布，表明海拔因子的局部效应在海拔600－800m和1500－1700m段最显著;坡向的效应在海拔1600m以上最突出;坡面、坡位、坡形、坡度等因子的作用在海拔中部最大。对植被格局影响因子的贡献进行定量分离，表明地形对对大老岭森林格局具有强烈的控制作用。 4） 对大老岭森林植被275个主要的木本种类进行TWINSPAN分类，得到16个种组;DCCA排序结果将上述16组合并为8群，两方面都主要反映了沿海拔和坡位＋坡向的分化;海拔中部的局部地形差异导致物种组的分化比两端更细致和强烈。 根据物种生活型及其在植物群落中的地位，分6个种组进行排序和环境解释，表明：①尽管低海拔地段受到强烈人为干扰，常绿种类仍显示了数量和性质沿海拔梯度的变化;②珍稀物种在海拔梯度上形成两个相对集中的区段，大致对应于山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林带的上下边缘;③先锋树种在中低海拔的中上坡位富集;④在中、高海拔的中低坡位，落叶的乔木伴生种显示了极大的多样性;⑤为数不多的针叶树种在海拔和局部地形梯度上也有明确分异;⑥它们和落叶的栎（Quercus）、栗（Castanea）、水青冈（Fagus）、鹅耳枥（Carpinus）属物种在大老岭地区不同地形部位的植被中起着主要的建群作用。 具体统计海拔梯度上，常绿和落叶的乔、灌木4类物种分布的种数变化表明：海拔1100m以下人为活动干扰与木本物种多样性呈一致的负相关;海拔1100m以上常绿种减少与与落叶种的增加形成对照;1100～1700m之间是落叶乔木种最丰富的地段，海拔1700m以上四类物种数量急剧下降，与山顶脊附近生境多样性降低、植物群落类型趋同有关。另外，典型亚热带的棕榈和蕉只见于海拔1000m以下;针叶树种以海拔1150m左右为界分成两组。前述4类物种的分布边界在海拔850～1050m和海拔1650～1750m之间形成比较明显的峰值，基本对应着山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林带的上下边缘。 根据海拔分布范围，将样方中出现的558种木本植物按常绿乔／灌种和落叶乔／灌种分别分成5个热量生态类群。统计各自的面分比表明：a. 落叶灌木种的多样性分布重心在海拔梯度上的位置比落叶乔木种高，常绿种则相反，因此灌木和类的分布特征能更好的反映次生环境中的植被－气候关系;b. 在海拔850～1850m的木本物种形成巨大的多样性，仅出现于这一段的物种也很可观;亲缘物种的分化和替代突出，反映其对生物多样性发生和维持的意义重大;c. 亚热带中山地带对落叶种生物多样性的意义远大于常绿种。 5）统计全部群落样方内枯立木、倒伏木、断头木和伐桩四类受干扰木的大小、数量、物种以反映地形对干扰的影响：①枯立木以2～15cm径级个体为主，小径级的树种选择性不强，主要分布在山南坡口上坡位，海拔1800m以上尤多，在陡峭的坡地中部减少;其大径级个体的物种构成和分布格局反映了与生境干旱有关干扰的存在。②倒伏木主要分布在海拔1200～1800m之间坡面中部和顶脊两侧，发生频率与坡度成正比;坡地中部以中、小径级阳性树种为主，山坡顶脊两侧的倒伏木则多为大径级的群落优势种。③断头木主要分布在海拔1200～1700m，和海拔1900m以上。小径级的断头木分布格局接近于枯立木，较大径级的断头木则多与倒伏木的分布相关，断头木中少有典型的阳性树种，主要由林下荫耐种构成。④人为砍伐的伐桩主要为中大径级的植被建群种或优势种个体，在海拔1000m以下，1100-1200m和1600-1800m形成三个峰值，其分布主要与人口密度、生产方式、林木种类以及交通运输便捷程度有关，通常沟谷和山脊线上的伐桩密度较大。大老岭地区人为干扰主要反映在海拔1100m以下，自然干扰的格局在海拔1100m以上才得到反映。 6）在不同取样尺度上，对大老岭地区森林群落各层次α多样性和β多样性的空间格局分析表明：i. 乔木层α多样性在海拔1200-1800m之间取值较高，灌木、草本层α多样性的垂直梯度不显著，但在海拔1200-1800m之间的波动变化较为剧烈，南坡面有最丰富的灌木层多样性而西坡乔木层的物种最丰;从植被整体上，海拔1000m以下物种丰富度较低，1000-1700m之间变化剧烈，1700m以上丰富度水平较高。ii. 海拔1000-2000m之间94个样方中，乔、灌、草三层多种生物多样性指数变化影响因子的大小顺序是：坡位>海拔>坡向>坡面>坡度>坡形。乔、灌、草各层几种多样性指数在多维的地形因子梯度上形成各异的分布格局，反映了山地物种多样性格局控制因子的多样性和多尺度，及局部地形因子对景观尺度上生物多样性空间格局的强烈影响。iii.对海拔1050m和1670m处植被α多样性的变尺度分析表明：随取样尺度增大，低海拔乔木、灌木层α多样性增长速率比高海拔大;后者草本层的多样性增长比较快。海拔1050m处群落各层的α多样性在800m~2尺度上渐近稳定;海拔1670m处，400m~2尺度上各层α多样性指数已基本稳定。 南、北、西坡面β多样性沿海拔梯度大致减少，在海拔1600m以上更明显，在海拔梯度中部变化剧烈。反映不同坡面上群落间异质性水平是：西坡>北坡>南坡。 在对植被、环境上述各个方面的格局特征分析基础上，对三峡地区侵入岩山地类型建立了一个综合的植被景观格局模式。 文章最后就两个景观尺度植被－环境的综合性问题进行了讨论：1）气候、植物区系、植被和物种分布等对老岭以至于三峡地区和亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林带的位置、宽度的反映;和气候、地形、干扰等因子对这一生态过渡带格局和动态的影响;2）三峡地区生物多样性垂直分布的特征、维持和变化的现代机制，以及保护的重点和策略

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009

This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.

Los virus en especies forestales

p.93-98